The document provides information about single camera production in film and television. It explains that single camera production uses one camera to film at a time, as opposed to multiple cameras filming simultaneously from different angles. To get various angles, the single camera must be moved between shots. This allows for creative control by the director but requires reshoots to get different angles. It is generally cheaper than multi-camera production and is commonly used for sitcoms and lower budget shows.

1. Single camera production
Single cameraproductioniswhenaproduction,TV or filmusesonlyone cameratofilmat any given
time.Asopposedtohavingmultiplecamerasatonce to filmthe same actionfrommany different
directions.Togetmultiple anglesof anevent,youmustmove the camera.Each shotis filmedto
correspondwithothershotstocreate a sense of continuity,allowingthe audience tofollow the
story. Examplesof showsthatuse single cameraproductionare oftenlowerbudget,suchas
sitcoms.One example of thisisthe TV show Friends,orthe bigbang theory,these showsgenerally
have lessspace and lessbudget,andasingle shotcamerais ideal.
Sometimesusingasingle cameraisa stylisticchoice,toharkenbackto oldertypesof film, suchas
Djangounchained usingasingle camerato mirrorwesterns,ortogive the impressionanamateuris
filming,suchaswithMarble Hornetsor the Blairwitchproject,or evensomethinglike the office or
modernfamily,bothmockumentaries,documentary’soften.
Usinga single cameracanbe advantageousisafew ways.For once,itis cheapertohire equipment
and crewto operate onlya single camera.Forsmallersets,asingle camerawill allowyoutofilm
withoutaccidentlyhavingothercamerasinthe frame.Havinga single camerameansthere are less
shotsoverall,meaningthe evaluationandeditingprocessismuchshorter,veryuseful forTV shows
as it meanstheyare more likelytohittheirweeklydeadline.
Directorscan have a lotof creative free reignwithasingle camerasetup,asyou can onlyuse one
shotper moment,andthuscovershots usedbythe directorentirely.Youalsogetthe advantage of
beingable toshootscenesoutof orderand patch themupin editing,meaningthatshotsdifficultfor
actors can be lefttowardsthe end,sotheycan go home afterward,orevensimplysoyouhave to
change setsthe leastamountof times.There are alsomanydisadvantagestothistype of cameraset
up.
Single camerasetup’smeanthat inorderto have the same actiondone fromdifferentanglesinthe
production,youmustre-shootthe scene.Thisoftentimeswill create continuityerrorsasactorsdo
somethingdifferentshottoshot,or twoshortsare filmedatdifferenttimes,thusmeaningthe look
of the actor has changed.Thismeansmore continuitymanagerswouldbe neededtomake sure that
everythingflowswell andcontinuityiskeptfromshottoshot.
Anotherissue isthatif an expensive effectisbeingused,suchasan explosionorcrash,havinga
single shotcamerawouldmeanhavingtoredothe effectinorderto have multiple anglesof it,while
a multi camerasetupis able tocatch the setpiece frommultiple angleswhileonlydoingitonce.
While havingasingle camerameansdirectorgetstotal control of the shotsused,if the shotis not
goodenough,insteadof beingable tosubitout froma shotfromanothercamera, youare stuck
withit.
The conjuring 2
Codes and conventions:
The conjuring2 isa horror movie,basedonthe real life eventof the Enfield Haunting,inwhicha
younggirl developedsignsthatshe wasbeingpossessed.The writersof the movie have combined
thiswithanothersupernatural groupbasedinreality,the paranormal investigators,andmain
characters of the firstmovie,Edand Lorrain Warren.Part of the horror isthe advertisementand

2. insistence thatthe filmisa“true story”, or at leastbasedonone.Andwhile the eventsof the Enfield
hauntingare recorded,the entire subplotandpresence of the “demon”asreviledinthe secondhalf
are mostlymade up.
The filmismostlya conventional horror,sometimesevenbeingclichéd,sloweddownnursery
rhymes,Blinkandyou’ll missitjumpscares,achildbeingthe subjectof possession,anoldhouse
withthe ghostof a previousowner.
Many of the elementsthatmake upthe conjuringtwoare veryconventional,butthere afew
interestingandunconventional pointsinwhichthe movie shines.
For instance,the movieshadahierarchyof villains,where the demonrules
overthe crookedman and Bill Wilkins.Thisisatypical andunconventional
for the type of horror movie itis.
It alsoplaysaround withclassichorrormovie conventions,actingasa sort
of parodyof the horrormovie genre,inone memorable scene,the family
findoutabout the existenceof the ghost,andrun awayout of the home.
The onlythingstoppingthemfromleavingthe house isthe ideaof
homelessness,unconventionalasmosthorror movieshave some sortof
supernatural force keepingtheminthe house.
Narrative:
The narrative ismulti strand,as it followstwogroups,the Hodgeon’sandthe Warrens,as eachof
themhave theirownstory,eventuallyeventstranspire thatcause themtocome together.Itisalso
linear,asall the eventsinthe movie happeninchronological order.
Mise on scene:
The locationplayedahuge part in the movie,havingthe film
mostlysetina standard urbanhouse inEnfieldplaystowards
the filmsthemesof togetherness.Unconventional formost
horror movies,the familyare notat all isolatedfromthe world
inany way,and the movie usesthe urbansettingtoits
advantage,havingthe communityandpresscome inandhelp
the family,addinganewand differentlayertothe film, of
showingthe outside world’sreactiontothe haunting.
As faras howthe locationvisibly helpsthe film, the darkgreys
and general bleaknessof Englandinwinterandautumnmake
for a depressingsight,helpingsell the themesof helplessness

3. withinthe movie.The house itselfismostlyaccurate tothe house as itwas, forbetteror for worse,
it keepsthe 1970’s style withinthe house,keepingitveryaccurate to the time,nottoo bleak,but
witha distinctbleakness,like everythinghasbeenbleached,thisdoeshelpaddtothe atmosphere,
as as the movie progressive,the house alsogetdarker,meaningthe tensionincreases.
The lightingisstandardforthe genre,it’slow-keyanddark,withverylittle lightinthe “scarier”
scenes,andmore lightinscenesthatare meantto be more comfortable.Thisisconventional forthe
genre,ittellsthe viewerhowtheyare meantto be feeling,darker scenesmeanthe viewerare more
on edge andafraid,lighterscenesmeantheyare more comfortable andunderstandthere will likely
be no scares inthismoment,allowingthemtofocusonthe story more than the ideathat theymight
be scared.
Costume and makeup:
As a horror movie,mostantagonists(togive afeelingof unnaturalness) wearheavymakeup,even
humanantagonistsandprotagonistswearmakeuptomake themselvesseemmore gauntand
unnatural, leadingtoanair of otherworldlinessthatcausesunease.
We see here thatthe movie usescodes
to indicate characterpersonality.Janet’s
outfitiswhite andpink,the white
representsinnocence andpurity.
Margaret’s coloursare similar,butthe
white andpinkare more creamand red,
bothdarker,richerversionsof the
counterparts,showingherbeingolder
and more experienced.
Anotherstill showingthatthe colour
scheme forJanetisconsistent,pinksand
white,showingherinnocence.
The Nun, or Valak,isblackandwhite,
froma cinematographyperspective,this
allowsclevertrickswhere she fadesin
and outfrom darkness,butthe use of a
nunscostume emphasisesValaksideals,
the perversionof faith,the white and
blackcouldalso representhow Valaks
appearance of a nun juxtaposeshisgoals
and ideals.Like blackandwhite

4. Décor:
The décor for the Hodgson house is
mostlydécorfromthe 60’s, showingthat
the family hasnot beenable todecorate
it a longtime,showingtheirlackof
wealth.It’salsoolderandmore worn,
addingto the downtroddenatmosphere
of the house.
The décor of the Warren’shouse ismuch
brighter,showinghow theyare happier.
It’salso more modern(70’s) décor,and
showsthat theyare more comfortably
wealthy,andcanaffordto redecorate.
Cinematography and camerawork:
Establishingshotof the Amityville case,
unusually bright, unconventional forahorror
movie asit setsa surprisinglylighttone,the
musichappeningduringthissectiongoes
directlyagainstthatthough.

5. Dutch angle’dwide shot.The Dutchangle (a
slighttilttothe leftor right) causesunease in
the viewer,asitis nota natural viewing
position,the brainassumessomethingis
wrong,leadingtoanxieties.
An extreme longshottoshowall the
characters inthe scene,ithelpsestablish
that the group are panicked.Asyoucan see
theirfull body’sandtheirbodylanguage,
showingthembeingpanicked. Thishelps
establishtothe viewerthatthe moodis
panicked,andthattheyshouldalsobe
feelingpanicked.
Thisshot isa close up on Edd,and a mid-shot
for Bill,itshowsBill outof focus,
emphasisinghowwe don’tunderstandhim,
and hownone of our characters can see him.
Anotherclose up,thistime the close-upis
usedfora jumpscare,the demonputtingits
handon Billsshoulder.The close-upmeans
that the scare takesup the mostspace
possible,asif it’sactually“jumping”outat
you.This will scare the viewerevenmore.

6. Editing:
In the scene where ablindedEdwalks
aroundthe house,itusesparallel editing,we
see Lorraine try toget intothe house
intercutwiththe scenesof Ed walking
throughit,blindedbyhotwater.The scenes
withEd have a much slowerpace,withfar
fewercuts,as while he isinmore danger,he
ismuch calmer,and to representhisslow
trekthroughthe house,the cutsare also
slow.Outside withthe others,the cutsare
much fasteras theyare more panickedand
are tryingto quicklylookforsomethingto
getthe doordown.
The longestshotinthe movie isthistwo
minute shotof Ed and Bill talkingtoeach
other.It constantlyremainsstill,andfocuses
on Ed, leavingbillcompletelyoutof focus.
Thislack of focus addsto hismystery,the
shotlasts longenoughthatjustas we figure
out whathe lookslike,the lightcomesback
on and we see Janetinthe spotwhere he
sat. Thisisan example of howlackof editing
can increase tension.

7. While there are manyexamplesof this
throughoutthe movie,the twoscenes
shownto the leftare a good example of
match on action.We see that the camera
angle switcheswhile Peggypicksupthe
Crookedmantoy,disguisingthe cutwith
movement.
Sound:
The movie makesgooduse of non-diegeticsoundbyhaving“scary”musicduringthe more tense
and atmosphericparts.Duringthe twominute segmentin whichEdtalkstoBill and Bill isoutof
focus,there isa low tone,itsbarelyhighenoughtohear,and causesthe viewertofeel uneasy.
WhenBill leavesJanet’sbody,the tone changesfromminortomajor,and more instrumentsare
addedinthe form of a choirand violins.
While itsignifiesahappymoment,the
use of religiousmusictellsthe viewer
that the eventshappeninghere are
biblical. Inmostjumpscares,anynon-
diegeticsoundswill oftencutout,
leavingsilence,amomentof silence
createstension,we cansee thisinthe
jumpscare inwhichBill isshownbehind
the television,thereisslightDiegetic
soundinthe television,andasmall amountof Non-diegeticsoundfromthe musicinthe scene,
whichislowand foreboding,boththe musiccutsout,andthe Televisioncutsoutsecondsbefore the
jumpscare.Thislackof noise makesitall the more terrifyingwhenBill popsoutfrombehindthe
television,makingaloudnoise injuxtapositiontothe silence of lessthana secondago.

8. In termsof Diegeticsound,
obviouslythere isalotof
dialogue throughoutthe
movie.OtherDiegeticsounds
include screamsandroars for
jumpscares.Diegeticsoundis
anythingthatthe characters
withinthe movie wouldbe
able to hear,we see another
example of thisinthe scene
where Lorrainiswiththe nun
inthe study,the Tape playsa choir,whenLorrainwalksup to it and pressesthe button,the tape
stops.Thisprovesthe soundiscomingfrom the tape,showingitisa Diegetic,ithasthe same effect
as the Non-Diegeticmusic,butalsoservestomake the charactersfrightenedmuchlike the
audience.
The music isalsoveryconventional,the musiccorrespondstothe scene athand,beinghappyat
happierscenes,withstrongmelody’storeassure viewers,tobeingmore slow andsinisterinthe
“scarier”scenes,witha constantlowtone oftentimescombinedwithhigherstringedinstruments,
buildingupacrescendountil the final staccatonote (oftenwhenthe jumpscare kicksin).Youcan
findthisstyle of musicdirectioninmosthorrormovies,soitisveryconventional.
Quarantine
Codes and conventions:
Quarantine isa veryconventional horror
movie inmostaspects.Itis a zombie
horror movie,inwhichourprotagonists
are keptina solitaryspace withseemingly
no meansof escape,thusthe group must
focuson survivingandescaping.Ittakes
elementsfrommanyhorrormovies
before it,suchas nightof the livingdead.
The one unconventional (oratleastuncommon) thingaboutQuarantine isthe style itisshotin,
beinga “foundfootage”movie meansall the cameraworkinthe movie isinuniverse,anddone bya
character (oftenanamateur) whofilmsthe eventsastheyhappen.

9. Narrative:
The narrative issingle strand,it’sthe onlyreal optionforthismovie,asitis filmedonone camerain
universe onlyheldbyone person,itcanonlyfollow one point of view.
Mise en scene:
At the beginningof the film, thereisno
danger,thusthe startingset of the fire
departmentisbrightandvibrant,the
lightingishighkeyandhelpsestablisha
happiertone.The backgroundsare mostly
brightercolourssuch as whitesandreds.
Thishelpssetthe happiertone before the
more disturbingelementsof the movie
come intoplay.
Once theyenterthe house though,the
lightingismuchlowerkey,apartfromthe
brighthopeful yellowsof the firefighters,
mostof the characters are wearingdark
colourssuch as greys.Fromthispointon,
the movie getsdarkerand darker,showing
the decliningmental state of our
characters,as well asthe worseningstate
of the situation,aswell aswhatwe as the
viewerare feelingas the storyprogresses,
gettinglesssure these characterswill make
it outof thissituation.
At the endof the film,itispitchblack
(hence the nightvisiononthe camera) and
so are Angie’shopesof survivingthis
situation.If notforthe nightvision,both
we as the viewers andScottand Angie
wouldnotbe able to see anything. Angieis
terrifiedandhaslostall control over
herself.The roomitself iscrampedand
tightlypacked,thiscombinedwiththe
crushingdarknessthroughoutthisscene
makesitveryclaustrophobicandconfusing,scaringthe viewerwithlackof information.

10. In one of the darkrooms,there were newspaperclippings,tape recordsandlabsrats,and (scientific)
equipmentwhichmayshowthe audience thatthere wasa cause to the viruswhichcausedall the
chaos and the havoc.Withoutthis,the storywouldnotmake sense asto what happenedaswell as
whyit happenedandwould’ve confusedthe audience.
Variouscolourswere worn by the characters inQuarantine,andthese colourswere heavilysymbolic
for mostof the characters.For example, the firefightershadyellow highvisibilityclothing,showing
themas a literal beaconforthe othercharacters, wholookupto the fire-fighters.The yellow shows
the hope that theyrepresent.The highvisibilitybothcreatesasense of hope withinthe characters
inthe movie,andwithinus,we view the firefightersasthe “heroes”,andthusthe onesthat will save
the group,the yellowandhighvisibilityhelpsconveythat,the movie wantsusto root forthemas
the heroes,makingtheirdownfall more painful. ScottandAngie bothwearearthycolours,greens
and browns,showingthemasmore downtoearth and regularthanthe othercharacters. The vet
wore shadesof grey,showinghiswisdominfiguring
out whatwas happeningwiththe “zombies”. Other
coloursymbolismincludesthe “zombies” fullyblack
eyes.In manycultures,the colourblackrepresents
deathand evil,whichmakessense asthe zombiesare
prettymuch violence incarnate. Black’ssymbolismas
deathtakesrepresentedatthe endof the movie,
where Angie isdraggedintothe “blackness”,and
presumablyforthe audience,intodeath
The locationof the buildingitself isveryimportanttothe storyas whole,anditemphasisesthe
feelingsthe movie wantsyoutofeel.It’sabigbuilding,representingthe confusionandunknown,
nobodyknowswhat’saroundthe nextcorner,butthe actuallyhallwaysandroomsare small and
cramped,givingasense of claustrophobiaandtightness,the entire thing trapsyouinthissmall box
of the screen,muchlike the quarantine trapsourcharactersin the house.
Camerawork:
Quarantine’scameraworkisdone through
the foundfootage style,asthismovie was
filmedasa documentary,ornewsstory.
Thismeansthat there wasno tripodused
to holdthe camera,and the entire setupis
handheld.The onlytime wherethe camera
was heldona tripodwas at the beginning
where Angie (the reporter) andScott(the
cameraman) were atthe fire department.
Thisstyle of filmingisunconventional,asitcan onlyfollow the camerabeingused,meaningyoucan
onlyreallyhave linearsingle strandnarratives.Butisalsostronglyimprovesthe verisimilitudeas
there are no impossibleanglesandanarrative reasonforthe eventsto be filmed,meaningthere is
no reasonthat these eventscouldnotbe real.

11. There wasa lotof midshotsusedinthisfilm, asit’sa
foundfootage filmandthe newscameramanfilmsthe
reporterat a mid-shotwhenevershe issayingsomething,
as that mirrorsthe way reportersare filmedduringthe
news.
The close ups usedwere generallytocapture the
reactionsof the characters indetail, showingyouthe full
range of theiremotionsinamoment,we see anexample
to the right as the vetistellingthe groupaboutthe fact
the “zombies”have rabies.
The close ups andmid shotsmeanthere isveryrarely
space to spare on the screen,makingeveryjumpscare
much worse,aswell asgivingthe entire movie andcrampedandclaustrophobicfeeling,asthere is
little frame space.
The long shotsusedwere toadd pace to the movie,
showingplacesmore sothanpeople andestablishing
newscenes,butalsoto showthe audience the body
language of the characters to showa more generalized
emotiontheyare feelingatthe time.Withourfirst
encounterwitha“zombie”withthe oldwoman,itisa
longshotto showher entire outfit,the factshe is
coveredinblood,andhowrabidher movementsare,
showingushowwildandterrifyingshe is.
Much like withmost entries tothe foundfootage style,thereisalot of shakingof the camera
throughoutthe movie.Thiswouldshoworindicate tothe audience the panicandrushof whenthe
victimsare runningfromthe zombies,aswell asgivingthe entire movie arushedandurgent
atmosphere,italwaysfeelslike somethingismovingandthataddsto the panicfor the audience.
The shakingcamera alsocoversup the lowerbudgetof the movie,coveringupbadmakeup jobs
withquickmovementthatglossesoveranymistakesthe visual departmentsmake,andarefusal to
focuson anythingfora longperiodof time.

12. Most of the movie isinmidor longshots,
thoughthe occasional highangle andlow
angle shotsare used.We see inthismoment
Scott ispushedtothe ground,sowe see the
firstzombie (the oldlady) fromalower
perspective,itmakesherseembiggerand
more intimidating.
Editing
Thismovie hasverylittle editing.Though
there mayhave beensome disguised cuts,
(anda fewobviousones,suchaswhenthe
policemantellsthe cameramantoturn of
the camera, itcuts there),the movie is
mostlydone withoutediting,thisisfineas
the lack of cuts helpswiththe
verisimilitude,asthe rawfootage having
cuts wouldtake awayfromthe realnessof
it.Awayfrom thisthere are a fewobvious
casesof editing,suchaswhen Scotthitsa zombie withhiscamera,andbloodcoversthe screen,this
bloodwasobviouslyaddedinpost-production.
Sound:
Withthe filmbeingfoundfootage,andtryingtosell itself asreal, Most(if not,all) soundheardin
the movie wasdiegetic,meaningthatthe soundsthatthe audience heardcouldalsobe heardbythe
characters withinthe film.If there wasanyNon-diegeticsound,thenitwill take awayalot the
verisimilitudeof the movie,makingitfarlessbelievable.There isalotof Asynchronoussound
throughoutthe movie,atalmostall pointswithinthe house youcanhearpolice cars and helicopters
outside,thisaddstothe realism andverisimilitudeasitfeelslikethere are eventshappeningoutside
of the oneswe can visually see.
The synchronoussoundismostlythroughdialogue andactions,we see charactersdosomething,
and the soundsmatch up.Such as whenthe firefighterhitsazombie withanaxe,we heara soundof
an axe throughmeat,while thiswaslikelyaddedinpost-production,itisstill synchronoussound,as
withinthe contextof the movie,the characterscanhear it