Designs and develops robotic prototypes. Constructs, configures, tests, and debugs robots and robotic systems. Installs, operates, calibrates, and maintains robots. Ensures that robotic machines operate safely, dependably, and with precision; identifies and implements modifications.

1. Lecture 2-Introduction
to Embedded Systems
5505ICBTME
Mechatronic Systems and Robotics
Ms. Sanjana Dias

2. Examples of Embedded Systems

3. Examples of Embedded Systems
• Smart toys

5. What is an Embedded System?
“Any sort of device which includes a programmable
computer but itself is not intended to be a general-
purpose computer” (Marilyn Wolf)
Embedded System = Computers inside a product
Computers???
PC’s, Laptops, Mainframes, Servers

6. What is an Embedded System?
• A combination of computer hardware and
software, and perhaps additional mechanical or
other parts, designed to perform a dedicated
function. In some cases embedded systems are part
of larger system or product.
“ The case of an antilock braking system in a car.”
AGV Vehicle

7. What is an Embedded System?
• It is a system that will perform pre-defined tasks with
specific requirements.
• These systems usually use, specially designed
computers to perform required tasks.
• Usually this specially designed computer is interfaced
with sensors and actuators.
• Since the system is dedicated to perform a specific task,
design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and
cost of the product.
• Embedded systems are often mass-produced, so the
cost savings may be multiplied by millions of items.

8. What is an Embedded System?

9. What is an Embedded System?

10. Tasks Performed by Embedded
Systems
Each embedded system is designed to carry out the
following tasks:
• Data collection
• Data communication
• Signal processing
• Monitoring
• Control
• User interface implementation

11. Tasks Performed by Embedded
Systems
Each embedded system is designed to carry out the following tasks.
• Data collection
carried out using analog units or ADCs etc
• Data communication
using blue tooth modules, RF units, wired communication etc
• Signal processing
Image processing, signal conditioning, filter implementation etc
• Monitoring
use analog to digital sensors
• Control
Motor control, temperature control etc.
• User interface implementation
ATM user menu, electronic user menu etc.

12. When/Where we can use an
embedded system?
Right choice if,
• When a complex system is required to be implemented.
• System requires intelligence.
• A number of sensors and actuators must be integrated in
the system.
• When data needs to be acquired and processed to perform
a specific task.
• Requires advanced functions eg. Image processing.
• Requires communication with various devices. Not the right
choice if,
• System requires little or no intelligence.
• Can be made easier or cheaper using discrete components.

13. Architecture of an Embedded
System

14. Hardware architecture of an
Embedded System

16. Hardware architecture of an
Embedded System
• CPU: Microprocessor / Microcontroller
• RAM: It is also called read-write memory or the main
memory or the primary memory. The programs and data
that the CPU requires during the execution of a program are
stored in this memory
• RAM: Stores crucial information essential to operate the
system, like the program essential to boot the computer. It is
not volatile. Always retains its data. Used in embedded
systems or where the programming needs no change. Used
in calculators and peripheral devices.

18. Types of Embedded Systems

19. Types of Embedded Systems
Based on their performance and functional
requirements;
1. Stand Alone Embedded Systems
Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host
system like a computer, it works by itself.
It takes the input from the input ports either analog or
digital and processes, calculates and converts the data
and gives the resulting data through the connected
device-Which either controls, drives and displays the
connected devices.
Examples: mp3 players, digital cameras, video game
consoles, microwave ovens and temperature
measurement systems.

20. How does a MP3 Player &
Digital camera work??

21. Types of Embedded Systems
2. Real Time Embedded Systems
A real time embedded system is defined as, a system
which gives a required o/p in a particular time.
These types of embedded systems follow the time
deadlines for completion of a task. Real time embedded
systems are classified into two types such as soft and
hard real time systems.
• Hard Real time Systems: the completion of an operation
after its deadline may lead to a critical failure and result in
life, loss and property damage.
Ex: Car air bag system, Alarm clocks
• Soft Real time Systems: Even there is response deadline the
lateness can be tolerated to some degrees.
Ex: Microwave, Washing Machine

22. How do these
embedded systems
function??
Give another example
for Hard ROTS

23. Types of Embedded Systems
3. Networked Embedded Systems
These types of embedded systems are related to a
network to access the resources. The connected network
can be LAN(local area network), WAN (wide area
network) or the internet.
The connection can be any wired or wireless. This type of
embedded system is the fastest growing area in
embedded system applications.
The embedded web server is a type of system wherein all
embedded devices are connected to a web server and
accessed and controlled by a web browser.
Example: home security system wherein all sensors are
connected and run on the protocol TCP/IP

25. Types of Embedded Systems
4. Mobile Embedded Systems
Mobile embedded systems are used in portable
embedded devices.
The basic limitation of these devices is the other
resources and limitation of memory.
Examples ???

26. Types of Embedded Systems
Based on the performance of the Microcontroller;
1. Small Scale Embedded Systems
These types of embedded systems are designed with a
single 8 or 16-bit microcontroller, that may even be
activated by a battery.
For developing embedded software for small scale
embedded systems, the main programming tools are an
editor, assembler, cross assembler and integrated
development environment (IDE).
The processor uses very less/limited resources of
memory and processing speed
Examples: ???

27. Types of Embedded Systems
2. Medium Scale Embedded Systems
These types of embedded systems design with a
single or 16 or 32 bit microcontroller, RISCs or DSPs.
These types of embedded systems have both
hardware and software complexities.
For developing embedded software for medium scale
embedded systems, the main programming tools are
C, C++, JAVA, Visual C++, RTOS, debugger, source
code engineering tool, simulator and IDE.
Examples??

28. Types of Embedded Systems
3. Sophisticated Embedded Systems
Sophisticated or Complex Embedded Systems are
designed using multiple 32-bit or 64-bit micro-
controller. These systems are developed to perform
large scale complex functions. These systems have
high hardware and software complexities. We use
both hardware and software components to design
final systems or hardware products.
Examples??

29. Applications of Embedded
Systems
In-class Activity: Give two embedded units examples
for each application industry
• Robotic science
• Medical
• Automotive
• Networking
• Home Devices
• Automobiles
• Industrial Control

30. Advantages of Embedded System
• It is able to cover a wide variety of environments
• Less likely to encore errors
• Embedded System simplified hardware which, which
reduces costs overall.
• Offers an enhanced performance
• The embedded system is useful for mass production.
• The embedded system is highly reliable.
• It has very few interconnections.
• The embedded system is small in size.
• It has a fast operation.
• Offers improved product quality.
• It optimizes the use of system resources.
• It has a low power operation.

31. Disadvantages of Embedded
Systems
• To develop an embedded system needs high
development effort.
• It needs a long time to market.
• Embedded systems do a very specific task, so it can’t
be programmed to do different things.
• Embedded systems offer very limited resources for
memory.
• It doesn’t offer any technological improvement.
• It is difficult to backup of embedded files.

32. Languages for Programming
Embedded Systems
•C Language
•C++ Language
•Java

33. Communication Interfaces
To interact with the external world, a number of
communication interfaces are available.
• Serial Communication interfaces: SCI
• Synchronous serial communication interfaces

34. Communication Interfaces
• Universal serial bus
• Networks: Ethernet
• Timers
• Discrete IO
• ADC/DAC

35. ANY QUESTION??
…..END…..