Epilepsy In The World

Epilepsy In The World
The term "epilepsy" is derived from Greek word "epilambanein", which means "to seize upon" or
"to attack". In this modern world, epilepsy is one of the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases.
Epilepsy is a condition in which a person has recurrent seizures. Seizure can defined as an abnormal,
disorderly discharging of nerve cells of brain; resulting in a temporary disturbance of motor,
sensory, or mental function. Epilepsy is the most common neurological condition affecting people of
all ages, race, and social class. There are 50 million people with epilepsy in the world, of which up
to 75% live in resource – poor countries with less or no access to medical treatment. Overall
prevalence rate of epilepsy in India at 5.59 per 1,000 populations,
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Literature Review Of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ( SJS )
Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health disorder that is characterized by recurrent episodes of
elevated or irritable mood with variable states of depression (American Psychiatric Association,
2013). Patients suffering from bipolar disorder not taking any maintenance medications have been
shown to have relapse rates of approximately 61%, leading to significant impairments in functioning
and quality of life (Goodwin et al., 2004). Anticonvulsants used as mood stabilizers have become
the main therapy for preventing relapse of mood episodes (Stahl, 2013). A major concern that has
risen from the use of anticonvulsants as mood stabilizers is the propensity to develop a major
dermatologic emergency: Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS). A seven–year study completed by Devi
et al. (2005) concluded that anticonvulsants were the cause implicated most in SJS, especially in the
first eight weeks of treatment, and the main drug responsible (more than 80%) was carbamazepine.
Providers involved in the initial and maintenance prescription of anticonvulsants as mood
stabilizers, or for any other designated use, should be knowledgeable of the risk for SJS associated
with these medications, and the benefit of using these medications as indicated. Literature Review
Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a febrile mucocutaneous drug
reaction mostly associated with adverse medication reactions (U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services [HHS], 2017). SJS is a medical

Epilepsy Silent Killers
There have been many silent killers that have concerned mankind since the dawn of time. It is
underestimated and underdiagnosed but it is the most frequently prevalent neurological disorders.
Epilepsy and all its forms is as much of a concern today as it was thousands of years ago. Our oldest
description that defines the symptoms of epileptic seizures was written two thousand years ago BC
(Magiorkinis E1, 2010). Epileptic seizures are the result of excessive and abnormal nerve cell
activity in the brain. This puts them at an increased risk of death due to the brains abnormal control
of secondary organ systems. The risk increases as people age. Worldwide the overall percentage of
epileptic diagnosis encompasses nearly three percent of the population ... Show more content on
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However, medication therapy has been proven to be successful for almost three quarters of patients
with generalized seizures. Unfortunately only fifty percent of epileptics with partial seizures are able
to control seizure activity with medication. In the developing world nearly eighty percent of cases
are inappropriately or not treated at all (centre, 2015). Depending on the age of the patient, the
patient is nearly two to four times more at risk for early death during a seizure episode. The primary
treatment for epilepsy is phenobarbital which is the least expensive anticonvulsant used to control
generalized and partial seizures. Unfortunately due to its abuse potential it is often a controlled
substance in countries and therefore not recommended as a first line of treatment. The lack of the
ability to treat the majority of cases has led to severe social stigmas of epileptics and in many cases
denial of the privileges such as being able to marry or drive a vehicle. Even with proper treatment
nearly three out of ten epileptics continue to have seizures despite anticonvulsant therapy. A further
estimated twenty percent can control their seizure activity if a second or third anticonvulsant is
added to their regimen. Other than anticonvulsant medications minimizing or eliminating seizure
triggers is the priority of therapy. Understanding the patients sensitivities are useful in indicating
when a seizure will occur. Avoiding

The Human Element Of Epilepsy
The Human Element of Epilepsy
Take a moment and imagine a life that is lived through flickers of moments, flickers that cannot be
controlled. One can somewhat comprehend situations or circumstances that have happened
throughout their day, but large fragments of life just seem to vanish for no apparent reason.
Moments that cannot be regained, there is no recollection of conversations that were had, or
activities that were participated in. Over time medical attention is sought, and after a serious of tests
that the doctors perform, FINALLY! There is a long awaited answer, something to explain the
phenomenon, hopefully it's a quick fix and a normal life can be pursued. The doctor looks up with
apologetic eyes and says, "I'm afraid it's epilepsy'. Staggering numbers were reported in a recent
study estimating that over fifty million people world–wide have been given the diagnosis of
epilepsy. (Chang et.al 2013) Doctors have estimated that there are at least forty different types of
seizure disorders, and patients can indeed have more than one disorder. This makes the management
of symptoms within patients difficult at times. However, there is fortunately great news on the
horizon. Epilepsy is now being recognized as a brain disorder that is not just seen for its seizure
activity, it's also being recognized for the neurological, psychological, cognitive, and social
consequences that this disorder comes with. (Mula and Cock2014)
Unfortunately, there is no way to determine if one

Epilepsy: Recurrent Seizures
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a condition in which an individual experiences recurrent seizures, all of which vary
greatly. Caused by an occurrence of sporadic electrical surges in the brain, the categories of epilepsy
are manifold. These seizures have multiple causes and treatment options and in the best cases, the
seizure may be completely controlled. Epilepsy is one of the most common serious disorders of the
brain affecting about 50 million people worldwide. Anyone could be diagnosed with epilepsy once
they develop a tendency to have seizures.
Epilepsy is an extremely common neurological disease dealing with the nervous system. It occurs
when nerve cells in the brain fire electrical impulses at a rate of up to four times higher than normal,
causing an electrical storm in the brain known as a seizure. If it is not treated well, it has the
potential to be disabling. It frequently can lead to social isolation at home or at work, poor
performance doing tasks or in social environments, family stress, and loss of independence/ self–
esteem. Due to individuals with epilepsy having an increased risk of poor self–esteem, they are also
more likely to be diagnosed with depression and/ or become suicidal. These problems may be
caused by a misunderstanding of epilepsy from others which could unfortunately result in bullying
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PTE can be prevented by subsiding from dangerous or risky behavior which can increase the chance
of brain injury leading to this form of epilepsy. If diagnosed with epilepsy, the best way to manage it
is by participating in treatment so seizures can be reduced and the quality of life improved upon. It
is known that Epilepsy is one of the most common serious disorders of the brain affecting people
worldwide. Therefore, it is essential that not only the person diagnosed with the disorder, but the
general public, should be well educated about

The Importance Of Poor Communication In Healthcare
According to Kavaler and Alexander (2014), "In healthcare, standards are statements concerning
proper procedures and/or actions to be taken in given clinical or administrative situations" (p. 29). In
healthcare facilities, there are several standards and guidelines that must be followed to perfection to
ensure that patients, staff, clients and the whole organization interests are safe. Failure to meet the
required standards, can cause legal problems to the healthcare facility and put patients' lives at risk.
Notably, there are several factors that can lead to adverse events, for example, lack of
communication between staff or between staff and the patients, and fail to follow prophylaxis
procedures to newly admitted patients. The interaction of several risk behaviors and failure to meet
standards of care can lead to adverse events that can harm patients, clients or entire organizations.
Poor communication between providers and hospital departments can negatively affect patients. The
case study of Mr. Stanley Londborg is an example of how poor communication between nurses,
physicians, and pharmacy staff can result in patient harm. Mr. Londborg was a 64–year–old man
that was taking medication for COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and for a seizure
disorder. After being admitted to the hospital for a COPD exacerbation, the patient suffered a
seizure. The cause of the seizure was because earlier in the day, Mr. Londborg did not receive all his
anti–seizure prescribed

Symptoms And Treatment Of Epilepsy
Epilepsy is defined as, a neurological disorder where reoccurring abnormal electrical activity occurs
in the brain with several biological side effects; such as, loss of consciousness and convulsions. This
chronic disease affects nearly 2 million Americans with more patients being diagnosed yearly. The
procedure for diagnoses is done using blood tests, neurological exams, and scans using MRI and CT
machines. The cause of these epileptic episodes are unknown, and require constant monitoring by
the patient and their healthcare staff. Factors to be considered and monitored include: location of the
event, how the seizure spreads, how much of the brain is affected, and how long the seizure lasts.
The costs to care for patients with this condition has mounted to $15.5 billion a year, with indirect
costs of the disease being seven times pricier than other chronic diseases with less suffering patients.
The most common procedure involves prescribing anti–epileptic drugs to reduce the occurrence of
seizures. This method has worked for many diagnosed with this disease; however, there is a
percentage of epileptic sufferers that fall under the category known as Pharmacologically Refractory
Epilepsy. This branch of epilepsy is also known as drug resistant epilepsy and affects approximately
30% of patients diagnosed with this disease. Based on this information it can be concluded that
epilepsy (particularly pharmacologically refractory epilepsy) isn't treated properly due to inaccuracy

Catamenial Epilepsy Essay
Catamenial epilepsy derived from the Greek term "Kataminios", meaning monthly which is
characterized by the recurrent occurrence of seizures around the menstrual cycle, most often around
perimenstrual or periovulatory period (Reddy, 2013). According to the phases of the menstrual
cycle, three types of catamenial seizures (perimenstrual, periovulatory and inadequate luteal) have
been identified (Herzog et al., 1997). However, pathophysiology of catamenial epilepsy is not
clearly understood but cyclic changes in the circulating levels of progesterone and estrogens play a
key role in the progression of catamenial epilepsy (Reddy, 2004; Reddy, 2013). In the contrary,
many of the conventional AEDs (e.g. carbamezepine, phenytoin, topiramate, Phenobarbital, ... Show
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Traditionally, the root of A. racemosus has been widely used to increase fertility and libido, cures
inflammation of sexual organs, enhances ovulation, prepares the womb for conception and prevents
miscarriages (Kalia et al., 2003; Naik, 1988; Dwivedi & Tewari, 1991). Although, A. racemosus
roots also known to possess estrogenic property (Tewari et al., 1968), but it has also been
documented that at higher doses of A. racemosus, it maintains the balance between the endogenous
female sex hormones (Sharma and Bhatnagar, 2011). Moreover, the ethno medical use of A.
racemosus root as an anticonvulsant has been experimentally validated in our laboratory
(unpublished data) as well as by other researchers too (references). The available literature reveals
that the plant has not been explored with respect to its therapeutic potential as an anticonvulsant in
catamenial epilepsy. But nowadays the virtual screening of the phytochemicals is believed to be a
major tool for drug discovery beyond their ethnic use. Hence, an effort has been made to explore the
pharmacological activities of Asparagus racemosus root using Prediction of Activity Spectra for
Substances (PASS) and Pharmaexpert. In line with in our current study, a PASS based analysis
(Table 1 & 2) revealed the presence of different bioactive phytoconstituents which might be
responsible as an anticonvulsant with the most significant possibility of getting effective in the
management of catamenial

Central Nervous System Disorders: Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain becomes
disrupted, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations and sometimes loss of
consciousness. Epilepsy also known as seizures is a brain disorder involving repeated, spontaneous
seizures of any type. Epilepsy is not a single disorder but rather a wide spectrum of problems. What
all types of epilepsy share are recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by an uncontrolled electrical
discharge from nerve cells in the cerebral cortex. This part of the brain controls higher mental
functions, general movement, and the functions of the internal organs in the abdominal cavity,
perception, and behavioral reactions.
In addition, Epilepsy can begin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People who have temporal lobe seizures may stay partially conscious during a seizure. Or they may
lose consciousness. They often don't remember what happened to them during a seizure. For Frontal
lobes, people may have unusual symptoms that can be mistaken for a mental health problem or a
sleep disorder.
Generalized seizures can be further classified into tonic–clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence,
and atonic. Differentiating between them are its symptoms. Unconsciousness is common for all
generalized seizures, which may have little to no warning. The excessive electrical charges would
affect the entire brain in a generalized seizure.
There are more than 20 prescription seizure medications. These medications control seizures in
approximately 70 percent of patients. Medication for seizures is not a cure for epilepsy. Single drugs
or combinations of medications are prescribed to best control or limit seizures with the least amount
of side effects. To add on, if the underlying problem causing epilepsy can be identified, it is named
symptomatic epilepsy whereas when the cause is unidentified, it is labelled idiopathic epilepsy. The
disease is not contagious and can only be passed

Marijuana Stops Child's Severe Seizures: A Case Study
Eight–year old Charlotte Figi experienced her first seizure at three months old. While all test results
were normal, her seizures were increasing in length as time went on, usually lasting two to four
hours. According to the CNN report, "Marijuana Stops Child's Severe Seizures," by Saundra Young,
she was on seven drugs, including addictive barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Their effects were
short–lived as "the seizures always came back with vengeance" (2013). When Charlotte was two,
she was diagnosed with Dravet Syndrome: a rare genetic form of epileptic encephalopathy that
begins in infancy (Epilepsy Foundation). Individuals with this syndrome face a higher chance of
sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (Dravet Syndrome Foundation). This ... Show more content
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The last option for the hospital was to induce a coma, but Charlotte's parents were against the idea.
Finally, after many therapeutic interventions, they decided to attempt Cannabis, or marijuana. They
found that researchers think cannabidiol (CBD) "quiets the excessive electrical and chemical
activity in the brain that causes seizures" (2013). A marijuana strain with high CBD and low
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which causes the psychoactive "high", is difficult to find because of
the higher demand for THC's psychoactive effects, according to the Stanley brothers, one of
Colorado's largest marijuana growers and dispensary owners (qtd. in Young 2013). Because the
normal Cannabis plant is high in THC content, growers had to cross–breed repeatedly to end up with
a high CBD content. Nonetheless, after finding the strain, extracting the oil, and starting her out on a
small dose, her seizures stopped for eight days; subsequently, they occur two to three times per
month. As reportedly the youngest applicant for medical marijuana, the high CBD, low THC
marijuana extract was named "Charlotte's web" after

Michael Martins Case Summary
Michael Martins was seen in followup for history of seizures. His seizures continue under good
control on Lamictal 200 mg tablets, 2 tablets b.i.d. and Topamax 300 mg (a 200 mg and 100 mg
tablet together, twice daily). He is having no difficulty with these medications. He receives the brand
name Topamax and Lamictal. He has had no seizures since last seen by me six months ago ROS:
Psychiatric – History of bipolar disorder. He is on clonazepam 2 mg three times daily for this. He is
also on Lamictal, as above, for this in addition to controlling seizures. Integumentary – He is not
having rash or other difficulty with Lamictal. EXAMINATION: He continues awake and alert. He
converses normally and does not have a "forced" nature

Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
History The history of depressants stretches back thousands of years. Alcohol, the prototypical
depressant, was consumed by humans as early as 10,000 B.C., as established by the discovery of
beer jugs from the late Stone Age. Other natural depressants such as opium also have ancient
origins. Historically, barbiturates in particular have been used as "truth serums" because people
under the influence of these drugs often speak without thinking Classifications Depressants can be
divided into three main groups: barbiturates, benzodiazepines and sleep medications. Barbiturates
are used to treat seizure disorders and surgical procedures. Benzodiazepines are used to treat acute
stress reactions, panic attacks, convulsions and sleep disorders. Sleep ... Show more content on
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Depressants could be used with other drugs to add other drugs' high or to deal with their side effects.
Often abusers take higher doses than people taking the drugs under a doctor's supervision for
therapeutic purposes. Depressants like GHB and Rohypnol are also misused to facilitate sexual

Pharmacological And Surgical Treatment Of Trigeminal...
Pharmacological & Surgical Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia
Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) is painful facial syndrome that can be treated through various drugs and
surgical procedures. The syndrome has been defined by the International Association for the Study
of Pain (IASP) as "sudden, usually unilateral, severe, brief, stabbing, recurrent pains in the
distribution of one of more branches of the fifth cranial nerve" . The two primary disease types that
have been observed clinically are: idiopathic, which occurs spontaneously, and lesion form– which
is seen as a tumor, cyst, or multiple sclerosis. Epidemiological studies indicate that TN is a rare
disease; studies showed that "incidence in women and men based on U.S. data between the years
1945 and 1984 was 5.7 and 2.5 per 100,000per year, respectively and incidence rates increased with
age." . Despite these statistics misdiagnosis was relatively common among diseased individuals and
it is likely that some of these cases were in fact dental pain, sinusitis, and temporomandibular
disorders. Due to diagnostic discrepancies, newer studies discovered "overall incidence was 12.6%
per 100,000 person–years with a mean age of 51.5 years and a 66% female preponderance" as of
2009. Through the use of clinical evidence–based journals clinicians are able to understand more
clearly the diseases pathophysiology and treat patients with this painful syndrome. In the most
common type of TN, most patients experience "arterial compression of

Epilepsy in Children Essay
Epilepsy in Children
Epilepsy is the name for a condition of recurrent seizures where no underlying cause can be
determined. Seizures occur as a result of abrupt, explosive, unorganized discharges of cerebral
neurons. This causes a sudden alteration in brain function involving sensory, motor, autonomic
and/or psychic clinical manifestations.
Epilepsy can be a result of other conditions including:
§ Genetic predisposition
§ Brain tumor
§ Injury, trauma
§ Infection
§ Fever
§ Alcohol or drug use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These seizures often lead to a all possibly causing injury to the child.
Partial seizures are also sometimes called local or focal seizures. They take place in one hemisphere
of the brain. There are two subcategories of partial seizures including simple partial and complex
partial.
Simple partial: seizures do not cause a loss of consciousness. During a simple partial seizure the
person will experience motor, sensory or autonomic symptoms such as abdominal discomfort,
strange tastes in their mouth, and an increase in heart rate.
Complex partial: often cause the patient to loose consciousness for one to three minutes. During this
time symptoms such as lip smacking, hallucinations, chewing or teeth grinding will occur. A period
of confusion will also follow this type of seizure.
Unclassified seizures are seizures with no apparent cause and do not fall into the generalized or
partial categories. Unclassified seizures account for about half of all seizure activity. (Ignataicius,
950; JAD, 971; Benbadis,1)
Treatment for epilepsy is often focused on controlling the seizures with the least amount of
medication as possible. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the class used to accomplish this. Some of
the AEDs that are used most often are Clonazepam, Diazepam, Divalproex, Gabapentin, and
Phenytoin. The most common side effects of these medications include nausea, vomiting, sedation,
fatigue, and lethargy. (Kwan,1; Benbadis, 3–5; Huethers,637)
Nursing

The Effects Of Epilepsy On The Brain
Many people experience different medical conditions in their life, along with conditions that can
effect them for the rest of their lives. Some people are fortunate enough not to be diagnosed with
those medical conditions and are very lucky to experience life without medical burdens. One
disorder I found interesting is epilepsy and how it affects the brain in numerous ways. I have had a
few encounters when I was in school but never fully understood what was happening to those people
with epilepsy. I was always interested in this disorder because people who have epilepsy have to live
a different lifestyle and sometimes they don't get to do things others get to. For example I like to
play video games on occasion and some of those games have strobe ... Show more content on
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If they have this disorder it usually means there's an underlying condition that is causing the seizure.
According to the University of Maryland medical center "Epileptic seizures are triggered by
abnormalities in the brain that cause a group of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex (gray matter) to
become activated simultaneously, emitting sudden and excessive bursts of electrical energy"
(UMMC, 2013). Epilepsy affects mostly children and young adults, but can be found in older people
as well. There is also no known evidence that seizures or any other condition that goes along with
epilepsy will or can effect intelligence (Singer & Zwanda,

My Mother's Television : An Effective Option Before Diving...
INTRODUCTION
My mother's TV was crowned by a set of rabbit ears until I moved out for undergrad. Suffice it to
say, there wasn't much variety on regular broadcast TV, but when I was in high school I stumbled
across a made for TV movie about a special diet that had remarkable results with epilepsy patients.
The movie is about a young epileptic boy with persistent, drug–resistant tonic–conic (grand mal)
seizures. Over time I forgot the name of the movie but the diet involved little to no drug therapy and
had remarkable results.
I always remembered that the diet is called The Ketogenic Diet and that it was an ideal for children
with otherwise untreatable epilepsy. Until recently, clinicians recommended brain surgery for
epileptics who were unresponsive to anticonvulsant drugs. Clinicians can never know beforehand
how effective a brain surgery will be, so the Ketogenic Diet can be an effective option before diving
into brain surgery. It manipulates the metabolism and, hopefully, stems or completely eliminates
debilitating seizures. PURPOSE – what you specifically wanted to learn about this topic
My purpose is to understand how the Ketogenic Diet fits in among traditional anti–seizure
mediations and why one would opt for a rigid Ketogenic Diet in lieu of anti–convulsive drug
therapies. For some children and adults, the Ketogenic Diet has actually replaced typical
anticonvulsant drug therapies. It sounds like a miracle but it's not: the Ketogenic Diet is probably the
most

Brain Disorders: Epilepsy
The human body is an incredibly complex organic machine. Hundreds of different parts work in
unison in order for people to manage daily life. What happens when one of those parts
malfunctions? In particular, what happens when the brain is unable to send messages properly?
Epilepsy is a complex brain disorder that can have extreme effects in the body, but with the right
treatment, seizures and serious side effects may be avoided. First, in order to understand Epilepsy,
the definition of a seizure must be understood. According the Mayo Clinic (2015), A seizure is a
sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. So what exactly is a seizure? The brain
contains millions of neurons. In order for neurons to communicate with ... Show more content on
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Symptomatic epilepsy is when there is a known reason as to why seizures are occurring. This may
include, stroke, brain injury, an illness, improper development of the brain, or even a tumor. When
the cause of epilepsy is believed to be due to genetics, it is called idiopathic. Cryptogenic epilepsy is
when there is no apparent cause (Epilepsy Society 2016). Fortunately, there are over twenty
anticonvulsive medications available today to help individuals with epilepsy manage their everyday
lives. Unfortunately, one–third of those diagnosed with epileptic seizure disorder do not respond to
the medication. Pharmaceutical intervention and the invention of antiepileptic drug was a
breakthrough for individuals diagnosed with epileptic seizure disorder. Anticonvulsive
pharmaceutical therapy has many different forms. It can come in the form of an oral supplement,
suppository, or injection. Once the medication makes its way into the body, it has to make its way to
the brain in order to be effective. In order for the medication to reach the brain, it has to be absorbed
in to the blood steam. Once in the blood stream the brain can utilize the chemical compounds the
medications release. Different anticonvulsant drugs targeted different four agents in the brain,
sodium ion, calcium ion, GABA system and receptor agonists, and glutamate receptor antagonists.
Sodium ion channels are

Phenobarbital: The Sterotoxic Effects Of
Phenobarbital (PB) is a barbiturate that is used as an anticonvulsant drug that is commonly used to
treat epilepsy. It is a cytochrome P450 enzyme inducer. Patients who not only use anticonvulsants,
such as PB, but also overdose on paracetamol are more susceptible of developing liver damage.
Phenobarbital will increase the hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol since it increases its rate of
metabolism (Duggett, 2016). The detoxification pathway involving glutathione reserves are
saturated and unable to convert paracetamol to form non–toxic cysteine and mercapturic acid
conjugates, thus will form toxic metabolite NAPQI (McLen & Day, 1974). Cytochrome P450 2E1 is
induced by ethanol and can cause liver toxicity (Gómez–Moreno, Guardia, & Cutando,

History Of The Ketogenic Diet
HISTORY OF THE KETOGENIC DIET:
Dating even before Biblical times people realized that periodic and prolonged fasting was beneficial
for epileptics. Little was known about why or how, but prolonged fasting could last up to 2 or 3
weeks. For some it involved clear broth diets and others abstained from everything but water (Key).
It wasn't until 1921 at the American Medical Association convention in Boston that endocrinologist
(bordering on quacksalver) H. Rawle Geyelin from New York Presbyterian reported that a period of
20 day fasting had miraculously curative effect on epileptic patients (Wheless). Though the report
was exciting, it was primarily anecdotal and offered no scientific explanation for how the fasting
worked to stop seizures. Furthermore, therapeutic starvation wasn't a sustainable treatment option
for many epileptics, particularly for children. In 1924 Dr. Russell Wilder of the Mayo Clinic crafted
a diet plan that mimicked the body's response to fasting. What exactly is the body's response to
starvation? The body exhausts glycogen stores and begins metabolizing stored fat to create energy
and power brain, and other organ activity.
WHAT IS THE KETOGENIC DIET? Dr. Wilder crafted a a high fat, low carbohydrate diet that
relied on carbohydrate restriction to spur fatty acid catabolism. Considered a medical treatment, the
diet is still used today and is administered under the supervision of a registered dietitian. In the
1930's John Hopkins adopted the treatment and

Antiepileptic Activity And Pharmacognostical Study Of...
Antiepileptic activity and Pharmacognostical study of leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.
Introduction
Epilepsy is one of the most common and well known serious neurological condition. The current
treatment of epilepsy is done with modern AEDs which is associated with side effects , dose related
and chronic toxicity, and even, approximately 30% of the patients continue to have seizures with
these current therapies and medicines. Because of this , natural products obtained from traditional
remedies can be considered as an alternative source for the AEDs with novel structures and shows
better safety and efficacy parameters. It is assumed that more than half of the medicinally active
pharmaceutical drugs are from natural products or either derivatives of natural products. The
presently available AEDs (Antiepileptic drugs )i.e., phenobarbitone, benzodiazepine, sodium
valproate and ethosuximide are associated with a number of short comings, dose related
neurotoxicity and other side effects. Though AED therapy is meant for a long duration usage ,
because of this , there is a risk of drug interactions and this problem is further compounded by the
high protein bindings for some drugs and potential for inducing hepatic enzymes. These limitations
with the conventional AEDs highlighted the need for developing newer agents for epilepsies.
Spaheranthus indicus Linn. is commonly known as "Mundi" and "East Indian globe–thistle , belongs
to the family Asteraceae (Compositae). It

Epilepsy Research Paper
Epilepsy Research Paper
People most often associate violent twitching, falling to the floor and drooling with epilepsy.
However the described event is only one kind of an epileptic seizure, which is called a tonic–clonic
seizure. There are many other kinds of seizures, and each has different sets of signs and symptoms.
During generalized seizures the whole brain is affected and the initial symptom is loss of
consciousness. This category includes such seizures as absence seizure, myoclonic seizure, and
atonic attack. Those seizures affect the whole body and brain of the patient, and are much more
serious than partial or focal seizure, which only affects one muscle or one part of the body, ... Show
Epilepsy is the disorder with many possible causes. Anything from a mild illness to brain damage
can cause and individual to have a seizure. Research suggests that genetic abnormalities may be
some of the contributing factors to epilepsy. Some types of epilepsy have been traced to a defect in a
specific gene. Many other types of epilepsy tend to run in families, which suggests that genes
influence epilepsy. Any type of brain disease can cause epilepsy; it also can develop as a result of
brain damage from other disorders. For example, brain tumors, alcoholism, and Alzheimer's disease
often cause epilepsy because they change the way brain usually works. Strokes, heart attacks, and
other conditions that deprive the brain of oxygen also can sometimes cause epilepsy. Other more
rare causes of epilepsy are prenatal injuries that come about from poor nutrition or maternal
infections; poisoning by lead or carbon monoxide; or overdose of prescription antidepressants or
street drugs.
There are still many patients for whom the cause of their epilepsy cannot be identified (idiopathic
epilepsy). In such cases, the theory most commonly accepted is that this epilepsy is the result of an
imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain causing them to have convulsions and those seizures can
be

Bipolar Disorder Analysis
Bipolar disorder is an illness associated with mood swings ranging from high (manic) to low
(depressive) (Sinacola & Peters–Strickland, 2012). Bipolar disorder is understood to originate
biologically; however, in some cases environmental factors may trigger the illness. In addition, there
are many types of bipolar disorders, such as type 1 and 2, cyclothymia, and rapid cycling. Bipolar
Disorder Type presents symptoms such as manic, depressive, or mixed. Bipolar Disorder Type 2 is
similar; yet, the mania is limited to hypomania. Meaning the high moods never come to a full–on
manic episode. Cyclothymia is a milder form of the illness, where rapid cycling consists of four or
more manic or depressive episodes. Furthermore, high rates of ... Show more content on
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Anticonvulsants main domains consist of treating seizures and bipolar disorder. Many researchers
believe that anticonvulsants increase concentration of the neurotransmitter GABBA. Valproate,
Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, and Gabapentin are the main anticonvulsants used to treat the
disorder. Valproate. Valproate is a common anticonvulsant drug and mood stabilizer used to treat
bipolar disorder (Atmaca, 2009). It is now becoming the first line of defense when treating bipolar
disorder as well as being approved by the FDA. It is useful for patients who suffer from atypical and
mixed mood phases. Like Lithium, Valproate does come with side effects. Valproate side effects
include hair loss, rashes, weight gain, and tremors. However, these side effects are reduced by
monitoring serum levels (Dreifuss & Langer, 1988). Additionally, similar to lithium, testing is also
required with Valproate. Carbamazepine. Carbamazepine is another anticonvulsant drug that is
widely used as a mood stabilizer; however, it is not approved by the FDA as a mood stabilizer
(Sinacola & Peters–Strickland, 2012). Common side effects of Carbamazepine include rashes,
dizziness, and fatigue. In addition to the other drugs mentioned, carbamazepine also requires testing
with its use because it may increase the risk of agranulocytosis. However, it is rare with proper
monitoring by the

Essay on Epilepsy
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is not what you think. It is a complicated disease, a disease that doesn't just affect one type
of person or age. Over fifty million men, women, and children cope with this disease daily. Epilepsy
is a mysterious disease to those who are unfamiliar and uneducated about the disease. Many people
have preconceived notions about Epileptics. Researching the topic thoroughly, the five preconceived
notions I explored have been proven to be false.
People uneducated about Epilepsy may have confused thoughts on what it really is. People have
these "notions," which are partly or entirely not true. So, throughout this research paper, these
notions will be proven untrue, mostly by factual information given by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Myth #2: Epileptics look a certain way. Most people think Epileptics look different or "weird."
False, an Epileptic looks the same as a normal human being, except when they are having a seizure.
In some cases Epileptics don't have seizures, so those people will always go unidentified. A majority
of the people who have severe Epilepsy wear a medical bracelet to inform paramedics of their
health. Besides a medical alert bracelet it is nearly impossible to tell the differences between an
Epileptic and a Non–Epileptic.
Myth #3: Only children have Epilepsy, or you have to be born with Epilepsy to have it. Once upon a
time people began the belief that children are the only people who can have the disease. False, men,
women, and children can have this disease. Epilepsy is not confined to a certain age or gender.
People can acquire this disease by heredity, or by a severe head trauma. Adults are not excluded
because they may experience tumors, strokes, cysts, or infections sometime in their lives, which
would cause post–traumatic Epilepsy. Children on the other hand, were once believed to be the sole
carriers of the disease, probably because children can grow out of it. Children who have Epilepsy
have one specific treatment options available to them, which is not available for adults. The
Ketogenic diet, a diet high in protein and low in carbohydrates has worked to stop

Status Epilepticus
Evaluating a drug study (Valproate versus diazepam for generalized convulsive status epilepticus).
Ethical:
This study was ethical approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuanwu Hospital at the Capital
Medical University in Beijing, China. The authors disclosed no conflict of interest. The funding
source was funded by Capital Medical University's foundation.
Inform consent was obtained from the legal representatives of the patients that were admitted to the
intensive care unit. The only patients that were allowed to enroll were individuals who failed first–
line (intravenous injection of diazepam) anticonvulsants. In the United States, lorazepam is
considered the first–line drug for status epilepticus, but in China lorazepam is not available. ... Show
Efficacy is based on the drug being equally effective as other medications in treating SE. Keeping
the patient safe and monitoring adverse side effects are essential when administering anticonvulsant
drug therapy.
Experimental methods:
This study design was an open–label randomized controlled trial. A total of 66 patients enrolled in
this study with a mean age of 41 years old that were admitted in the intensive care unit from 2007 to
2010. The mean age was between 40.8 to 41.4 between both groups. Of the 66 participants there
were 36 men and 30 women that participated in this study. The seizure etiology included epilepsy
related, virus encephalitis, cerebrovascular disease, and other. The duration of seizures varied from
under four hours to over 24 hours.
The inclusion criteria included patients (15 years of age or older) with SE lasting five minutes of
continuous seizures or two or more discrete seizures with incomplete recovery of consciousness.
The participants that were allowed to enroll were individuals that failed first–line therapy of
intravenous injection of diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) that was given twice with ten minute

Central Nervous System Research Paper
Drugs That Affect the Central Nervous System
Jennifer O'Fallon, Kaitlyn Cummings, Laura Parkerson, and Marissa Thrower
JRMC School of Nursing
Abstract The central nervous system, or CNS, consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is
responsible for accepting information from the rest of the body through the peripheral nervous
system, and responding by sending signals back out into the body. It is essential that the CNS work
properly for one to function properly in day to day life. However, there are circumstances in which it
is necessary for the CNS to be suppressed or excited for the wellbeing of a patient. The CNS is
affected by varying types of medications including but not limited to: anesthetics, anticonvulsants,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Antiemetics Antiemetics are typically used to treat nausea or vomiting related to surgery, anesthesia,
various medication therapies, and motion sickness. Vomiting is controlled by the vomiting center,
which is located in the medulla of the brain. The vomiting center can be activated by the
chemoreceptor trigger zone, vestibular nuclei, cerebral cortex, or the gastrointestinal tract using
either serotonin (5HTs), muscarinic, or histamine (H1) receptors. Examples of antiemetics include,
Zofran (ondansetron), Bonine (meclizine), chlorpromazine, Phenergan (promethazine).
Central Nervous System Stimulants Central nervous system stimulants are typically used to treat
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, and narcolepsy, and aid in weight
loss. These types of drugs stimulate both the CNS and the respiratory system by increasing levels of
neurotransmitters. CNS stimulants also increase motor activity and mental alertness, while dilating
the pupils. "In children with ADHD, these agents decrease restlessness and increase attention span."
It is also highly important to note that these medications are highly addictive, therefore, use should
be closely monitored. Examples of CNS stimulants include, Adderal
(amphetamine/dextroamphetamine), Ritalin (methylphenidate), Focalin (dexmethylphenidate), Atti–
Plex P or

Blb Experiment
3rdExperiment
 Subjects
In the study conducted by Kari Fossum, subjects were acquired from the Physiology 435 class at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison after they each filled out a consent form. Participants were
explained the nature of the procedures and questions and concerns were addressed by the
researchers [4].
 Procedure
"The BSL Respiratory Effort Xdcr SS5LB was attached to the Biopac Systems MP36 and then was
attached to the participant's chest, underarms, and above the nipple line" [4]. Respiratory monitoring
was done throughout the experiment. The subject was seated upon a Gold's Gym 390R Cycle
Trainer stationary bike. The Nonin Pulse Oximeter was used to monitor oxygen saturation levels in
subjects' blood and to measure changes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The respiratory monitor measured baseline respiration for a minute. Respiratory rate was also
measured by the respiratory monitor throughout the entire experiment. After initial respiratory rate
had been measured for about 30 seconds, researchers established a baseline heart rate range using
the pulse oximeter. This was done by recording maximum and minimum heart rates within a period
of 30 seconds. Since the site of the experiment had abundant background noise, silence could not be
used as the control variable. Therefore, white noise was used as the control instead. The subjects
listened to "Original White Noise" by White! Noise using Sony MDR7506 Dynamic Stereo
Headphones. The subject was instructed to pedal at a rate between 8 and 10 mph and was supervised
by an experimenter to ensure that the participant stayed within the proper pedaling speed range. As
the participant pedaled, the researchers changed the resistance on the stationary bike between
resistance levels 8 and 11 to make sure that the participant's heart rate was within the preferred
range. Subjects were monitored to ensure they had the heart rate ranges of 55–65% of his or her
age–predicted heart range. The subject pedaled for two minutes,

Medicinal Marijuana Should Not Be Banned
"Medicinal marijuana does more harm to our society than it does good." This is a common
misconception from those who oppose medicinal marijuana, and are ill informed of the practical
uses. In this day and age there are many advances in medicine, and ways to treat and even cure some
diseases or disorders. But due to the bad stigma that surrounds marijuana, there are people who
refuse to acknowledge possibilities of medicinal properties. In this paper I will give examples of a
few major breakthroughs that medicinal marijuana has achieved in the previous years that prove
marijuana can be suitable to use as a medicine. Due to the amount of negativity in the news towards
marijuana, many people have not received proper information about the possibilities marijuana
offers for medicinal use. A lot of the news that people read or watch tend to be tainted with biased
opinions, and will rarely contain the full truth. "And over the past decade I, too, have grown tired of
hearing scientists detail drug–related negative effects, always warning of the possible neurological
and psychiatric dangers users face, while virtually ignoring recreational drugs' potential medicinal or
beneficial effects" (Hart, 2014). Dr. Carl L. Hart explains that people are always quick to give
negative connotations about marijuana in general, without even bothering to recognize any positive
effects it may have. If the news continues to show only one side of an argument, how are people
supposed to see the whole

Essay on bipolar disorder
Bipolar Disorder also known as Manic Depressive Illness involves outstanding mood swings. The
individual has periods of depression, and periods when they feel either unusually good or pressured
and irritable. It affects 1–2% of the population. Genetics plays a significant role. About 15% of
children with one bipolar parent develop the disorder.
Treatments include medication, supportive psychotherapy and occasionally ECT. Medications
include lithium, anticonvulsant drugs (carbamazepine (Tegretol), valproate (Depakote), gabapentin
(Neurontin) and lamotrigine Lamictal), antidepressants (such as bupropion (Wellbutrin)or sertraline
(Zoloft)), neuroleptics (e.g. haloperidol) and benzodiazepines (e.g. lorazepam) Treatment choices
depend on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is most often used when medication doesn't work or is unsafe.
Lithium is a top choice for acute mania and for maintenance in 'classic' bipolar disorder. Because of
its narrow therapeutic range, blood levels must be monitored; also heart and kidney function (EKG,
blood and urine tests). Medications such as diuretics, that block its excretion require caution.
Anticonvulsants have an edge with rapid–cycling and mixed mood states (e.g. depression with
racing thoughts). Except for gabapentin (Neurontin) and lamotrigine (Lamictal), they require blood
tests. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is monitored with blood levels; also CBC, platelets and liver
function tests. Valproate (Depakote) requires CBC, platelet count and liver function tests; blood
levels may be helpful. Lamotrigine (Lamictal) requires caution because of its association with a rare
but dangerous skin rash (exfoliative dermatitis); risk can be minimized by starting with low doses
and increasing gradually. Use lower doses with medications that slow lamotrigine metabolism (e.g.
valproate). Gabapentin is generally safe and does not require blood tests.
It is not unusual for patients to need more than one mood stabilizing medication for best results.
Because bipolar disorders are generally recurrent, maintenance treatment is usually needed. This is
especially true when there have been multiple episodes, a clear family history of bipolar disorder or
symptom onset before age 18. Effective maintenance

Pathophysiology And Pharmacology Learning Activity #2.
Pathophysiology and pharmacology learning activity #2
Preeta Thomas
IEPN 122
Centennial College
Professor: Paul Corteza
Date: 16/02/2017
Pathophysiology of seizures Seizure are uncontrolled or sudden abnormal electrical activity in the
brain which causes abnormal motor and sensory activity and where the patient becomes
unconsciousness. It is caused by the depolarization of the neurons. Any changes that takes place in
our body that may be internal or external it can easily stimulate the irritable neurons. Seizure last for
a second or a minute, in which the neurons stops unexpectedly. The pattern of electrical activity or
brain waves during a seizure can be seen in EEG, by knowing what type of seizure. There are
different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Van Meter & Hubert, 2014, p.355)
Open injury It is where the fracture of the skull occurs due to sudden blow or sharp objects. This
requires immediate medical treatment to avoid the life threatening. (Van Meter & Hubert, 2014.)
Closed head injury A closed head injury is where the brain is injured and blood vessels may be
ruptured as a result of blow to the head by the force against the skull. In this type the skull is not
fractured.
(Van Meter &Hubert, 2014, p.355)
Delirium
Delirium is a state where patient is confused and there is a rapid change in brain function that occur
in physical or mental illness. It is temporary and when treated reverses the confusion.
(Kozier etal,p.1109, chap 37).
Dementia It is defined as memory loss in which cortical function is decreased. Patient will have
difficult with their thinking, language ability to learn new things as well as motor coordination. It
reduces the person's ability to perform daily activities. (Van Meter &Hubert,2014 p.376).
Drug Card– Valproic acid (Depakene) Therapeutic Class: Anti–seizure drug
Action: It action is widespread. It's same as that of phenytoin, although effects on GABA and

calcium channels also makes this drug similar to benzodiazepines and succinimides.
Uses: It is used for the treatment of

Brain On Fire : The Story Of Brain On Fire By Susannah...
Brain on Fire was a book wrote by Susannah Cahalan this was her story of the rare disease she got,
this made her co–workers, friends, and loved ones worried about her although she was one tough
girl her actions were saying different. Cahalan was a beautiful twenty–four–year–old woman who
lived in New York and was just a normal writer for the New York Post.
When Cahalan first saw that she had two bug bites on her arm she just thought that it was just
bedbugs. How do you really tell what any bug bite it is without going to the doctor? If you have
bedbugs of course you are going to want to hide it. She was scared that her co–workers would judge
her harshly if they thought she had bedbugs. This little bug bite just happened to be just the
beginning of such a terrible thing. Cahalan's co–workers, parents, and boyfriend Stephen all started
to see the girl that wasn't herself and this made them start to worry. How could this be so much more
than a simple bug bite?
As a patient you would be sitting their confused, wondering if its curable, if you're going to get
through it, and what is this crazy disease living inside of me. The feeling inside would just eat you
alive because you would never know which day might be your last. Not ready to leave this earth or
hurt the ones you would leave behind if you go? Have I lived life to the fullest or is their more
things I need to do before my time is up? Life is short you need to smile and live everyday like it's
your last weather your

Pharmacology Lab Report
Pharmacology The preliminary evaluation of the titled compounds 7a–7o and 8a–8e were evaluated
for anticonvulsant activity utilizing the predictable animal models and the neurotoxicity was
assessed by rotorod test method. Of these, the MES and scPTZ seizure models represent the two
animal seizure models, most widely used in the search for new anticonvulsants. Data are presented
(Table II) after the 0.5 and 4 h time intervals at the dose level of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. Phenytoin
and carbamazepine were used as the standard drugs for the comparison. Maximal electroshock
seizure (MES) test is a proven method to check the generalized tonic–clonic seizure and identifies
clinical candidates that prevent seizure spread. The synthesized compounds 7e, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The GABA–transaminase enzyme has been found to be accountable for the metabolism of GABA,
and therefore, inhibition of the enzyme will cause in an increased concentration of GABA in
different brain areas. The results of the assay are presented in Table III. All four compounds were
found to inhibit the GABA–T enzyme at the 4 h time period. Compound 7d was found to inhibit
GABA–T almost throughout the time periods, but the full inhibition shown by 7d was 20% at 4 h.
Compound 7n inhibited the enzyme at 1 h and maximum inhibition (12%) was detected at 4 h.
Compound 7j demonstrated second maximum inhibition amongst these compounds. It displayed
inhibition at 2 h and continued to inhibit the enzyme considerably throughout the time periods.
Compound 8c exhibited less enzyme inhibition and maximum inhibition was witnessed at 4 h
(11%). Only those compounds were selected for neurotoxicity screen which had shown the good or
moderate anticonvulsant activity. Compound 7e showed considerable neurotoxicity at a dose of 100
mg/kg in the rotorod test, whereas compound 7i showed neurotoxicity at an increased dose of 300
mg/kg. The rest of the compounds are devoid of neurotoxicity in rotorod test. Compounds 7e, 7i and
8d showed an interaction with motor system, due to which they potentiated the effect of ethanol
inducing the lateral position to the animals. The rest of the compounds did not show any interaction
with ethanol at all (Table

Lithium Antagonist Analysis
Though the antagonist effects by atypical antipsychotics on D2 receptors are identical to the typical
antipsychotics, the second action neutralizes a large amount of EPS. Acting as an antagonist brings
receptor activity back to baseline, which can have different effects depending on the receptor being
targeted. The 5HT2A receptor regulates the release of dopamine into the striatum, when the activity
level of this receptor is lowered it increases the release of dopamine which helps prevent the
excessive inhibition of dopamine that effects the development of Parkinsonism. The additional
dopamine in the striatum competes with the drug antagonists at binding sites preventing the
antagonists from binding to all of the available receptors and reducing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
p. 79). Etiology of bipolar disorder is the very similar to schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that there
are multiple genes that increase the risk of developing a bipolar spectrum disorder but not any one
specific gene for depression or mania. One of the known gene coding errors is for the serotonin
transporter (SERT) which controls the amygdala's reaction to external stimuli and can cause the
maladaptive over reactions and is a risk factor for developing some form of bipolar disorder when
exposed to other stressors (Stahl, 2013. p. 270). The use of atypical antipsychotics does not solely
treat schizophrenic psychosis, it is also an effective treatment for depressive psychosis and manic
psychosis as seen in bipolar I disorder (Stahl, 2013. p.

Types of Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
Introduction Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic depression in layman's terms, is basically a
psychiatric condition in which an individual suffers extreme mood swings, ranging from a highly
elevated mood (Johnson, 2005) to low levels of depression (Motovsky & Pecenak, 2013). These
shifts in mood result in changes in behavior and thinking of the affected individuals. However, the
condition only affects the person mentally. Bipolar disorders in patients are hard to identify initially
as they can be mistaken for major depressions. As of now, there is no known cure to bipolar
disorder. Its effects though, can be controlled. There are often chances of relapse this disease, so
continued treatment is provided to the patient. Thus, treatment of the diseases today largely consists
of prevention and control of the diseases. Types of Treatments Treatment via Medication A
combination of techniques is required to combat this disease. These include not only medication,
and psychiatric therapy but also prevention methods used on the patient's part, change in the
lifestyle along with care and support from family, friends and colleagues. The main aim of these
treatments is to reduction of the severity and frequency of the frenzied episodes of depression and
mania that occur. Medications known as mood stabilizers are prescribed by psychiatrists and
medical practitioners for control of the symptoms of bipolar disorder. One of the first and most
popular medicinal drugs prescribed by

Epilepsy Research Papers
Jayson Karuna
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes individuals to have frequent seizures. However,
originally epilepsy was not considered a biological or medical issue. Rather, It was said to be some
sort of curse summoned by spirits or wrathful deities. Famed ancient Greek physician, Hippocrates,
was the first individual to document epilepsy correctly as a biological disorder in 400 B.C. Although
Hippocrates incorrectly believed epilepsy to be a condition caused by the imbalance of certain
bodily fluids, he did correctly conclude that the condition was natural and neurological. Centuries
later English neurologist, John Hughlings Jackson, accurately determined that seizures resulted from
excessive electrical discharges ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hist.: 1–34. Web. 30 July 2015.
Barañano, Kristin W., and Adam L. Hartman. "The Ketogenic Diet: Uses In Epilepsy And Other
Neurologic Illnesses." Current Treatment Options in Neurology: 410–19. Web. 30 July 2015.
"Epilepsy: MedlinePlus." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Web. 30 July 2015.
Pierce, J. M. S. "A Disease Once Sacred. A History Of The Medical Understanding Of Epilepsy."
Brain: 441–42.

Organizing Pneumonia Associated With Anticonvulsant...
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity
syndrome induced by Lamotrigine Case Summary: A 14–year–old–girl known to have seizure
disorder on Lamotrigine treatment admitted to the hospital with history of rash, fever and cough.
Her condition deteriorated initially with typical clinical features of anticonvulsant hypersensitivity
syndrome (ACHS) complicated with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Her
chest computed tomography showed multifocal parenchymal opacities and the lung biopsy was
typical for BOOP. The Lamotrigine was discontinued when she first developed the skin rash and she
was treated with high dose of corticosteroid. She improved clinically and her repeated chest
computed tomography showed marked resolution of the lesions. In the initial presentation she was
treated for pneumonia with antibiotics which may have delayed the diagnosis. This case illustrates
the possible occurrence of BOOP as a complication of ACHS secondary to Lamotrigine treatment.
Background: BOOP is a rare lung condition in which the small airways (bronchioles and alveoli)
become inflamed with connective tissue. BOOP can be secondary to infections, various drugs, and
other medical conditions. In many cases, the underlying cause of BOOP is unknown. Anticonvulsant
medications are widely used in pediatrics for different seizure disorders. ACHS is characterized by
fever, rash and internal organ involvement. It is a rare, but

Side Effects Of Opioids
Side effects of ergotamine includes nausea, tingling sensations, cramps, chest or abdominal pain,
and dizziness. Three potential, and possibly fatal, problems include toxicity, extreme blood vessel
constriction, and fibrosis. Doctors may advise taking painkillers that contain opioids if the attack is
very severe. Examples of opioids include morphine, codeine, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Butorphanol is an opioid that is available as a nasal spray. Classic side effects of opioids include
drowsiness, nausea, judgement impairment, and constipation. Drug abuse and addiction are a big
complication of using opioids as a treatment option. Metoclopramide is used in combination with
other drugs to treat the nausea and vomiting that may occur from medications ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Migraine headaches are the third most prevalent illness in the world, and ranked as the sixth most
disabling illness. Statistics show that only about fifty percent of people who suffer from chronic
headaches know that they're suffering from a migraine. 76% of people who suffer from migraines
worry that they will suffer for the rest of their lives, and 37% of sufferers worried about their
migraines between attacks. Studies found that approximately 12% of Americans suffer from
migraines, and 40% of Americans could benefit from preventative therapies. Even though studies
show that at least 40% of sufferers could benefit from preventative therapies, only one in five
sufferers are currently using preventative therapies. Studies also show that over 25% of people who
suffer from migraine attacks miss at least one working day over the past three months, and nine out
of ten sufferers say that they cannot "function normally" during those days. At least 98 percent of
migraine attack sufferers take medications for temporary headache relief, whether it be over the
counter or prescription. Only 12% of sufferers take preventative medications as opposed to the 98%
of sufferers taking medications for relief. Severe migraines are ranked in the highest of seven
disability classes, along with psychosis, dementia, and quadriplegia, published by the World Health
Organization. People who participated in a survey who admitted to a

Benzodiazepines Antidepression Essay
Benzodiazepines include anticonvulsant drugs (tested in the study) and antidepression and anxiety
drugs (medications my patient was on– specifically Xanax)– However to perfectly match the study
to the clinical problem, Cerebral Palsy patients taking Xanax could be measured against Cerebral
Palsy patient not taking any medication plus a control group of normal individuals. The definitions
used in the study were similar to the PICO research term. The health care system in the study was in
Brazil therefor not that similar to the patient as described in the clinical problem. Perhaps a study
done in Australia or Sydney would further strengthen the relevance to the clinical question. Ages in
the study were slightly younger than the patient that presented to the SCU, to further improve the
association with the clinical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this study, Benzodiazepines presented lower presence of teeth–grinding compared with those
administered baributues. Both these observations support the idea that the main mechanism of
Bruxism in Cerebral palsy patients may not be similar to that which occur in normal individuals
Coming off or going on certain medication to reduce or eliminate bruxism is not an immediate
decision to be made in regard to tooth grinding. Few studies have been conducted therefore there is
not enough evidence to suggest medication is the cause of bruxism. Taking medications to treat
certain conditions far outweighs the need to go off these medications to reduce bruxism when other
treatment can be considered. Advice must be given to patient and parent about tooth grinding and
clenching and can include that the drugs may (but not certainly) have an effect on this. Its important
to discuss implementation of other intervention strategies before going on or off any

Evaluation Of The Clinical Reasoning Cycle
The clinical reasoning process provides a template for health professionals to use as a tool when
caring for individuals. It allows an individual to be cared for in their own way, focusing on their own
needs. The purpose of this essay is to present a comprehensive discussion and justification
identifying two care priorities in relation to Jessica's case using the Levett–Jones' Clinical Reasoning
Cycle while providing a critical analysis and justification of the care priorities. Two care priorities
that are evident in Jessica's situation are her desire to fall pregnancy while suffering from epilepsy,
and Jessica's non–compliance to her diabetes management. The clinical reasoning cycle is a practice
based form of reasoning requiring a background of evidence, research and scientific based
knowledge. The nurse must distinguish relevant contextual knowledge and skills and apply them to
the particular person they are caring for. Jessica needs to be cared for according to her own
individual situation, rather than a generic treatment that people will similar conditions may receive.
The ability to identify gaps in personal knowledge and skills and address these is also a crucial
aspect of clinical reasoning. The clinical reasoning process includes collecting cues, processing the
information, coming to an understanding of a patient, problem or situation, planning and
implementing interventions, evaluating outcomes and reflecting on and learning from the process.
Jessica is an

The Effect Of Maternal Carbamazepine On The Fetal...
This study detected the effects of maternal carbamazepine (CBZ) on the fetal neuroendocrine–
cytokines axis. 25 or 50 mg/kg of CBZ was intraperitoneally administrated from gestation day (GD)
1 to 20. Compared to control, these treatments elicited a pronounced hypothyroidism at GD 20 with
a decrease in the maternofetal thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels, and an increase in the
maternofetal thyrotropin (TSH) level. This resulted in a significant reduction in the fetal serum
growth hormone (GH), interferon–γ (IFNγ), interleukins (IL–2 & 4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
levels, and elevation in the fetal serum tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNFα), transforming growth
factor–beta (TGFβ), and interleukins (IL–1β & 17) levels at embryonic day (ED) 20 with effective
dosage dependent manners. In both treated groups, the cellular fragmentations, distortions,
hyperemia, and vacuolation were observed in their cerebellum. Finally, the maternofetal
hypothyroidism by CBZ might cue the developmental violation of the neuroendocrine–cytokines
axis.
Keywords: Carbamazepine, Thyroid hormones, Cytokines, Cerebellum, Fetus, Pregnant rats
Introduction
Thyroid hormones (THs) are principal for the development of all biological tissues (Ahmed,
2016a,b; Campo Verde Arboccó et al., 2016; Raymaekers et al., 2016; Zevenbergen et al., 2016).
Several investigations have displayed that exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) might disturb the
growth (Liguori and Cianfarani, 2009; Farmen et al.,

Epilepsy In The World

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