The document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as computing systems with tightly coupled hardware and software integration designed to perform dedicated functions. It discusses the differences between embedded systems and general purpose computers. Embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks, use simplified circuits, require less memory, and are lower in cost compared to general purpose computers. The document also covers various components, software, and applications of embedded systems.
Introduction to Embedded System I : Chapter 2 (3rd portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, covering key topics like sensors and actuators, memory, communication interfaces, firmware, and other system components. It discusses sensors that convert physical variables to electrical signals and actuators that convert signals to physical actions. Memory types for embedded systems like ROM, RAM, and flash memory are also covered.
Introduction to Embedded System I: Chapter 2 (5th portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, outlining key components and concepts. It discusses the core of embedded systems including processors, programmable logic devices, and memory. Sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces are also reviewed. Embedded firmware, other system components like reset circuits and watchdogs, and printed circuit boards are examined. The objectives are to learn about the building blocks of embedded systems and factors in selecting components.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems including definitions, explanations and comparisons to general purpose computer systems. It discusses the core components of embedded systems including hardware components like processors, memory and I/O as well as software components like operating systems and device drivers. It also covers various embedded system classifications, applications and communication interfaces.
All the concepts of 8051 Micro controller have been explained in detail. Also some information on Embedded Systems. The Presentation deals with Processors & Microcontrollers from first generation to the present generation. This presentation an invaluable compendium of knowledge to the individuals trying to explore the field of electronics. Moreover, a complete coverage for Mumbai University students have been made available.
Embedded systems and their applications in our daily routineAsad Qayyum Babar
Embedded systems perform specific tasks. They have micro-controller as the main part which controls all the operations required through them. This presentation on examples of embedded systems can help you to get an idea of common systems which we use in our daily lives. These systems are smart and more efficient, which is increasing their use day by day. Almost every device that we use today is an example of embedded systems. Embedded systems examples can be seen at our homes, at offices, in industries and in automation systems. So, in simple words, most of the daily routine appliances, devices or automated equipment lies in the circle of Embedded Systems Examples.
Few of these Examples of Embedded Systems were discussed in this presentation, if you learn embedded systems then you can also create something, helpful to society. So, let’s get started with these Examples of Embedded Systems.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT IV Designing Embedded System with 8051...Arti Parab Academics
The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting a microcontroller, including speed, features, power consumption, memory, I/O pins, cost, and development support. It then describes specifics of the 8051 microcontroller such as its architecture, variants, and applications. The 8051 has powerful boolean processing, interrupts, timers, serial interface, and low power consumption. The document outlines the 8051's memory organization including program memory, internal data memory, external data memory, and SFR memory. It also discusses the build process for embedded systems including compiling, linking, and locating to produce the final executable hex code.
An embedded system is a combination of hardware, software, and mechanical components designed to perform a dedicated function. It consists of a microprocessor or microcontroller along with other components like sensors, actuators, and memory. The microprocessor runs software that controls the system based on inputs from sensors or users. Examples of embedded systems include washing machines, air conditioners, and other devices that perform automated tasks. An embedded system is tailored for a specific application and does not require an operating system like a general purpose computer.
Introduction to Embedded System I : Chapter 2 (3rd portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, covering key topics like sensors and actuators, memory, communication interfaces, firmware, and other system components. It discusses sensors that convert physical variables to electrical signals and actuators that convert signals to physical actions. Memory types for embedded systems like ROM, RAM, and flash memory are also covered.
Introduction to Embedded System I: Chapter 2 (5th portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, outlining key components and concepts. It discusses the core of embedded systems including processors, programmable logic devices, and memory. Sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces are also reviewed. Embedded firmware, other system components like reset circuits and watchdogs, and printed circuit boards are examined. The objectives are to learn about the building blocks of embedded systems and factors in selecting components.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems including definitions, explanations and comparisons to general purpose computer systems. It discusses the core components of embedded systems including hardware components like processors, memory and I/O as well as software components like operating systems and device drivers. It also covers various embedded system classifications, applications and communication interfaces.
All the concepts of 8051 Micro controller have been explained in detail. Also some information on Embedded Systems. The Presentation deals with Processors & Microcontrollers from first generation to the present generation. This presentation an invaluable compendium of knowledge to the individuals trying to explore the field of electronics. Moreover, a complete coverage for Mumbai University students have been made available.
Embedded systems and their applications in our daily routineAsad Qayyum Babar
Embedded systems perform specific tasks. They have micro-controller as the main part which controls all the operations required through them. This presentation on examples of embedded systems can help you to get an idea of common systems which we use in our daily lives. These systems are smart and more efficient, which is increasing their use day by day. Almost every device that we use today is an example of embedded systems. Embedded systems examples can be seen at our homes, at offices, in industries and in automation systems. So, in simple words, most of the daily routine appliances, devices or automated equipment lies in the circle of Embedded Systems Examples.
Few of these Examples of Embedded Systems were discussed in this presentation, if you learn embedded systems then you can also create something, helpful to society. So, let’s get started with these Examples of Embedded Systems.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT IV Designing Embedded System with 8051...Arti Parab Academics
The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting a microcontroller, including speed, features, power consumption, memory, I/O pins, cost, and development support. It then describes specifics of the 8051 microcontroller such as its architecture, variants, and applications. The 8051 has powerful boolean processing, interrupts, timers, serial interface, and low power consumption. The document outlines the 8051's memory organization including program memory, internal data memory, external data memory, and SFR memory. It also discusses the build process for embedded systems including compiling, linking, and locating to produce the final executable hex code.
An embedded system is a combination of hardware, software, and mechanical components designed to perform a dedicated function. It consists of a microprocessor or microcontroller along with other components like sensors, actuators, and memory. The microprocessor runs software that controls the system based on inputs from sensors or users. Examples of embedded systems include washing machines, air conditioners, and other devices that perform automated tasks. An embedded system is tailored for a specific application and does not require an operating system like a general purpose computer.
Embedded Systems (18EC62) – Embedded System Components (Module 3)Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - Embedded System Components (Module 3) for VTU Students
Contents
Embedded Vs General computing system, Classification of Embedded systems, Major applications and purpose of ES. Elements of an Embedded System (Block diagram and explanation), Differences between RISC and CISC, Harvard and Princeton, Big and Little Endian formats, Memory (ROM and RAM types), Sensors, Actuators, Optocoupler, Communication Interfaces (I2C, SPI, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee only)
Communication Interface of The Embedded Systems VijayKumar5738
The document discusses various onboard and external communication interfaces used in microcontroller systems. Onboard interfaces include I2C, SPI, UART, 1-Wire, and parallel interfaces. External interfaces include RS-232, USB, FireWire, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and ZigBee. For each interface, the document describes the basic working, typical applications, advantages and limitations.
The document discusses the applications of microprocessors. It explains that microprocessors are used as the central processing unit in microcomputers to perform computing tasks and make decisions. Microprocessors are commonly used in embedded systems and reactive systems to control external hardware and events in applications like consumer electronics, home appliances, automotive systems, medical instrumentation, industrial automation, communication devices, and more. The document provides examples of microprocessors being used for functions like speed control of motors, traffic light control, instrument measurement, appliance operation, building automation, and other control systems.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming lecture on real-time operating systems (RTOS) for embedded systems. It includes the syllabus, which covers operating system basics, types of operating systems, tasks/processes/threads, multiprocessing/multitasking, task scheduling, and how to choose an RTOS. The document discusses the architecture and services of general operating systems and real-time kernels, including task management, scheduling, synchronization, and time management.
1. An embedded system is an electronic/electromechanical system designed to perform a specific function through a combination of specialized hardware and pre-programmed firmware.
2. Embedded systems are classified based on their generation, complexity, deterministic behavior, and triggering. Common embedded system applications include consumer electronics, industrial control, automotive, and networking.
3. The core of an embedded system typically consists of a microprocessor, microcontroller, or application-specific integrated circuit designed for the system's specific tasks like data collection, communication, processing, monitoring, and control.
This presentation provides an overview of embedded systems and describes a collision avoidance robot project. It introduces embedded systems and gives examples. It then describes the key components of embedded systems like processors and memory. It discusses the software used for the project. It introduces the collision avoidance robot project, describing its sensors, control unit, actuators and working. It provides code snippets to show how the robot's movement is controlled based on sensor input to avoid collisions.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT III The 8051 MicrocontrollersArti Parab Academics
The 8051 Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers and Embedded processors, Overview of 8051 family. 8051 Microcontroller hardware, Input/output pins, Ports, and Circuits, External Memory. 8051 Programming in C: Data Types and time delay in 8051 C, I/O Programming, Logic operations, Data conversion Programs
Embedded Systems (18EC62) – Embedded System Design Concepts (Module 4)Shrishail Bhat
This document discusses the characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems. It describes several key characteristics of embedded systems, including being application specific, reactive and operating in real time, able to function in harsh environments, potentially distributed across multiple components, and having constraints on size, weight and power consumption. The document also distinguishes between operational quality attributes, like response time, throughput, reliability and maintainability, and non-operational attributes such as testability, evolvability and portability. Maintainability and reliability are discussed in detail through examples of mean time between failures and mean time to repair calculations.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT I Core of Embedded SystemsArti Parab Academics
The document discusses the core components of embedded systems. It states that embedded systems typically contain a central processing core that can be a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or programmable logic device. It also discusses other key components like sensors and actuators that interface with the outside world, communication interfaces, embedded firmware, and additional application-specific circuits.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems topics including:
1. It outlines an agenda to cover embedded system basics, processors and architectures, serial communication, real-time operating systems, and embedded programming demos.
2. It defines embedded systems as systems with dedicated software embedded in hardware to perform specific tasks as part of a larger system.
3. It discusses different processor types including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and application specific integrated processors.
Embedded System, EMBEDDED SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION, ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, CORE THE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM, CHARACTERISTICS & QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, EMBEDDED HARDWARE FROM SOFTWARE PROGRAMMERS PERSPECTIVE,
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including:
- An embedded system combines both hardware and software, with computer hardware and software embedded as a component.
- Early examples include NASA's Apollo guidance computer and the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer.
- Embedded systems typically include a CPU, memory, and input/output devices integrated into a single microprocessor-based unit.
- They are classified as standalone, real-time, network information appliances, or mobile devices depending on their use and connectivity.
- Embedded systems have wide applications in areas like industrial control, scientific instruments, biomedical devices, mobile phones and more.
Ch 1 introduction to Embedded Systems (AY:2018-2019--> First Semester)Moe Moe Myint
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems for a course at Mandalay Technological University. It includes chapters on what embedded systems are, their typical applications and domains, characteristics, designing systems with microcontrollers, hardware and software co-design, real-time operating systems, and product development processes. The document outlines learning objectives for understanding fundamentals of embedded systems and being able to recognize, comprehend, implement, practice, develop familiarity with tools, and perform lab work related to embedded systems. It also provides an overview of key topics in each chapter and keywords to note related to embedded systems.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
The document discusses the key components of an embedded system, including the memory map, I/O map, and interrupt map. The memory map shows the memory addresses for devices like RAM, ROM, and peripherals. The I/O map similarly lists addresses for devices that use a separate I/O space. The interrupt map defines interrupt numbers for devices that can trigger interrupts, like a serial controller. Together these maps provide an interface for the programmer to access hardware on the embedded board.
2. block diagram and components of embedded systemVikas Dongre
The document discusses the key hardware components of an embedded system, including:
- An embedded processor that has a control unit and execution unit to fetch and execute instructions.
- A power supply to power the system, which may be an external or internal source like a battery.
- A reset circuit that starts processor instruction execution from a default address on power up.
- A clock circuit that controls instruction execution time and machine cycles.
- An interrupt controller to handle interrupts from processes and multiple interrupts simultaneously.
- Timers to schedule tasks and provide a real-time clock function.
- Memory like ROM, RAM, and flash to store the program and data internally without a disk.
- I/
The document discusses direct memory access (DMA) and the Intel 8237 DMA controller. It describes how DMA allows high-speed transfer of data between memory and peripherals by bypassing the CPU. The 8237 controller uses HOLD and HLDA signals to request and gain control of address/data buses from the CPU during transfers. It initializes transfers via registers and decrements the word count register with each word transferred.
Embedded systems can be categorized based on complexity, cost, purpose, available tools and environment. The main categories are stand-alone embedded systems, real-time embedded systems, networked information appliances, and mobile devices. Stand-alone systems take inputs, process them, and produce outputs without connecting to other systems. Real-time systems must perform tasks within strict time deadlines. Networked information appliances are connected to networks like the Internet and can communicate with other nodes. Mobile devices are portable embedded systems.
1. Memory testing is an important part of embedded system development to ensure proper functionality.
2. Basic memory tests include data bus testing, address bus testing, and device testing.
3. Data bus testing uses techniques like walking 1's to write all possible data values and verify each bit. Address bus testing uses power-of-two addresses to isolate each address bit. Device testing writes data to addresses and checks for overwrites to test for overlapping addresses.
The document discusses various aspects of embedded system development including development environments, integrated development environments (IDEs), cross compilation, debugger tools, and the overall product development life cycle. It describes the key components in development environments like host and target systems. It also explains concepts like cross compilation, types of files generated, and debugger tools. Finally, it summarizes the typical phases in an embedded product development life cycle from concept to maintenance.
Embedded Systems (18EC62) – Embedded System Components (Module 3)Shrishail Bhat
Lecture Slides for Embedded Systems (18EC62) - Embedded System Components (Module 3) for VTU Students
Contents
Embedded Vs General computing system, Classification of Embedded systems, Major applications and purpose of ES. Elements of an Embedded System (Block diagram and explanation), Differences between RISC and CISC, Harvard and Princeton, Big and Little Endian formats, Memory (ROM and RAM types), Sensors, Actuators, Optocoupler, Communication Interfaces (I2C, SPI, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee only)
Communication Interface of The Embedded Systems VijayKumar5738
The document discusses various onboard and external communication interfaces used in microcontroller systems. Onboard interfaces include I2C, SPI, UART, 1-Wire, and parallel interfaces. External interfaces include RS-232, USB, FireWire, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and ZigBee. For each interface, the document describes the basic working, typical applications, advantages and limitations.
The document discusses the applications of microprocessors. It explains that microprocessors are used as the central processing unit in microcomputers to perform computing tasks and make decisions. Microprocessors are commonly used in embedded systems and reactive systems to control external hardware and events in applications like consumer electronics, home appliances, automotive systems, medical instrumentation, industrial automation, communication devices, and more. The document provides examples of microprocessors being used for functions like speed control of motors, traffic light control, instrument measurement, appliance operation, building automation, and other control systems.
This document provides an overview of an upcoming lecture on real-time operating systems (RTOS) for embedded systems. It includes the syllabus, which covers operating system basics, types of operating systems, tasks/processes/threads, multiprocessing/multitasking, task scheduling, and how to choose an RTOS. The document discusses the architecture and services of general operating systems and real-time kernels, including task management, scheduling, synchronization, and time management.
1. An embedded system is an electronic/electromechanical system designed to perform a specific function through a combination of specialized hardware and pre-programmed firmware.
2. Embedded systems are classified based on their generation, complexity, deterministic behavior, and triggering. Common embedded system applications include consumer electronics, industrial control, automotive, and networking.
3. The core of an embedded system typically consists of a microprocessor, microcontroller, or application-specific integrated circuit designed for the system's specific tasks like data collection, communication, processing, monitoring, and control.
This presentation provides an overview of embedded systems and describes a collision avoidance robot project. It introduces embedded systems and gives examples. It then describes the key components of embedded systems like processors and memory. It discusses the software used for the project. It introduces the collision avoidance robot project, describing its sensors, control unit, actuators and working. It provides code snippets to show how the robot's movement is controlled based on sensor input to avoid collisions.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT III The 8051 MicrocontrollersArti Parab Academics
The 8051 Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers and Embedded processors, Overview of 8051 family. 8051 Microcontroller hardware, Input/output pins, Ports, and Circuits, External Memory. 8051 Programming in C: Data Types and time delay in 8051 C, I/O Programming, Logic operations, Data conversion Programs
Embedded Systems (18EC62) – Embedded System Design Concepts (Module 4)Shrishail Bhat
This document discusses the characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems. It describes several key characteristics of embedded systems, including being application specific, reactive and operating in real time, able to function in harsh environments, potentially distributed across multiple components, and having constraints on size, weight and power consumption. The document also distinguishes between operational quality attributes, like response time, throughput, reliability and maintainability, and non-operational attributes such as testability, evolvability and portability. Maintainability and reliability are discussed in detail through examples of mean time between failures and mean time to repair calculations.
SYBSC IT SEM IV EMBEDDED SYSTEMS UNIT I Core of Embedded SystemsArti Parab Academics
The document discusses the core components of embedded systems. It states that embedded systems typically contain a central processing core that can be a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or programmable logic device. It also discusses other key components like sensors and actuators that interface with the outside world, communication interfaces, embedded firmware, and additional application-specific circuits.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems topics including:
1. It outlines an agenda to cover embedded system basics, processors and architectures, serial communication, real-time operating systems, and embedded programming demos.
2. It defines embedded systems as systems with dedicated software embedded in hardware to perform specific tasks as part of a larger system.
3. It discusses different processor types including microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and application specific integrated processors.
Embedded System, EMBEDDED SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION, ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, CORE THE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM, CHARACTERISTICS & QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, EMBEDDED HARDWARE FROM SOFTWARE PROGRAMMERS PERSPECTIVE,
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, including:
- An embedded system combines both hardware and software, with computer hardware and software embedded as a component.
- Early examples include NASA's Apollo guidance computer and the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer.
- Embedded systems typically include a CPU, memory, and input/output devices integrated into a single microprocessor-based unit.
- They are classified as standalone, real-time, network information appliances, or mobile devices depending on their use and connectivity.
- Embedded systems have wide applications in areas like industrial control, scientific instruments, biomedical devices, mobile phones and more.
Ch 1 introduction to Embedded Systems (AY:2018-2019--> First Semester)Moe Moe Myint
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems for a course at Mandalay Technological University. It includes chapters on what embedded systems are, their typical applications and domains, characteristics, designing systems with microcontrollers, hardware and software co-design, real-time operating systems, and product development processes. The document outlines learning objectives for understanding fundamentals of embedded systems and being able to recognize, comprehend, implement, practice, develop familiarity with tools, and perform lab work related to embedded systems. It also provides an overview of key topics in each chapter and keywords to note related to embedded systems.
1) Embedded systems are computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electrical systems, often with real-time computing constraints.
2) Hardware platforms for embedded systems include microcontrollers optimized for control applications, digital signal processors for data-intensive applications, and programmable hardware or ASICs.
3) System specialization is important for embedded systems, through techniques like application-specific instruction sets, optimized memory architectures, and heterogeneous registers. This improves properties like performance, power efficiency, and predictability.
The document discusses the key components of an embedded system, including the memory map, I/O map, and interrupt map. The memory map shows the memory addresses for devices like RAM, ROM, and peripherals. The I/O map similarly lists addresses for devices that use a separate I/O space. The interrupt map defines interrupt numbers for devices that can trigger interrupts, like a serial controller. Together these maps provide an interface for the programmer to access hardware on the embedded board.
2. block diagram and components of embedded systemVikas Dongre
The document discusses the key hardware components of an embedded system, including:
- An embedded processor that has a control unit and execution unit to fetch and execute instructions.
- A power supply to power the system, which may be an external or internal source like a battery.
- A reset circuit that starts processor instruction execution from a default address on power up.
- A clock circuit that controls instruction execution time and machine cycles.
- An interrupt controller to handle interrupts from processes and multiple interrupts simultaneously.
- Timers to schedule tasks and provide a real-time clock function.
- Memory like ROM, RAM, and flash to store the program and data internally without a disk.
- I/
The document discusses direct memory access (DMA) and the Intel 8237 DMA controller. It describes how DMA allows high-speed transfer of data between memory and peripherals by bypassing the CPU. The 8237 controller uses HOLD and HLDA signals to request and gain control of address/data buses from the CPU during transfers. It initializes transfers via registers and decrements the word count register with each word transferred.
Embedded systems can be categorized based on complexity, cost, purpose, available tools and environment. The main categories are stand-alone embedded systems, real-time embedded systems, networked information appliances, and mobile devices. Stand-alone systems take inputs, process them, and produce outputs without connecting to other systems. Real-time systems must perform tasks within strict time deadlines. Networked information appliances are connected to networks like the Internet and can communicate with other nodes. Mobile devices are portable embedded systems.
1. Memory testing is an important part of embedded system development to ensure proper functionality.
2. Basic memory tests include data bus testing, address bus testing, and device testing.
3. Data bus testing uses techniques like walking 1's to write all possible data values and verify each bit. Address bus testing uses power-of-two addresses to isolate each address bit. Device testing writes data to addresses and checks for overwrites to test for overlapping addresses.
The document discusses various aspects of embedded system development including development environments, integrated development environments (IDEs), cross compilation, debugger tools, and the overall product development life cycle. It describes the key components in development environments like host and target systems. It also explains concepts like cross compilation, types of files generated, and debugger tools. Finally, it summarizes the typical phases in an embedded product development life cycle from concept to maintenance.
The document describes algorithms for scan converting primitive geometric objects like lines, circles, and ellipses. It explains Bresenham's line algorithm which uses integer arithmetic to efficiently determine the pixel locations along a line path, getting closer to the actual line than the traditional Digital Differential Analyzer (DDA) algorithm. It also covers the midpoint circle algorithm which uses distance comparison to test the midpoint between pixels to decide if it is inside or outside the circle boundary during scan conversion.
Modern Operating System Windows Server 2008Sneha Chopra
Windows Server 2008 shares the same code base as Windows Vista, bringing many of the same technical, security, management and administrative features to servers. It includes improvements to installation, deployment, recovery, diagnostics, monitoring, firewall security, and virtualization capabilities. A Server Core installation provides a minimal interface for remote administration via command line. Active Directory is expanded with additional identity, rights and certificate management services.
The document discusses various aspects related to sound and audio processing. It defines noise and sound, and describes the characteristics of sound like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and waveform. It explains how the human ear can hear sounds within the frequency range of 20Hz to 20,000Hz. It also discusses sound processing components like microphones, amplifiers, and loudspeakers. Sound needs to be converted to digital format before processing using techniques like sampling, quantization, and code-word generation. Both lossy and lossless compression algorithms can be used to compress sound files.
Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) provide a first line of defense against data corruption in many networks. Unfortunately, many commonly used CRC polynomials provide significantly less error detection capability than they might. An exhaustive exploration reveals that most previously published CRC polynomials are either inferior to alternatives or are only good choices for particular message lengths.
This document provides an overview of different data structures and sorting algorithms. It begins with an introduction to data structures and describes linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, and linked lists as well as non-linear data structures like trees and graphs. It then provides more detailed descriptions of stacks, queues, linked lists, and common sorting algorithms like selection sort and bubble sort.
Este documento convoca 1,800 ayudas para estudiantes de 4o de ESO y 1er de Bachillerato para participar en el programa "Campus Científicos de Verano" en 16 universidades españolas en julio de 2012. El programa busca fomentar las vocaciones científicas y tecnológicas entre los estudiantes a través de proyectos de investigación. Las ayudas cubren materiales, alojamiento, manutención y seguros. Los estudiantes interesados deben solicitar plaza y aprobar un test online antes del
El gobernador Gabino Cué entregó 31 ambulancias a autoridades municipales como parte de su compromiso de fortalecer los servicios de salud. Hasta ahora ha entregado 219 ambulancias a un costo de más de 100 millones de pesos. Su meta es entregar 466 ambulancias a igual número de municipios para mejorar el acceso a la atención médica de emergencia. Además, atendió personalmente varias peticiones ciudadanas relacionadas con educación, empleo y justicia.
EURENERS 2 es un proyecto de cooperación basado en el fomento de medidas de ahorro y eficiencia energética, así como en la promoción del uso de energías renovables, especialmente la biomasa.
El documento describe la didáctica crítica en comparación con la didáctica y dialéctica tradicionales. La didáctica crítica se basa en la reflexión colectiva de estudiantes y profesores sobre los aprendizajes en su contexto social, político y económico. En la didáctica tradicional, el profesor es activo y el estudiante pasivo, mientras que en la didáctica crítica tanto profesor como estudiante enseñan y aprenden juntos mediante la reflexión sobre problemas comunes. La conclusión
Lisa Buyer discussed how journalists now rely heavily on social media and search engines for story ideas. She recommends that PR professionals optimize press releases, create video and images to share on social media and an online newsroom. An online newsroom should be updated weekly and include sharing tools to distribute content across different social networks. PR professionals need to learn basics of search engine optimization and optimizing social media to help gain media coverage.
La empresa Everfit planeó un evento llamado "Capital Everfit" para evacuar inventario, aprovechando el sentimiento de los ciudadanos de Medellín por su ciudad y la moda. Crearon una campaña llamada "Nos bajamos los pantalones" usando diferentes medios para generar expectativa. Luego convocaron al público al evento del 5 al 8 de junio en el Palacio de Exposiciones, ofreciendo grandes descuentos en ropa. El evento tuvo gran afluencia de público y ventas superiores a los $1.000 millones, ratific
Las Tecnologías Móviles en la Productividad de las Personas y Empresas - y a ...Mundo Contact
El documento discute el creciente uso de la tecnología móvil en la productividad de personas y empresas. Señala que las ventas mundiales de teléfonos inteligentes aumentaron un 96% en 2010 y que hay más de 5,000 millones de teléfonos celulares y 1,000 millones de usuarios de Internet en el mundo, con el 20% de las líneas celulares usadas para acceder a Internet. También analiza cómo la tecnología móvil permite nuevas herramientas de colaboración y acceso a datos en tiempo real para mejorar
Este documento presenta la novela La espada rota de Poul Anderson. Combina elementos de la mitología irlandesa y nórdica y transcurre en el mundo de las hadas. Narra las aventuras de Skafloc, el Ahijado de los Elfos, y su doble Valgard Berserkr durante las invasiones vikingas de Inglaterra en el siglo IX. Aunque influyó en obras posteriores como la espada Stormbringer de Elric de Melniboné, La espada rota pasó desapercibida debido al éxito simultáneo
Eyad Zakout is a Palestinian strategic sales manager based in Saudi Arabia with over 22 years of experience. He is currently seeking a senior managerial position in sales management, business development, marketing, or FMCG. His most recent role was as a strategic sales manager at eCommerce House Ltd in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from 2013 to 2015, where he was responsible for developing business strategies and managing a sales team.
Why Fair Funding of Schools Matters for Every Child and What You Can Do About It
David Hinojosa, J.D., IDRA National Director of Policy
Annual IDRA La Semana del Niño Parent Institute on April 29, 2016
Every child should have access to excellent education. And schools need fair funding to make that possible. But Texas’ school funding has been declared unconstitutional. Learn how families and communities are standing together to call on our policymakers to provide fair funding for all children.
Perfil de la diputada federal iridia salazar blancoUNAM
Iridia Salazar Blanco es una diputada suplente por el PAN en la LXI Legislatura por el estado de Michoacán. Es licenciada en psicología y fue campeona centroamericana y subcampeona mundial de tae kwon do. Actualmente es integrante de la Comisión de Turismo de la Cámara de Diputados.
El documento habla sobre el Salón Internacional de la Logística (SIL) que se celebrará en Barcelona del 9 al 11 de junio de 2015. El SIL es un evento líder en logística y transporte en el que se presentarán las últimas innovaciones y tendencias del sector. También incluye una entrevista al director de Thaumat, una empresa especializada en soluciones de telecomunicaciones móviles para la gestión de flotas y recursos remotos.
Este documento presenta una estrategia de marketing para promover una cuenta bancaria sin nómina. Propone aprovechar la imagen de innovación del banco y enfocarse en clientes de 25 a 45 años, como jóvenes, autónomos y arrendadores. Incluye análisis de competidores, tendencias y público objetivo, así como una campaña de marketing digital con búsqueda, display, redes sociales y aplicaciones móviles. El presupuesto total es de 1,5 millones de euros.
EC8791-Embedded and Real Time Systems #7th Sem ECE #Embedded System Introduction # Embedded System Real Time Examples #Career opportunity in Embedded System Filed #Growth of Embedded System
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and embedded processors. It defines embedded systems as computing devices that perform specific focused jobs. Embedded systems are characterized by reliability, performance, power consumption, cost, size, limited user interfaces, and software upgradability. The document categorizes embedded systems as stand-alone, real-time, networked information appliances, and mobile devices. It also discusses embedded system architecture, hardware architecture, software architecture, applications, considerations in design, and types of embedded processors like general purpose processors, microcontrollers, and DSPs.
Introduction to Systems with Examples and Introduction to Embedded Systems, History, Advantages, Applications, Classifications,What is inside Embedded System, Architecture, Features and Languages used in Embedded Systems advantages and disadvantages
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based system that performs a dedicated function as part of a larger system. Embedded systems have limited memory and power resources. Examples of embedded systems include watches, washing machines, medical devices, office equipment, and automobiles. The document discusses the hardware and software components of embedded systems and compares them to general purpose computers. It also outlines some common programming languages used in embedded systems like assembly language and C.
An embedded system is a computer system with software embedded in hardware that performs specific tasks. It has three main components - hardware, application software, and an optional real-time operating system. Embedded systems are commonly microcontroller-based, have specialized functions, strict constraints, and must operate in real-time. They are used in devices like fire alarms, cars, phones, and consumer electronics. The document then discusses characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, structure, types of processors, and applications of embedded systems.
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed to perform a specific function. It has three main components - hardware, application software, and an optional real-time operating system. Embedded systems are used in devices like fire alarms, cruise control systems, and digital cameras where they perform specialized tasks in real-time. Common characteristics include being single-purpose, constrained by tight design requirements like size and power consumption, and reactive to changes in their environment.
Designs and develops robotic prototypes. Constructs, configures, tests, and debugs robots and robotic systems. Installs, operates, calibrates, and maintains robots. Ensures that robotic machines operate safely, dependably, and with precision; identifies and implements modifications.
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed to perform a dedicated function. It contains a microprocessor or microcontroller along with memory, input/output components, and application-specific circuitry. Embedded systems are found in many devices from kitchen appliances to spacecraft. They are small, low-cost, and perform dedicated tasks like process control, communication, and industrial instrumentation. A microcontroller is commonly used as the central processing unit in embedded systems due to its integrated memory and input/output peripherals.
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based system designed to perform dedicated functions. It is a combination of computer hardware and software designed to operate within a larger system. Embedded systems are found in many devices from kitchen appliances to spacecraft. They are specialized computer systems that perform specific tasks, unlike general purpose computers.
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Embedded systems are custom computer systems designed for specific control functions within larger mechanical or electronic systems. They have specialized processors optimized for their dedicated functions and operate under defined constraints. This document categorizes embedded systems as stand-alone, real-time, or networked. It describes common hardware components like processors, memory, I/O devices, and communication interfaces. Examples of embedded system applications include consumer electronics, medical devices, telecommunications, and industrial automation.
introduction to embedded system presentationAmr Rashed
An embedded system is a type of electronic system programmed to perform specific tasks. It contains hardware and software components that work together to perform functions like displaying time on a watch or washing clothes in a washing machine. Key components of an embedded system include a processor, memory, input/output interfaces and application software. Embedded systems have become more advanced over time, evolving from using vacuum tubes and transistors to today's microcontrollers and microprocessors. They provide advantages like small size, low power consumption and low cost. Common applications include consumer electronics, automobiles, industrial automation and medical devices.
This document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines embedded systems as computing systems with tightly coupled hardware and software that are designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems have characteristics like reliability, efficiency, constrained resources, single-functionality, complex functionality where safety is critical. Common applications include automotive, telecommunications, consumer electronics, industrial equipment, medical devices, and more. The document outlines the design process for embedded systems including hardware/software partitioning and discusses processing engines like microprocessors and microcontrollers. It provides details on memory types, CPU architectures, and concludes with an overview of the software development process.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform specific control functions within a larger system. Embedded systems contain specialized processors and memory, and are programmed to perform predefined tasks like controlling machines or devices. They range in size from small portable devices like watches to large stationary installations like traffic light controllers. The document discusses the history, features, characteristics, processors, debugging, and reliability considerations of embedded systems.
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based system designed to perform dedicated functions, often as part of a larger system. Embedded systems are found in various applications ranging from home appliances to medical devices to industrial systems. The document discusses why microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems due to their integrated memory and I/O peripherals. It also outlines the typical hardware and software architecture of an embedded system and classifications including stand-alone, real-time, and networked systems.
This document discusses embedded systems. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based system designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems are found in devices ranging from household appliances to spacecraft. The document discusses the history of embedded systems and how they have evolved from using microprocessors to typically using microcontrollers. It also discusses the hardware and software components of embedded systems as well as common programming languages. Examples of different types of embedded systems are provided.
This document discusses embedded systems, including definitions, examples, and key characteristics. It defines an embedded system as a microprocessor-based computer system designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger mechanical or electrical system. Embedded systems are found in devices ranging from household appliances to spacecraft. They are characterized by limited resources, real-time performance requirements, low power consumption, and high reliability. The document also covers embedded system hardware architecture, programming languages, and provides an example of designing a simple temperature measurement system.
The document discusses timing and clocks in embedded systems. It describes different types of timers/counters used in embedded systems like real-time clocks, input capture timers, and timers with automatic reload capability. It also discusses timing diagram notations, timing specifications like rise/fall times, propagation delays, setup and hold times. Real-time clocks provide precise timekeeping and are useful for applications requiring time stamps. Counters are used to count external events while timers generate interrupts at specific time intervals. Timing analysis is important to ensure components can interface properly based on their timing requirements.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger mechanical or electrical system. It consists of a microprocessor or microcontroller and custom hardware and software designed to perform specific tasks. Embedded systems are found in many devices from kitchen appliances to spacecraft. They are designed to perform specific predefined tasks, operate with limited resources like memory and power, and require high reliability. Embedded systems are classified based on their functionality into stand-alone systems, real-time systems, networked appliances, and mobile devices. Programming languages for embedded systems include assembly language, C, C++, and Java.
1. Unit – I
Introduction to Embedded System
• Definition – “Embedded systems are
computing systems with tightly coupled
hardware and software integration, which are
designed to perform a dedicated function”.
• Explanation – An embedded system is a
combination of computer hardware along
with the mechanical or electrical parts, and
system software to perform some specific
task.
2. Embedded system and General
purpose computer system
• An embedded system refers to “A computer
which has been designed to do specialized
tasks. Example – Vending machine machine or
printer etc.
• General purpose computer system is a
combination of hardware and software which
performs different task by following the
instruction provided by the user .It is not
designed to solve any particular problem.
3. Difference b/w E.S and G.P.Computer
E.S
system
• An embedded system is designed to perform some special
task.
• It uses simplified circuit.
• Less memory is required.
• It uses slow processor.
• It is low in cost.
General Purpose computer system
• It is designed to perform a variety of task.
• The circuit is more complex.
• It requires more memory.
• It requires high speed processor.
• It is high in cost
4. Classification of Embedded System
Classification of E.S
Classification based on
Classification based on the
Hardware and
Function
software Complexity
Netw
Standalon ork Mobile Mediu
Real Sophis
e Appli Embedded Small m
Time ticated
embedded catio System Scale E.S scale
E.S E.S
system n E.S
5. Classification based on the Function
• Standalone E.S – It is built using a specialized
communication processor, memory a number
of network access interfaces and special
software that implements logic for sending
information from one device to another
decice.
• Real Time E.S – It monitors the
6. Purpose of E.S
• E.S are small, fast and very powerful tools.
• An E.S is a micro-processor based system that is built to
control a function or range of functions .
• E.S is designed to perform one or a few dedicated or
specific functions but with choices and different options.
• E.S are often required to provide Real-Time response.
• A Real-Time is defined as a system whose correctness
depends on the timeliness of its response. Example –
flight control system of an aircraft, sensor system in
nuclear reactors and power plants.
7. Why do we need E.S
• General purpose computers like PC’s would be too costly
for the majority of products that incorporate some form of
E.S technology.
• General purpose computers might fail to meet a number of
functional or performance requirements such as
constraints in power-consumption, size limitation etc.
• In todays digital world the life totally depends on at least
one piece of equipment which contains processor like a
phone, television, washing machine etc.
• The power requirement of E.S like cell phone , cameras are
very less as compared to the other general purpose
computer system.
8. Application of E.S
Some applications of E.S are as follows:
Automobile Sector:
E.S is widely used in automobile industries not only in the
development of automobiles but also in vehicles for achieving various
automated operations.
Automobile sector uses the embedded system in the following:
Anti-lock braking system(ABS)
Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP)
Traction Control (TCS)
Automatic Four-Wheel Drive
Fuel Injecton Control
Air bags and Automatic braking
Car Entertainment systems
9. • Telecommunication- This industry utilizes
numerous embedded systems from telephone
switches for the network to mobile phones at the
enduser.
• Telecom industry uses the E.S in the following:
In Telephone lines to route data
For messaging
For other multimedia features in cell phones
and other devices.
In network router and bridges
Rocket and satellite control.
Air Traffic Control.
10. • Aerospace and Avionics – E.S is more popular in this
field because a complex mixture of hardware,
electronics and embedded software is required to fulfill
the requirements.
• Embedded engineers confront major challenges in this
field like:
• Specially designed programs that helps to synchronize
the hardware of aero vehicles and the system software
of ATC, to take-off and landing the aero-vehicles.
• Ensuring that the complex software and hardware
interactions are right.
• Assembling components that meet specifications and
perform effectively together.
• Understanding the larger context of the embedded
software.
11. • Consumer Electronics: This field has benefited
a lot from embedded technologies like:
• MP3 Players
• Mobile Phones
• Digital Cameras
• Printers
Defense: The defense field also uses the E.S
services in RADARs, Guided Missile Systems,
automated guns and satellite phones.
12. Hardware
Processor – or the CPU is responsible for performing all
the computational and logical operations in an E.S.
Memory – It is odevice which can be used to store data in
a system. An E.S can have on-chip or off –chip memory.
There are different kinds of memory devices.
User Interface – It is a mechanism through which user can
provide certain choices to the E.S. These choices are
used by the CPU to perform a given task in certain
manner. Keypad is one of the most common UI.
13. Displays – These are used to provide certain
information to the user. Alphanumeric Displays
and LCD displays are widely used in embedded
device.
Input/Output: I/O peripherals provide a physical
media for Data Transfer with the external world.
Other Electrical Components: There are plenty
of other active and passive components in an
E.S. Examples Power supply, Data Converters
etc.
14. Software
• Control software:- It is responsible for
managing different modules of the system.
• Computation Extensive software: - It is
responsible for performing mathematical and
logical operations on the input data. The
output of this can be sent back or stored for
later use or can be used by the control
software to take certain decisions.
15. • Device Drivers: - These are the software
modules which control system’s peripheral.
• User Interface:- This software is responsible
for collecting user inputs and providing “User
Menu” or “System Status” to the user.
• Operating system : It is a software which
manages the different resources of a system
and provides an abstraction of the underlying
hardware to the users.
16. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
• Microprocessors – It is a programmable integrated
circuit that can perform any type of arithmetic or
logical operation within a fraction of second.
• It forms a vital role on a computer system.
• Microprocessor is a high speed computer with less
storage capacity within it.
• It is also called as CPU or Central Processing Unit.
• It is the heart of a computer.
• It is a complete computation engine that is fabricated
on a single chip.
• The first miroprocessor was developed by intel
17. Working of Microprocessor
• A microprocessor executes a collection of
machine instructions that tell the processor what
task to do.
• A microprocessor does three basic things:-
Using ALU it can perform mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
It can move data from one memory location to
another.
It can make decisions and jump to a new set of
instructions based on those decisions.
18. Microcontroller
• It is a small computer on a single integrated
circuit containing a processor core, memory and
programmable input/output peripherals.
• It is designed for personal computers or other
general purpose applications.
• They are used in automatically controlled
products and devices like automobile engine
control systems, applications etc.
• Microcontrollers are special purpose computer.
19. • Microcontrollers are embedded inside some
other device so that they can control the
features or actions of the product.It is also
called as “embedded controller”.
• They are dedicated to do one task and run one
specific program. The programs are stored in
ROM.
• They are low power devices ie they consume
less power.
• It has a dedicated input device and often has a
small LED or LCD display for output.
• It is often small and low cost.
20. Difference b/w Microprocessor and
Microcontroller
Microprocessor –
It is a general purpose device that finds its applications in
most of the electronic device.
It is a dependant unit that requires other chips for its proper
operation.
It is called as a IC which contains many useful functions.
It requires external memory devices to stored set of
instructions to carry out user defined tasks.
It main use is to read data, perform extensinve calculations on
that data, and store the results in a mass storage device or
display the results.
Example for microprocessor is 8085.
It uses the memory chips to get the data.
21. • Microcontroller.
It is a specific purpose device which has a specific
task for a sepecfic device.
It is an independent device that does not require any
other specific chips.
It is called as Microchip which contains the
components of microprocessor.
It has the ability to execute a stored set of
instructions to carry out user defined tasks.
It is used to control the operations of a machine
using a fixed program that is stored in Rom and does
not change over the lifetime of the system.
Example of microcontroller is 8051.
22. RISC AND CISC Controllers
• RISC – Reduced Instruction Set Computing
It is designed to perform a smaller number of
types of computer instructions so that it can
operate at a higher speed.
The range of instructions is 30 to 40.
It is a type of microprocessor architecture that
utilizes a small, highly-optimezed set of
instructions , rather than a more specialized set
of instructions often found in other types of
architectures.
23. • CISC- Complex Instruction Set Computing
Here a single instruction can execute several
low-level operations and is capable of
performing multi-step operations or
addressing modes within single instructions.
Pentium microprocessors are CISC
microprocessors.
24. Difference b/w RISC and CISC
• RISC –
It has lesser number of instructions.
It uses High level instructions.
Provides instruction pipelining.
Increased execution speed.
Single fixed length instruction.
Less silicon and pins are used.
Design time is reduced.
It uses Harvard Architecture.
Large number of registers are available.
25. • CISC
It has more number of instructions.
It rarely uses high-level instructions.
Instruction pipelining is not used.
Comparative lesser speed.
Variable length instructions.
More silicon and pins are used.
Increased design time.
Uses Von Neumann Architecture.
Limited number of general purpose registers
available.
26. Big Endian and Little Endian Processors
• Big Endian and Little Endian processors
describe the order in which a sequence of
bytes are stored in computer memory.
Big Endian is an order in which the most
significant value in the sequence is stored first at
the lowest storage address.
Little Endian is an order in which the least
significant value in the sequence is stored first.
27. Application Specific Integrated
Circuits(ASIC)
• It is designed to perform some specific function
or task.
• It is a microchip customized for a particular use
rather than for general purpose use.
• Ex- A chip designed solely to run a cell phone is
an ASIC.
• It include entire 32-bit processors , memory
blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash and
other large building blocks.
• ASIC is often termed as SoC (System-on-a-Chip).
28. ASCIsTypes
• ASCIs are categorized according to the technology used for
manufacturing them. They are:
• Full-custom- The full custom IC’S are the ASIC that cannot be
modified to suit for the different applications.
• These are entirely tailor-fitted to a particular application from
the very start.
• As its design and functionality is pre-specified by the user it is
manufactured with all the layers fully defined like off-the-shelf
general purpose IC’S.
• Semi-custom – These ASCI can be modifies partially.
• Semi-custom ASIC’S can be partly customized to serve
different functions within its general area of application.
• Semi-custom ASIC’S are designed to allow a certain degree of
29. • Structured or Platform ASIC –
• This belongs to a relatively new ASIC
classification.
• These are designed and produced from a
tightly defined set of design methodologies
,intellectual properties and well-characterized
silion.
• This type of ASIC is developed for shortening
the design cycle and minimizing the
development costs of the ASIC.
30. Programmable Logic Devices(PLD)
• It is an electronic component used to build
reconfigurable digital circuits.
• A PLD has an undefined function at the time
of manufacture.
• Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must
be programmed that is reconfigured.
31. Classification of PLD
Classification of
Devices
Fixed Logic Programmable
Devices Logic Devices
FLD PLD
32. FLD
• The circuits in a FLD are permanent.
• They are made to perform one function or set
of functions.
• Once FLD’S are manufactured they cannot be
changed.
• With FLD’s the time required to go from
design, to prototypes, to a final manufacturing
run can take from several months to a year.
33. Sensors
• Sensors are also called as detectors.
• The changes in the system environment or variables are
detected by the sensors connected to the input port of the
embedded system.
• It is a transtrucer that converts energy from one type to
another type for any particular purpose.
• Example- ECG machine it is designed to monitor the heart
beat status of a patient and it canot impose a control over
the patient’s heart beat and its order. The sensors are used
here are the different electrode sets connected to the body
of the patient.
• The variations are captured and presented to the user
through a visual display or some printed chart.
34. Actuators
• Actuator is a form of transducer device which converts
signals to corresponding physical action.
• Actuator acts as an output device.
• If the embedded system is designed for any controlling
purpose the system will produce some changes in the
controlling variable to bring the controlled variable to
the desired value. This is achieved through an actuator
connected to the output port of the embedded system.
• If the E.S is designed for monitoring purpose only then
there is no need for including an actuator in the
system.
35. Types of Actuators
Classification of Actuators
Multi-Turn Actuator Part-Turn Actuator Linear Actuator
36. Multi-turn Actuator-
• It is an actuator which transmits to the valve a
torque for at least one full revolution. It is
capable of withstanding thrust.
• It is required for the automation of multi-turn
valves.
• One of the main type of this is the gate valve.
37. Part-turn actuators –
• It is an actuator which transmits a torque to the
valve for less than one full revolution. It is not
capable of withstanding thrust.
• The major representatives of this type are
butterfly valves and ball valves.
Linear Actuator –
• The major representative of this type are the
control valves.
• Just like the plug in the bathtub is pressed into
the drain the plug is pressed into the plug seat by
a stroke.
38. Communication Interface
• These are the devices through with the E.S can
interact with various subsystems and the
external world.
• For embedded product communication interface
can be viewed in two different perspectives :
1)Device/board level communication interface(On
board communication Interface)
2)Product level communication interface (External
communication interface)
39. Onboard communication Interface
• The communication channel which
interconnects the various components within
an embedded product is referred as
device/broad level communication interface.
• Examples – Serial interfaces like I2C,I-Wire,
and parallel bus interface.
40. External Communication interface
• These are the E.S which may be a part of large
distributed system and they require interaction and
data transfer between various devices and sub-
modules.
• The product level communication interface is
responsible for data transfer between the E.S and other
devices or modules.
• The external communication interface can be either a
wired media or a wireless media and it can be a serial
or a parallel interface.
• Examples – Infrared (IR), Bluetooth(BT), Wireless LAN
(Wi-Fi),Radio Frequency waves etc.
41. On Board Communication Interface
Inter Integrated Circuit Bus (I2C Bus) –
• It is a synchronous bi-directional half duplex two
–wire serial bus which provides communication
link between integrated circuits.
• It was designed by Philips Semiconductors in
1980s.
• It was developed to provide an easy way of
connection between a microprocessor /
microcontroller system and peripheral chips in
television sets.
42. • It comprises of two bus lines i.e Serial Clock-SCL and Serial
Data-SDA.
• SCL line is responsible for generating synchronisation clock
pulses.
• SDA is responsible for transmitting the serial data across
devices.
• I2C bus is a shared bus system to which many number of
I2C devices can be connected.
• Devices connected to the I2C nus can act as either
“Master” device or “Slave” device.
• The Master device is responsible for controlling the
communication by initiating or terminating data transfer,
sending data and generating necessary synchronisation
clock pulses.
• The Slave devices wait for the commands from the Master
and respond upon receiving the commands.
43. • Master and Slave devices can act as either
transmitter or receiver.
• Regardless whether a master is acting as
transmitter or receiver the synchronisation
clock signal is generated by Master device
only.
• I2C supports multi masters on the same bus.
44. External Communication Interfaces
• Infrared –
Infrared is a serial ,half duplex, line of sight based wireless technology
for data communication between devices.
The remote control of TV, AC works on the infrared data
communication principle.
IR uses infrared waves of the electromagnetic spectrum for
transmitting the data.
It supports point-point and point-to-multipoint communication.
The typical communication range for IR lies in the range of 10 cm to
1m.
The range can be increased by increasing the tranmitting power of the
IR device.
IR supports data rates ranging from 9600bits/sec to 16Mbps.
45. UNIT –II
Characteristics and Quality Attributes of E.S
Embedded systems possess certain specific
characteristics and these are unique to each
embedded system.
1. Application and domain specific
2. Reactive and Real Time
3. Operates in harsh environments
4. Distributed
5. Small Size and weight
6. Power concerns
46. Application and Domain Specific –
• Each E.S has certain functions to perform and
they are developed in such a manner to do
the intended functions only.
• They cannot be used for any other purpose.
• Ex – The embedded control units of the
microwave oven cannot be replaced with AC’S
embedded control unit because the
embedded control units of microwave oven
and AC are specifically designed to perform
certain specific tasks.
47. Reactive and Real Time –
• E.S are in constant interaction with the real world through
sensors and user-defined input devices which are
connected to the input port of the system.
• Any changes in the real world care captured by the sensors
or input devices in real time and the control algorithm
running inside the unit reacts in a designed manner to
bring the controlled output variables to the desired level.
• E.S produce changes in output in response to the changes
in the input, so they are referred as reactive systems.
• Real Time system operation means the timing behavior of
the system should be deterministic ie the system should
respond to requests in a known amount of time.
• Example – E.S which are mission critical like flight control
systems, Antilock Brake Systems (ABS) etc are Real Time
systems.
48. Operates in Harsh Environment –
• The design of E.S should take care of the
operating conditions of the area awhere the
system is going to implement.
• Ex – If the system needs to be deployed in a
high temperature zone, then all the
components used in the system should be of
high temperature grade.
• Also proper shock absorption techniques
should be provided to systems which are
going to be commissioned in places subject to
high shock.
49. Distributed –
• It means that embedded systems may be a
part of a larger system.
• Many numbers of such distributed embedded
systems form a single large embedded control
unit.
• Ex – Automatic vending machine. It contains a
card reader , a vending unit etc. Each of them
are independent embedded units but they
work together to perform the overall vending
function.
50. Small Size and Weight –
• Product aesthetics(size,weight,shape,style,etc)
is an important factor in choosing a product.
• It is convenient to handle a compact device
than a bulky product.
• In embedded domain compactness is a
significant deciding factor.
51. Power Concerns –
• Power management is another important
factor that needs to be considered in
designing embedded systems.
• E.S should be designed in such a way as to
minimize the heat dissipation by the system.
52. Quality Attributes of Embedded
System
Quality attributes are the non-functional
requirements that need to be documented properly
in any system design.
Quality attributes can be classified as Operational
quality attributes and non-operational quality
attributes.
53. Quality Attributes of E.S
Operation Q.A Non-Operational Q.A
Response Testability and Debug-ability
Throughput Evolvability
Reliability Portability
Maintainability Time to Prototype and Market
Security
Per Unit and Total Cost
Safety
54. Operational Quality Attributes
• The operational quality attributes represent the relevant
quality attributes related to the embedded system when it
is in the operational mode or online mode.
Operational Q.A are:
Response –
It is the measure of quickness of the system.
It tells how fast the system is tracking the changes in input
variables.
Most of the E.S demand fast response which should be almost
real time.
Ex – Flight control application.
55. Throughput –
• It deals with the efficiency of a system.
• It can be defined as the rate of production or
operation of a defined process over a stated
period of time.
• Ex – In case of card reader throughput means
how many transactions the reader can
perform in a minute or in an hour or in a day.
• Throughput is generally measured in terms of
“Benchmark”.
• A Benchmark is a reference point by which
something can be measured.
56. Reliability –
• It is a measure of how much we can rely upon
the proper functioning of the system.
• Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) and Mean
Time To Repair (MTTR) are the terms used in
determining system reliability.
• MTBF gives the frequency of failures in
hours/weeks/months.
• MTTR specifies how long the system is
allowed to be out of order following a failure.
• For embedded system with critical application
need, it should be of the order of minutes.
57. Maintainability –
• It deals with support and maintenance to the
end user or client in case of technical issues
and product failure or on the basis of a
routine system checkup.
• Reliability and maintainability are
complementary to each other.
• A more reliable system means a system with
less corrective maintainability requirements
and vice versa.
• As the reliability of the system of the system
increases the chances of failure and non-
functioning also reduces thereby the need for
maintainability is also reduced.
58. Security –
• Confidentiality, Integrity and availability are
the three major measures of information
security.
• Confidentiality deals with protection of data
and application from unauthorized disclosure.
• Integrity deals with the protection of data and
application from unauthorized modification.
• Availability deals with protection of data and
application from unauthorized users.
59. Safety –
Safety deals with the possible damages that can
happen to the operator, pubic and the
environment due to the breakdown of an E.S .
The breakdown of an embedded system may
occur due to a hardware failure or a firmware
failure.
Safety analysis is a must in product engineering
to evaluate the anticipated damages and
determine the best course of action to bring
down the consequences of the damages to an
acceptable level.
60. Non-Operational Quality Attributes
The quality attributes that needs to be addressed for the
product not on the basis of operational aspects are
grouped under this category.
Testability and Debug-ability –
• Testability deals with how easily one can test the
design, application and by which means it can be done.
• For an E.S testability is applicable to both the
embedded hardware and firmware.
• Embedded hardware testing ensures that the
peripherals and total hardware functions in the desired
manner, whereas firmware testing ensures that the
firmware is functioning in the expected way.
61. Evolvability –
• It is a term which is closely related to Biology.
• It is referred as the non-heritable variation.
• For an embedded system evolvability refers to
the ease with which the embedded product can
be modified to take advantage of new firmware
or hardware technology.
Portability-
• It is the measure of system independence.
• An embedded product is said to be portable if the
product is capable of functioning in various
environments, target processors and embedded
operating systems.
62. Time-to-Prototype and Market –
It is the time elapsed between the
conceptualisation of a product and the time at
which the product is ready for selling.
Per Unit Cost and Revenue –
• Cost is a factor which is closely monitored by
both end user and product manufacturer.
• Any failure to position the cost of a
commercial product at a nominal rate may
lead to the failure of the product in the
market.
63. Unit- II Chapter- II
Application and Domain Specific
• The embedded systems are basically application
specific or domain specific.
• Application specific means the particular system
is designed for some specific application only like
cell phones, washing machine, camera etc.
• Domain Specific – The major application domains
of embedded systems are consumer, industrial,
automotive, telecom etc of which telecom and
automotive industry holds a big market share.
64. Application Specific E.S
One of the example of application specific E.S is a washing machine.
• Washing machine contains sensors, actuators, control unit and application
–specific user interfaces like keyboards, display units etc.
• The actuator part of the washing machine consists of motorised agitator,
tumble tub, water drawing pump and inlet valve to control the flow of
water into the unit.
• The sensor part consists of the water temperature sensor, level sensor etc.
• The control part contains a microprocessor/ controller based board with
interfaces to the sensors and actuators.
• The sensor data is fed back to the control unit and the control uint
generates the necessary actuator outputs.
• The control unit also provides connectivity to user interfaces like keypad
for setting the washing time, selecting the type of material to be washed
like light, medium, heavy duty etc.
• User feedback is reflected through the display unit and LEDs connected to
the control board.
65. Washing Machine Models
• Washing machine comes in two models ie – Top
loading and Front loading machines.
Top loading machine –
In top loading models the agitator of the machine
twists back and forth and pulls the cloth down to
the bottom of the tub.
On reaching the bottom of the tub the clothes work
their way back up to the top of the tub where the
agitator grabs them again and repeats the
mechanism.
66. Front loading –
In front loading machines the clothes are tumbled
and plunged into the water over and over again.
This is the first phase of washing.
In the second phase of washing, water is pumped
out from the tub and the inner tub uses centrifugal
force to wring out more water from the clothes by
spinning at several hundred rotations per minute
(RPM) . This phase is called as “Spin Phase”.
In the keyboard panel of the washing machine we
can see three buttons like wash, spin and rinse.
These buttons can be used to configure the washing
stages.
67. The inner tub of the machine contains a number of holes and
during the spin cycle the inner tub spins, and forces the water
out through these holes to the stationary outer tub from
which it is drained off through the outlet pipe.
The design of washing machines may vary from manufacturer
to manufacturer but the general principle underlying in the
working of the washing machine remains the same.
The basic controls consist of a timer, cycle selector
mechanism, water temperature selector, load size selector
and start button.
The mechanism includes the motor, transmission, clutch,
pump, agitator, inner tub, outer tub and water inlet valve.
Water inlet valve connects to the water supply line using at
home and regulates the flow of water into the tub.
The integrated control panel consists of a
microprocessor/controller based board with I/O interfaces
and a control algorithm running in it.
68. Input interface includes the keyboard which
consists of wash type selector namely wash, spin
and rinse, cloth type selector namely Light,
Medium, Heavy duty and Washing time setting etc.
The output interface consists of LED/LCD displays,
status indication LEDs etc. connected to the I/O bus
of the controller. This interface may vary from
manufacturer to manufacturer and model to model.
The other types of I/O interfaces which are invisible
to the end user are different kinds of sensor
interfaces like water temperature sensor, water
level sensor, etc and actuator interface including
motor control for agitator and tub movement
control, inlet water flow control etc.
69. Domain Specific Embedded System
Domain –specific modeling is an emerging
technology.
The domain specific embedded system is a
combination of various application specific
embedded systems.
The major domain specific embedded system
are industrial, consumer, telecom and
automotive.
70. Domain Specific Embedded System
Automotive
Automotive embedded systems are the one
where electronics take control over the
mechanical systems.
The presence of automotive embedded system
in a vehicle varies from simple mirror and wiper
controls to complex air bag controller and
antilock brake systems (ABS).
71. Inner Working of Automotive E.S
• Automotive embedded systems are normally built
around microcontrollers or DSPs or a hybrid of the two
and are generally known as Electronic Control Units
(ECUs)
• The number of embedded controllers in an ordinary
vehicle varies from 20 to 40 whereas a luxury vehicle
like Mercedes S and BMW 7 may contain 75 t0 100
numbers of embedded controllers.
• The first embedded system used in automotive
application was the microprocessor based fuel
injection system introduce by Volkswagen 1600 in
1968.
72. The various types of electronic control units
(ECUs) used in the automotive embedded
industry can be broadly classified into - High-
speed embedded control units and Low-speed
embedded control units.
High-speed Electronic Control Units (HECUs)-
High-speed electronic control units are deployed
in critical control units requiring fast response.
They include fuel injection systems, antilock
brake systems, engine control, eletronic throttle,
steering controls, transmission control unit and
central control unit.
73. Low-Speed Electronic Control Unit (LECUs) –
Low –speed electronic control units are
depployed in applications where response time
is not so critical.
They are built around low cost microprocessors
/microcontrollers and digital signal processors.
Audio controllers, passenger and driver door
locks, door glass controls(power windows),
wiper control, mirror control, seat control
system, head lamp and tail lamp controls, sun
roof control unit etc. are examples of LECUs.
74. Automotive Communication Buses
Automotive applications make use of serial
buses for communication, which greatly reduces
the amount of wiring required inside a vehicle.
The different types of serial interface buses
deployed in automotive embedded
applications are : Controller Area Network
(CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN),
Media-Oriented System Transport (MOST) Bus
75. CAN- The CAN bus was originally proposed by
Robert Bosch, pioneer in the Automotive
embedded solution providers.
It supports medium speed(ISO11519-class B
with data rates up to 125 Kbps) and high speed
(ISO11898 class C with data rates up to
1Mbps)data transfer.
CAN is an event-driven protocol interface with
support for error handling in data transmission.
It is generally employed in safety system like
airbag control, power train systems like engine
control and Antilock Brake System(ABS) and
navigation systems like GPS.
76. LIN-
LIN bus is a single master multiple slave
communication interface.
LIN is a low speed single wire communication
interface with support for data rates up to 20
Kbps and is used for sensor/actuator interfacing.
LIN bus follows the master communication
triggering technique to eliminate the possible
bus arbitration problem that can occur by the
simultaneous talking of different slave odes
connected to a single interface bus.
LIN bus is employed in applications like mirror
controls, fan controls , seat positioning controls,
window controls and position controls where
response time is not critical issue.
77. MOST Bus –
The Media-Oriented system transport is targeted
for automotive audio/video equipment interfacing,
used primarily in European cars.
A MOST bus is a multimedia fibre-optic point-to-
point network implemented in a star, ring or daisy
chained topology over optical fibre cables.
The MOST bus specifications define the physical
layer as well as the application layer, network layer,
and media access control.
MOST bus is an optical fibre cable connected
between the Electrical Optical Converter (EOC) and
Optical Electrical Converter (OEC) which would
translate into the optical cable MOST bus.
78. UNIT -3
Programming Embedded System
• Embedded system is widely used in modern Information
Technology.
• The C programming language is the most popular programming
language for programming embedded systems.
• C remains a very popular language for micro-controller developers
due to code efficiency and reduced overhead and development
time.
• C offers low-level control and is considered more readable than
assembly.
• Many free C compliers are available for a wide variety of
development platforms.
• Using C increases portability, since C code a can be compiled for
different types of processors.
79. Structure of Embedded Program
• To accomplish a meaningful task on a computer, it
must be provided with exhaustive and very
explicit instructions.
• A collection of such instructions is called a
program and the one who writes and revises
these instructions are known as a Programmer or
developer.
• The processor processes all information in binary
about the binary number system and its
operation.
80. Embedded Development Cycle
• The development process for embedded
software follows a cycle as below:
1. Problem Specification
2. Tool/Chip selection
3. Software plan
4. Device Plan
5. Code/Debug
6. Test
7. Integrate
81. Problem Specification
• It means defining the problem.
• It is a statement of the problem that the program
will solve without considering any possible
solutions.
• The main aim is explaining in detail what the
program will do.
• Once the specification of the problem is complete
we must examine the system as a whole.
• At this point specific needs must be considered
such as those of interrupt driven or time-critical
systems.
82. Tool/Chip Selection
• Here we decide about the hardware components that can solve
our problem requirements.
• The type of application will often determine the device chosen.
• Needs based on memory size, speed and special feature availability
will determine which device will be most appropriate.
• The cost and availability issues should also be investigated.
• It is also essential to determine that the development decisions
made are possible with the device we are considering.
• Ex- If we wish to use C we must select a device for which there is a
C language compiler.
• It is also important to investigate the availability of emulators,
simulators and debuggers.
83. Software Plan
• In this step the programmer needs to define the
algorithms that is required to solve the problem.
• The first step in the software plan is to select an
algorithm which solves the problem specified in
our problem specification.
• Various algorithms should be considered and
compared in terms of code side, speed, difficulty
and ease of maintenance.
• After the basic algorithm is chosen the overall
problem should be broken down into smaller
problems.
84. Device Plan
• The routines for hardware specific features
should be planned.
• The routines include :
Set up the reset vector
Set up the interrupt vectors
Watch the stack (hardware or software)
Interact with peripherals such as timers,serial
ports and A/D converters.
85. Code/Debug
• The modules form the software plan stage are
coded in the project language.
• The coded modules are compiled or
assembled and all syntactic error are repaired.
• Debugging should consider the issues such as:
Syntactic correctness of the code
Timing of the program
86. Test
• Each module should be tested to ensure that
it is functioning properly.
• This testing is done using Simulators and/or
emulators.
• It is very important to test the hardware we
will be using.
• This is done by writing small programs which
test the devices.
87. Integrate
• The modules must be combined to create a
functioning program.
• It is very important at this point to test the
routines which are designed to respond to
specific conditions.
• These routines include interrupt services and
Watchdog support routines.
• The entire program must be thoroughly
tested.
88. First Embedded C Program
• The first program which a developer writes in
the C language is one which displays the
message “Hello World” on the computer
screen.
• This is a sensible beginning for traditional C
platform where conventional input and
output are important and fundamental
concepts.
89. Structure of the Program
• Program Comments: -
The program comments are used to describe the function
performed by that particular command.
A good program includes comments throughout a program.
Comments help to explain what the code is doing at a
particular point and often states what specific symbols or
operations represent.
C compiler use slash and asterisk combinations as comment
delimiters.
When the compiler encounters a slash immediately followed
by an asterisk , /* or // it treats every character following this
pair as a comment until an asterisk immediately followed by a
slash, */ or // is encountered.
90. Preprocessor Directives:
First embedded C program contains three preprocessor
directives - #include,#define and #pragma.
Preprocessor directives are specific instructions given
to the preprocessor.
Preprocessor directives are always preceded by the #
character which is referred as hash mark.
#include < >-
1. It is one of the most commonly used preprocessor
directive.
2. When the preprocessor reaches this directive it looks
for the file named in the brackets.
3. If the file is found the preprocessor will replace the
#include directive with the entire contents of the file
or else the preprocessor will halt and give an error.
91. #define ON 1
#define OFF 0 :-
I. #define is another commonly used preprocessor
directive which is used to define symbolic constants.
II. Programs often use a constant number or value many
times.
III. Instead of typing in the actual number or value
throughout the program we can define a symbol
which represents the value.
IV. When the preprocessor reaches a #define directive it
will replace all the occurrences of the symbol name in
the program with the associated constant.
V. The statements #define ON 1 and #define OFF 0, the
symbols ON and OFF are assigned the values 1 and 0
respectively.
92. #pragma –
I. The preprocessor handles #pragma
directives in a slightly different fashion than
other preprocessor directives.
II. It instruct the compiler to behave in a certain
way based on the description of the
hardware resources of the target computer.
III. These statements are most often used in
header files which provide the hardware
specifications for a particular device.
93. The main () function:-
When C program is executed, how does it
know where the program starts?
All C programs must have one function called
main() which is always the first function
executed.
Void main
{
// function statements
}
94. The Function Body:
Every function definition has a function header.
A function header describes what type of value
the function returns, the name of the function,
and what input it expects.
The body of the function follows the function
header.
The function body contains a set of statements
between braces which are executed when the
function is called.
There are several different types of C statements.
95. Assignment Statement –
The assignment operator is used to assign value
to a particular variable.
An assignment statement takes the value of the
expression on the right of the equal sign and
assigns it to the symbol on the left side of the
equal sign.
Control Statements-
Control statements allow decisions to be made to
determine which statements are executed and how
often.
Ex – In C decisions are made using control
statements.
Control statements can select between two or more
paths of execution and repeat a set of statements a
given number of times.
96. Some common control statements are-
While:
While
{
// statements
}
• The while () control statement instructs the
computer to repeat a set of instruction (loop) as
long as condition is valid.
• The condition is an expression placed in the
brackets which follow the while statement.
• C considers any condition which does not
evaluate to 0 to be true and any condition which
does evaluate to 0 to be false.
97. If :-
If ( )
{
--------------------
}
• The if () statement provides the ability to
make decisions.
• If the if statement condition is true then the
computer executes the statement in the if
body.
98. Calling Functions:
A program can delegate a task by calling another
function.
The while loop is an infinite loop.
Thus the structure of the embedded program
consists of :
Directives which are handled directly by the
preprocessor.
Declarations are the instructions for the compiler
to record the type and associated memory locations
of symbols.
Statements – are the executable instructions in a
program.
99. Unit – IV
Embedded Hardware
All the processors store their data and program codes in memory but
in some cases the memory resides on the same chip as the processor ,
but most of the memory chips are located externally.
The processors communicates with memory by suing address bus and
the data bus.
For reading and writing data at some particular location the processor
first writes the desired address onto the address bus and then the data
using the data bus.
Memory Map-
A memory map is the structure of the data that indicates how memory
is laid out.
Memory maps can have different meaning in different parts of the
operating system.
In boot process a memory map is passed on from the firmware in
order to instruct an operating system kernel about memory layout.
100. It contains the information regarding the size of total memory,
any reserved regions and also provide details specific to
architecture.
In the below diagram there are three devices attached to the
address and data buses.
These devices are the RAM and ROM and a Serial Controller
“Zilog 85230”.
RAM is located at the bottom of memory and extends upward
for the first 128 KB of the memory space.
The ROM is located at the top of memory and extends
downward for 256 KB. But this area of memory actually
contains two ROMs an EPROM and a Flash memory device
each of size 128 KB.
The third device the Zilog 85230 Serial Communications
Controller, is a memory-mapped peripheral whose registers
are accessible between the addresses 70000h and 72000h.
101. I/O MAP
• To communicate with input/output devices the concept of I/O map
is used.
• The process of creating the I/O map is similar to memory mapping.
• Memory –mapped I/O uses the same address but to address both
memory and I/O devices.
• The memory and registers of the I/O devices are mapped to
address values.
• When an address is used by the CPU it may refer to a portion of
physical RAM or it can refer to memory of the I/O device.
• The CPU instructions used to access the memory are also used for
accessing devices.
• Each I/O device monitors the CPU’s address bus and responds to
any of the CPU’s access of address space assigned to that device
connecting the data bus to a desirable device’s hardware register.
102. Interrupt
• Interrupt is something that produces some kind of
interruption.
• In microprocessor and microcontroller systems an
interrupt is defined as a signal that initiates changes in
normal program execution flow.
• The signal that generates changes in normal program
execution flow may come from an external device
connected to the microprocessor/controller requesting
the system that it needs immediate attention or the
interrupt signal may come from some of the internal
units of the processor/controller such as timer
overflow indication signal.
103. Why Interrupts?
• From programmer point of view interrupt is a boon.
• Interrupts are very useful in situations where you need to
read or write some data from or to an externally connected
device.
• Without interrupts the normal procedure adopted is
pooling the device to get the status.
• We can write the program in two ways to pool the device.
• In the first method the program pools the device
continuously till the device is ready to send data to the
controller or ready to accept data from the controller.
• This technique achieves the desired objective effectively by
sacrificing the processor time for that single task.
• Whenever there is a chance of program hang up and the
total system to crash in certain situations where the
external device fails or stops functioning.
104. • Another approach for implementing the pooling technique is to schedule
the pooling operation on a time slice basis and allocate the total time on a
shared basis to rest of the tasks also.
• This leads to more effective utilization of the processor time.
• The biggest drawback of this approach is that there is a chance for missing
some information coming from the device if the total tasks are high in
number.
• Here comes the role of interrupts. If the external device supports interrupt
we can connect the interrupt pin of the device to the interrupt line of the
controller.
• Enable the corresponding interrupt in firmware. Write the code to handle
the interrupt request service in a separate function and put the other
tasks in the main program code.
• Here the main program is executed normally and when the external
device asserts an interrupt the main program is interrupted and the
processor switches the program execution to the interrupt request
service.
• On finishing the execution of the interrupt request service the program
flow is automatically diverted back to the main stream and the main
program resumes its execution exactly from the point where it got
interrupted.
105. USE of Interrupts
In any interrupt based systems interrupts are
mainly used for accomplishing the following tasks:
1. I/O data transfer between peripheral adevices
and processor/controller.
2. Timing applications
3. Handling emergency situations example- switch
off the system when the battery status falls
below the critical limit in battery operated
systems.
4. Context switching /Multitasking/ Real-Time
application programming.
5. Event driven programming.
106. Interrupt Map
• The embedded systems have few handful of interrupts.
• These interrupts are associated with an interrupt pin and an interrupt service routine (ISR).
• For the execution of correct interrupt service routine a mapping is required between interrupt pins
and interrupt service routine.
• This mapping usually takes the form of an interrupt vector table.
• The vector table is just an array of pointers to functions located at some known memory address.
• The processor uses the particular interrupt as its index into this array.
• The value stored at that location in the vector table is usually just the address of the interrupt
service routine to be executed.
• Now the system requires initializing the interrupt vector table correctly.
• This is achieved by using the following:
Create an interrupt map that organizes the relevant information.
Create an interrupt map that is a table contains a list of interrupt types and the devices to which they
refer.
Add board-specific header file. Each line of the interrupt map becomes a single #define within the file.
107. Processor Family
• A set of related processors from the same manufacturer is called as
Processor family.
• The term processor refers to any three type of devices known as
microprocessors, microcontrollers and Digital Signal Processors.
• DSP –
• The third type of processor is a digital signal processor or DSP.
• The Central processing unit within a DSP is specially designed to
perform discrete-time signal processing calculations ex- the
processors for audio and video communications.
• The DSP performs such calculations much faster than other
processors they offer a powerful,low-cost microprocessor
alternative for designers of modems and other
telecommunications.
• Two common DSP families are the TMS320CX and 5600X series
from TI and Motorola.
108. Memory
• Memory is an important part of a
processor/controller based E.S.
• Some of the procoessors/controllers contain
built in memory and this memory is reffered
as on-chip memory.
• Others which do not contain any memory
inside the chip requires external memory to
be connected with the controller/processor
called off-chip memory.
110. ROM
• The program memory or code storage
memory of an E.S stores the program
instructions and it can be classified into
different types
• ROM(Read Only Memorty) –
It retains its contents even after the power to it
is turned off.
It is a non-volatile memory.