Epithelia and glands.ppt
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Epithelia are tissues that line surfaces, cavities, and tubes throughout the body. They perform functions like protection, transport, secretion, and containment. Epithelia can be classified based on cell layers (simple vs stratified), cell shape (squamous, columnar, cuboidal), and surface features (presence of cilia or keratin). Glands are clusters of epithelial cells that secrete substances. They can be classified by cell number, presence of ducts, and secretion mode. Common simple epithelia include squamous (alveoli), cuboidal (sweat glands), and columnar (small intestine). Stratified epithelia provide more protection, like those in the skin, vagina,
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Tissues are aggregations of cells that perform specific functions. There are four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. Epithelial tissues cover surfaces, line cavities, and form glands. There are two categories of epithelial tissue: membranous and glandular. Membranous epithelial tissues are classified based on cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and cell layer arrangement (simple, stratified, pseudostratified, transitional). Glandular epithelial tissues are specialized secretory tissues that form exocrine and endocrine glands. Exocrine glands are further classified based on their duct system and secretory structures.
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Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and cavities. It has several functions including protection, absorption, secretion, and selective permeability. There are several types of epithelial tissue including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified columnar, transitional, and stratified epithelia. Glands are classified by their secretory products and mechanisms. Exocrine glands secrete through ducts or directly onto surfaces, and are classified as serous, mucous, mixed or sebaceous. Epithelial tissues and glands play key roles in bodily functions.
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Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and cavities. It has several functions including protection, absorption, secretion, and selective permeability. There are several types of epithelial tissue including squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified columnar, transitional, and stratified epithelia. Glands are classified by their secretory products and mechanisms. Exocrine glands secrete through ducts or directly onto surfaces, and are classified as serous, mucous, mixed or sebaceous. Epithelial tissues and glands play key roles in bodily functions.
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- 2. Epithelia • A group of tissues that line surfaces, cavities and tubes. • Mainly derived from ectoderm but afew are from endoderm and mesoderm. • Functions include protection(skin, vagina, anal canal), transport(small intestines), secretion(glands) and containment
- 3. continued • Surfaces lined by epithelia include skin. • Cavities include:oral cavity, pleural cavity in the lungs, peritoneal cavity in the abdomen, pericardial cavity in the mediastinum • Tubes include respiratory tract, anal canal and vaginal canal.
- 4. Classification of epithelia • Three ways of classification based on 1) number of cell layers 2) shape of cells 3) presence of surface modifications
- 5. According to number of cell layers Three types 1) Simple epithelia; only one cell layer. adapted for transport. 2) Stratified epithelia: many cell layers. Mainly for protection. 3) Pseudostratified: false stratification: one cell layer but nuclei are at different layers giving it an appearance of many cell layers.
- 6. According to shape of cells Three types • Squamous epihelia: cells flat and are shaped like pavers. Mainly adapted for transport by diffusion. • Columnar epithelia: cells shaped like tall columns. Mainly for absorption. • Cuboidal epithelia: cells between flat and tall. Mainly for secretions.
- 7. According to presence of surface modifications Two types of modifications: cilia and keratin • Cilia: mainly for transport, such epithelia is said to be ciliated. Common in fallopian tubes, respiratory system • Keratin: mainly for protection agaist dessication. Common on skin.
- 9. Simple squamous epithelia • One cell layer, cells flat • Adapted for transport by diffusion. • Located in alveolar sacs, lining of pleural and peritoneal cavities. • Is not protective.
- 11. Simple cuboidal epithelium • One cell layer, cells between flat and tall columns. • Adapted for secretions • Found lining endocrine glands like thyroid gland.
- 12. Simple columnar (small intestines)
- 13. Simple columnar • One cell layer, cells shaped like tall columns. • Mainly adapted for absorption • Commonly found in small intestines.
- 15. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium • One cell layer, cells tall columns, nuclei at different levels giving it an appearance of many cell layers. • Function is clean, moisten and warm inspired air. • Found lining upper respiratory tract.
- 17. Stratified squamous epithelia • Many cell layers • Cells shaped like pavers • Adapted for protection against abrasion. • Located in lower half of vaginal canal, lower half of anal canal, oral cavity. • Doesn't protect against dessication.
- 18. Stratified squamous keratinised Many cell layers Cells flat and shaped like pavers Presence of keratin Protects against dessication Located on skin
- 19. Stratified cuboidal: sweat glands
- 20. Stratified cuboidal epithelium Many cell layers Cells between flat and tall coulmns Lines ducts of sweat glands. Protective.
- 22. Transitional epithelia Cells intermediate between stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous Located in urinary bladder Adapted to withstand stretch and toxicity of Urine.
- 23. Glands
- 24. Glands A group of tissues formed as a result of infolding or outfolding of epithelium. Can be classified in three ways based on 1) Number of cells 2) presence or absence of ducts 3) mode of secretions
- 25. According to number of cells Unicellular glands: made up of one cell. Examples include mucous glands (goblet cells),sebaceous glands. Muticellular glands:made up of many cell layers. Examples include breast, thyroid, pancreas
- 26. According to presence of ducts Endocrine glands:have no ducts. Examples include thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, ovary Exocrine glands: have ducts e.g sweat glands Mixed glands: have both exocrine and endocrine portions e.g pancreas.
- 27. According to mode of secretion Apocrine glands: seceretory components packed in vesicles and released by exocytosis. Secretory components have part of the cell membrane.examples include breast. Merocrine glands: secretory components released into ducts; have no components of cell membrane e.g sweat glands.
- 28. Holocrine gland; there is shedding of the entire gland during secretion e,g sebaceous glands.
- 29. • Refferences • Functional Histology by wheaters