Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. It has several aims including describing disease occurrence, identifying risk factors, and evaluating prevention programs. Key events in the history of epidemiology include John Snow's investigation of a cholera outbreak in London and Florence Nightingale's studies on epidemic typhus. Epidemiology is used in public health to investigate health issues and inform interventions and policies.
This document discusses rapid epidemiological assessment methods. It introduces various sampling techniques used for rapid health assessments including WHO EPI 30x7 cluster sampling, Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS), and case-control methodology. It describes how to conduct LQAS surveys including identifying target populations, setting assessment criteria, calculating sample sizes, counting lots, setting thresholds, and selecting decision values. The document compares different rapid assessment methods and explains which technique would be most appropriate based on factors like whether inferences need to be made about individual populations, population heterogeneity, ability to obtain a full population list, and desired precision levels.
This document discusses different types of epidemiological study designs. It outlines non-interventional studies like exploratory, descriptive, and analytical observational studies. It also describes interventional studies, including experimental randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. For each study type, the document explains their purpose, design, analysis methods, advantages, and disadvantages. Choosing an appropriate study design depends on ethical issues, available resources, validity of results needed, and the topic being examined.
This document discusses disease eradication programs past, present, and future. It defines eradication as the complete removal of a disease from the world versus elimination which is removal from a region. Criteria for selecting diseases for eradication include having no animal reservoir and availability of an effective intervention like a vaccine. Successful eradication programs for smallpox and rinderpest are described. Ongoing programs targeting polio, yaws, dracunculiasis, and malaria are outlined. Challenges and opportunities for measles eradication are also discussed.
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery, which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH - ANJALI MAM.pptxAnjali Singh
This lecture describes the uses of Computers in Epidemiology and Health. The topic has been made considering the basics for the undergraduate, and third-year students.
Introduction to public health, definition, Preventive medicine vs public health, social medicine, community medicine, role of public health, public health practices, core activities
This document provides an evaluation of a health program. It discusses the purpose and types of program evaluation, including formative vs summative and internal vs external evaluations. Key aspects of programs that can be evaluated are outlined, such as accessibility, equity, quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. A variety of tools for evaluation are mentioned, including surveys, case studies, and root cause analysis. The document also provides an example of evaluating India's National Program for the Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. It has several aims including describing disease occurrence, identifying risk factors, and evaluating prevention programs. Key events in the history of epidemiology include John Snow's investigation of a cholera outbreak in London and Florence Nightingale's studies on epidemic typhus. Epidemiology is used in public health to investigate health issues and inform interventions and policies.
This document discusses rapid epidemiological assessment methods. It introduces various sampling techniques used for rapid health assessments including WHO EPI 30x7 cluster sampling, Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS), and case-control methodology. It describes how to conduct LQAS surveys including identifying target populations, setting assessment criteria, calculating sample sizes, counting lots, setting thresholds, and selecting decision values. The document compares different rapid assessment methods and explains which technique would be most appropriate based on factors like whether inferences need to be made about individual populations, population heterogeneity, ability to obtain a full population list, and desired precision levels.
This document discusses different types of epidemiological study designs. It outlines non-interventional studies like exploratory, descriptive, and analytical observational studies. It also describes interventional studies, including experimental randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. For each study type, the document explains their purpose, design, analysis methods, advantages, and disadvantages. Choosing an appropriate study design depends on ethical issues, available resources, validity of results needed, and the topic being examined.
This document discusses disease eradication programs past, present, and future. It defines eradication as the complete removal of a disease from the world versus elimination which is removal from a region. Criteria for selecting diseases for eradication include having no animal reservoir and availability of an effective intervention like a vaccine. Successful eradication programs for smallpox and rinderpest are described. Ongoing programs targeting polio, yaws, dracunculiasis, and malaria are outlined. Challenges and opportunities for measles eradication are also discussed.
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery, which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health.
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH - ANJALI MAM.pptxAnjali Singh
This lecture describes the uses of Computers in Epidemiology and Health. The topic has been made considering the basics for the undergraduate, and third-year students.
Introduction to public health, definition, Preventive medicine vs public health, social medicine, community medicine, role of public health, public health practices, core activities
This document provides an evaluation of a health program. It discusses the purpose and types of program evaluation, including formative vs summative and internal vs external evaluations. Key aspects of programs that can be evaluated are outlined, such as accessibility, equity, quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. A variety of tools for evaluation are mentioned, including surveys, case studies, and root cause analysis. The document also provides an example of evaluating India's National Program for the Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
This document provides a history of epidemiology, covering its origins and key figures. It traces epidemiology back to ancient Greece and discusses its modern definition as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Some important developments include John Graunt establishing demographic analysis in the 1600s, James Lind identifying citrus as preventing scurvy in 1747, Edward Jenner developing vaccination against smallpox in 1796, Ignaz Semmelweis reducing childbed fever mortality via handwashing in 1847, and John Snow linking cholera to contaminated water in 1854. These pioneers helped establish epidemiology's objectives of identifying disease causes and evaluating preventive measures.
This document discusses the importance of vaccine preventable disease (VPD) surveillance systems and provides details on setting up and monitoring different types of surveillance. It describes passive, sentinel, and active surveillance and compares their methods. Guidelines are provided for setting up each type of surveillance, including selecting reporting sites, collecting standardized case information, and monitoring the quality and timeliness of reporting. Methods for confirming vaccine preventable disease cases and preparing line lists and reports are also outlined.
This document defines epidemiology and discusses key related concepts. It begins by defining epidemiology as "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations." It then discusses key epidemiological terms like distribution, determinants, frequency, pattern, and the aims of epidemiology. The history of epidemiology is also summarized, highlighting the contributions of John Snow in identifying the water source of a cholera outbreak and Hippocrates' focus on environmental influences. Uses of epidemiology are listed as studying disease trends, planning health services, and searching for disease causes.
The document describes the steps taken to investigate an outbreak of jaundice in Rohtak, India. People first noticed an unusual occurrence of jaundice cases that had not been seen in over 10 years. A house-to-house survey confirmed it was an outbreak. Laboratory tests of water samples found one-third failed orthotolidine tests and 3 of 5 samples had unsafe coliform counts. Additional observations revealed poor sanitation practices in the community that could have contributed to the spread of the disease.
The current five year plan in Nepal's health services aims to increase rural access to basic primary health services and doctors. It focuses on effective implementation of population control through mother and child health and family planning services. The plan also seeks to develop specialized health services within the country. Key targets include establishing more health posts, primary health care centers, and Ayurvedic dispensaries. It also aims to reduce the total fertility rate and cases of leprosy.
Recent Advances in Evidence Based Public Health PracticePrabesh Ghimire
This product is the result of compilation from various sources. I acknowledge all direct and indirect sources although they have not been mentioned explicitly in the document.
Burden of disease analysis provides a fuller assessment of population health beyond just mortality rates. It considers the impact of morbidity and estimates the effects of years lived with illness or disability. Common measures used in burden of disease analysis include disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which combine mortality and morbidity into a single metric. Calculating DALYs and QALYs involves defining health states, assigning weights to different states, and combining estimates of life expectancy and duration of illness. Burden of disease analysis is useful for comparing population health over time and between regions, identifying major health problems, and informing health policy and resource allocation decisions.
Descriptive epidemiology studies observe the distribution of diseases in populations to identify characteristics associated with diseases. This presentation discusses descriptive epidemiology, including its uses and procedures. Descriptive studies first define the population and disease, then describe disease distribution by time, place and person. This involves measuring disease prevalence and incidence and comparing rates between groups. Observing these characteristics can provide clues to disease causes and help form hypotheses about risk factors. Descriptive epidemiology provides data on disease burdens to aid health planning, research and evaluation of interventions.
This document provides an overview of descriptive epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, without comparing groups. The main objectives are to describe the incidence, prevalence, and natural history of diseases and their distribution according to person, place and time. Descriptive studies make hypotheses about potential causes, but do not confirm them due to the lack of a comparison group. Key steps include defining the population and disease, describing disease distribution by time, place and person, measuring disease occurrence, comparing to known indices, and formulating etiological hypotheses.
This document provides an overview and review of Nepal's 1991 National Health Policy and the need for a new health policy. It summarizes the key objectives and components of the 1991 policy, including priorities for preventive, promotive and curative health services. It then reviews progress made against the 1991 policy goals. Several new health policies, strategies and plans have been introduced since 1991 to address issues not covered previously. The document argues that while progress has been made in some areas, the 1991 policy is now outdated given changes over the last 20 years and a new health policy is needed.
Screening tests aim to identify unrecognized disease in apparently healthy individuals. They differ from diagnostic tests in that they are applied to groups rather than individuals, use a single criterion, and are less accurate. Validity refers to a test's accuracy while reliability is its precision on repeat tests. Sensitivity measures a test's ability to identify true positives, and specificity measures its ability to identify true negatives. Screening programs must consider factors like disease burden, test characteristics, and whether early detection improves outcomes.
Epidemiology plays an important role in disease outbreak investigation and evaluation of control measures. It provides information on disease distribution, transmission levels, and helps map outbreaks. Several factors contributed to the success of the smallpox eradication program, including epidemiological data, universal political commitment, and well-trained staff. Methylmercury poisoning in Japan led to severe health effects from eating contaminated fish. Epidemiology helped identify the cause and guide control efforts. Descriptive epidemiology studies examine disease distribution by time, place and person to generate hypotheses about causation. Analytical epidemiology determines associations between disease and suspected risk factors using study designs like case-control and cohort studies.
Public health deals with preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through organized community efforts. It focuses on groups of people rather than individuals. Key dimensions include health promotion, disease prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. Over time, public health has shifted focus from controlling infectious diseases to addressing chronic conditions and social determinants of health. Major milestones include sanitary reforms in the 19th century, establishing health services in the 20th century, and working towards "Health for All" globally by 2000.
1. The document discusses various methods and models of health education, including individual methods like lectures, seminars, workshops, and group methods like brainstorming and buzz groups.
2. It describes different types of health education models, focusing on the Motivational Model and the Health Belief Model. The Health Belief Model proposes that health behaviors are influenced by perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers.
3. Several other models of health behavior change are mentioned, including the Trans-Theoretical Model of Change and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The document provides an overview of key approaches to promoting health education.
Public health concept, i ketut swarjanaswarjana2012
Pemahaman tentang konsep kesehatan masyarakat atau public health concept sangat penting dalam rangka memahami lebih awal dasar dari konsep kesehatan masyarakat itu sendiri, sebelum lebih jauh belajar tentang IKM yang mencakup epidemiologi, manajemen kesehatan, promosi kesehatan dan lain-lain
Epidemiology is the study of how diseases are distributed in populations and the factors that influence this. It examines why some people develop illnesses and others do not. Epidemiology helps public health officials understand health problems in communities and find ways to control and prevent diseases. The history of epidemiology shows how early physicians like Hippocrates linked environmental factors to health, and later scientists such as John Snow used epidemiological findings to control outbreaks. Modern epidemiology involves counting cases, measuring populations, analyzing health problems, applying solutions, and evaluating their effectiveness. It provides insights used in public health programs and patient care.
Prevention is better than cure. There are four levels of prevention: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from arising in a population. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease by addressing risk factors before onset. Secondary prevention halts disease progression through early detection and treatment. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and reducing impairments and disabilities for those with advanced disease. The strategies of prevention include health promotion, specific protection, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation, and rehabilitation.
Definition and Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology and its objectives, which include studying disease patterns and determinants in populations to aid health planning. It then covers epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, reservoirs, modes of transmission and susceptible hosts. Different theories of disease causation are presented, including the germ theory that pathogens cause disease, and the epidemiological triad model showing the interaction between an external agent, host factors and the environment. The document provides an overview of fundamental epidemiological concepts.
Medical diagnostic Microbiology epidemiology 2024 progress.pdf222101989
This document defines key terms related to epidemiology and the study of diseases. It explains epidemiology as the science evaluating the occurrence, distribution, and control of diseases in populations. Key concepts covered include reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, the chain of infection, and the stages of disease development. Koch's postulates for establishing the causative agent of infectious diseases are also summarized.
Tropical diseases are the diseases that are most prevalent in tropical regions of the world. There are around 14 tropical diseases that causes great morbidity but still ranks low in the international health agendas and being "neglected" since it is confined to certain regions and does not spread across the globe. These diseases are eliminated in developed countries but are prevalent in developing countries because of improper sanitation.Here,I hope I have covered almost all the neglected tropical diseases.
This document provides a history of epidemiology, covering its origins and key figures. It traces epidemiology back to ancient Greece and discusses its modern definition as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Some important developments include John Graunt establishing demographic analysis in the 1600s, James Lind identifying citrus as preventing scurvy in 1747, Edward Jenner developing vaccination against smallpox in 1796, Ignaz Semmelweis reducing childbed fever mortality via handwashing in 1847, and John Snow linking cholera to contaminated water in 1854. These pioneers helped establish epidemiology's objectives of identifying disease causes and evaluating preventive measures.
This document discusses the importance of vaccine preventable disease (VPD) surveillance systems and provides details on setting up and monitoring different types of surveillance. It describes passive, sentinel, and active surveillance and compares their methods. Guidelines are provided for setting up each type of surveillance, including selecting reporting sites, collecting standardized case information, and monitoring the quality and timeliness of reporting. Methods for confirming vaccine preventable disease cases and preparing line lists and reports are also outlined.
This document defines epidemiology and discusses key related concepts. It begins by defining epidemiology as "the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations." It then discusses key epidemiological terms like distribution, determinants, frequency, pattern, and the aims of epidemiology. The history of epidemiology is also summarized, highlighting the contributions of John Snow in identifying the water source of a cholera outbreak and Hippocrates' focus on environmental influences. Uses of epidemiology are listed as studying disease trends, planning health services, and searching for disease causes.
The document describes the steps taken to investigate an outbreak of jaundice in Rohtak, India. People first noticed an unusual occurrence of jaundice cases that had not been seen in over 10 years. A house-to-house survey confirmed it was an outbreak. Laboratory tests of water samples found one-third failed orthotolidine tests and 3 of 5 samples had unsafe coliform counts. Additional observations revealed poor sanitation practices in the community that could have contributed to the spread of the disease.
The current five year plan in Nepal's health services aims to increase rural access to basic primary health services and doctors. It focuses on effective implementation of population control through mother and child health and family planning services. The plan also seeks to develop specialized health services within the country. Key targets include establishing more health posts, primary health care centers, and Ayurvedic dispensaries. It also aims to reduce the total fertility rate and cases of leprosy.
Recent Advances in Evidence Based Public Health PracticePrabesh Ghimire
This product is the result of compilation from various sources. I acknowledge all direct and indirect sources although they have not been mentioned explicitly in the document.
Burden of disease analysis provides a fuller assessment of population health beyond just mortality rates. It considers the impact of morbidity and estimates the effects of years lived with illness or disability. Common measures used in burden of disease analysis include disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which combine mortality and morbidity into a single metric. Calculating DALYs and QALYs involves defining health states, assigning weights to different states, and combining estimates of life expectancy and duration of illness. Burden of disease analysis is useful for comparing population health over time and between regions, identifying major health problems, and informing health policy and resource allocation decisions.
Descriptive epidemiology studies observe the distribution of diseases in populations to identify characteristics associated with diseases. This presentation discusses descriptive epidemiology, including its uses and procedures. Descriptive studies first define the population and disease, then describe disease distribution by time, place and person. This involves measuring disease prevalence and incidence and comparing rates between groups. Observing these characteristics can provide clues to disease causes and help form hypotheses about risk factors. Descriptive epidemiology provides data on disease burdens to aid health planning, research and evaluation of interventions.
This document provides an overview of descriptive epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, without comparing groups. The main objectives are to describe the incidence, prevalence, and natural history of diseases and their distribution according to person, place and time. Descriptive studies make hypotheses about potential causes, but do not confirm them due to the lack of a comparison group. Key steps include defining the population and disease, describing disease distribution by time, place and person, measuring disease occurrence, comparing to known indices, and formulating etiological hypotheses.
This document provides an overview and review of Nepal's 1991 National Health Policy and the need for a new health policy. It summarizes the key objectives and components of the 1991 policy, including priorities for preventive, promotive and curative health services. It then reviews progress made against the 1991 policy goals. Several new health policies, strategies and plans have been introduced since 1991 to address issues not covered previously. The document argues that while progress has been made in some areas, the 1991 policy is now outdated given changes over the last 20 years and a new health policy is needed.
Screening tests aim to identify unrecognized disease in apparently healthy individuals. They differ from diagnostic tests in that they are applied to groups rather than individuals, use a single criterion, and are less accurate. Validity refers to a test's accuracy while reliability is its precision on repeat tests. Sensitivity measures a test's ability to identify true positives, and specificity measures its ability to identify true negatives. Screening programs must consider factors like disease burden, test characteristics, and whether early detection improves outcomes.
Epidemiology plays an important role in disease outbreak investigation and evaluation of control measures. It provides information on disease distribution, transmission levels, and helps map outbreaks. Several factors contributed to the success of the smallpox eradication program, including epidemiological data, universal political commitment, and well-trained staff. Methylmercury poisoning in Japan led to severe health effects from eating contaminated fish. Epidemiology helped identify the cause and guide control efforts. Descriptive epidemiology studies examine disease distribution by time, place and person to generate hypotheses about causation. Analytical epidemiology determines associations between disease and suspected risk factors using study designs like case-control and cohort studies.
Public health deals with preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through organized community efforts. It focuses on groups of people rather than individuals. Key dimensions include health promotion, disease prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. Over time, public health has shifted focus from controlling infectious diseases to addressing chronic conditions and social determinants of health. Major milestones include sanitary reforms in the 19th century, establishing health services in the 20th century, and working towards "Health for All" globally by 2000.
1. The document discusses various methods and models of health education, including individual methods like lectures, seminars, workshops, and group methods like brainstorming and buzz groups.
2. It describes different types of health education models, focusing on the Motivational Model and the Health Belief Model. The Health Belief Model proposes that health behaviors are influenced by perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers.
3. Several other models of health behavior change are mentioned, including the Trans-Theoretical Model of Change and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The document provides an overview of key approaches to promoting health education.
Public health concept, i ketut swarjanaswarjana2012
Pemahaman tentang konsep kesehatan masyarakat atau public health concept sangat penting dalam rangka memahami lebih awal dasar dari konsep kesehatan masyarakat itu sendiri, sebelum lebih jauh belajar tentang IKM yang mencakup epidemiologi, manajemen kesehatan, promosi kesehatan dan lain-lain
Epidemiology is the study of how diseases are distributed in populations and the factors that influence this. It examines why some people develop illnesses and others do not. Epidemiology helps public health officials understand health problems in communities and find ways to control and prevent diseases. The history of epidemiology shows how early physicians like Hippocrates linked environmental factors to health, and later scientists such as John Snow used epidemiological findings to control outbreaks. Modern epidemiology involves counting cases, measuring populations, analyzing health problems, applying solutions, and evaluating their effectiveness. It provides insights used in public health programs and patient care.
Prevention is better than cure. There are four levels of prevention: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from arising in a population. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease by addressing risk factors before onset. Secondary prevention halts disease progression through early detection and treatment. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and reducing impairments and disabilities for those with advanced disease. The strategies of prevention include health promotion, specific protection, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation, and rehabilitation.
Definition and Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology and its objectives, which include studying disease patterns and determinants in populations to aid health planning. It then covers epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, reservoirs, modes of transmission and susceptible hosts. Different theories of disease causation are presented, including the germ theory that pathogens cause disease, and the epidemiological triad model showing the interaction between an external agent, host factors and the environment. The document provides an overview of fundamental epidemiological concepts.
Medical diagnostic Microbiology epidemiology 2024 progress.pdf222101989
This document defines key terms related to epidemiology and the study of diseases. It explains epidemiology as the science evaluating the occurrence, distribution, and control of diseases in populations. Key concepts covered include reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, the chain of infection, and the stages of disease development. Koch's postulates for establishing the causative agent of infectious diseases are also summarized.
A communicable disease is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological)agent or it's toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man,from animal to man,from animal to animal,from the environment (through air,water,food etc)to man.
The document describes the chain of infection process through 6 steps: (1) infectious agent, (2) reservoir, (3) portal of exit, (4) mode of transmission, (5) portal of entry, and (6) susceptible host. It defines each step and provides examples. The chain can be broken by implementing measures that target each link, such as hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, vaccination, cleaning/disinfection, and reservoir management. Breaking just one link prevents disease transmission.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease patterns in human populations and the factors that influence health. It discusses key epidemiological terms like reservoirs, modes of transmission, incidence, prevalence, and the epidemiological triad model of disease causation. The objectives and uses of epidemiology are described, including identifying disease determinants, planning health programs, and evaluating effectiveness. Important epidemiological concepts like endemic, pandemic, epidemic, carriers, and outbreaks are also defined.
Diseases Caused by Viruses_ Khyati Gupta (1).pdfKhyatiGupta71
Viruses cause a variety of diseases that are transmitted through different routes. Common viral diseases include influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, smallpox, rabies, chikungunya, and dengue. Viruses have an incubation period before symptoms appear. Symptoms vary depending on the virus but can include fever, rash, joint pain, and respiratory issues. Some viral diseases may lead to severe complications affecting organs like the heart, brain, or CNS. Antiviral drugs and vaccines exist for some viruses.
This document provides definitions and information related to infection and infection control in dentistry. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection, disease, virulence, and modes of transmission. It then discusses the normal flora of humans and stages of infection. Virulence factors and toxins are explained. The objectives and types of infection control are outlined, including universal precautions, routes of spread, and measures for pretreatment, chairside, and post-treatment infection control.
This document provides an introduction to basic epidemiology concepts. It defines key terminology used in epidemiology such as epidemic, pandemic, endemic, sporadic, morbidity, mortality, incubation period, and prevalence and incidence rates. It discusses the importance of epidemiology and outlines patterns and measures of disease occurrence. The document also covers disease transmission methods, strategies for maintaining infectious agents, and factors influencing disease spread. Finally, it defines and compares disease monitoring and disease surveillance, and outlines types of surveillance including active, passive, and participatory disease search.
This document summarizes the key aspects of communicable diseases and their transmission cycles. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the natural history of diseases and how they are transmitted from reservoirs to hosts through various routes of exit and entry. It also covers the incubation period, types of disease occurrence, and the importance of epidemiological investigations in outbreaks. The goal is to understand disease transmission and implement appropriate prevention and control measures.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, as well as the application of this study to control health problems. It involves measuring disease occurrence and attributes that influence health in populations. Key aspects of epidemiology include methods for quantifying observations of health in groups, studying disease occurrence in natural environments rather than laboratories, and determining exposures that influence health outcomes.
This document provides an introduction to communicable disease epidemiology. It defines key terms like communicable disease, reservoirs of infection, modes of transmission, and incubation period. It outlines the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the cycle of infection and the various components that must be present for a disease to spread, including a reservoir, mode of transmission, susceptible host, and portal of entry/exit. It also covers types of immunity, disease prevention and control methods like vaccination and isolation, and differentiates between control, elimination and eradication. As an example, it analyzes MERS-CoV and identifies its reservoir, mode of transmission, incubation period and recommended prevention measures.
5- Introduction to Communicable Disease.pptssuser2b23a31
This document provides an introduction to communicable disease epidemiology. It defines key terms like communicable disease, reservoirs of infection, modes of transmission, and incubation period. It describes the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment and illustrates the cycle of infection. It explains the types of immunity and different reservoirs, portals of entry/exit, and transmission routes. It also outlines measures to prevent and control communicable diseases, like immunization, isolation, and targeting different parts of the infection chain. As an example, it analyzes MERS-CoV and identifies its reservoir, transmission modes, incubation period, and recommended prevention strategies.
9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triadAnup Kharde
Natural history of disease describes the typical course and progression of a disease from its earliest detectable stage through recovery, disability, or death in the absence of treatment or prevention. Some key aspects discussed include important terminology like infection, communicable disease, incubation period, and carrier. The document also discusses stages of disease progression like pre-pathogenesis, early pathogenesis, and late pathogenesis. It describes the host response to infection which can include resistance, asymptomatic response, symptomatic response, hypersensitivity, and immunity.
The document provides an overview of epidemiology, including definitions, objectives, and key concepts. It discusses the agent, host, and environmental factors that influence disease occurrence and distribution. It also describes epidemiologic study designs and the goals of epidemiology in understanding and controlling disease. The natural history of disease and levels of disease prevention are explained.
Terminology related to MEM.pptx ................MinaServer1
This document defines key terminology related to medical microbiology. It discusses different types of infections including acute, chronic, latent, and opportunistic. It also describes primary pathogens that commonly cause disease and opportunistic pathogens that typically cause disease only when host defenses are compromised. Other types of infections covered include mixed, iatrogenic, nosocomial, and community-acquired. The document also discusses contagiousness and different modes of disease transmission.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. The infectious agent could be multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) like C. difficile, MRSA, VRE present in the stool of the first patient.
2. The second patient could develop a urinary tract infection (UTI) since their hands were not washed before assisting with the Foley catheter.
3. Antibiotics that could be used include vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin for MRSA or VRE. For C. difficile, metronidazole or oral vancomycin could be used.
4. The gastrointestinal tract of the first patient is the source/reserv
1. There are several theories of disease causation including germ theory, epidemiological triad theory, multifactorial causation theory, and web of causation.
2. The dynamics of disease transmission involve a reservoir, mode of transmission, and susceptible host. Common reservoirs are humans, animals, and the environment. Modes of transmission include direct contact, droplets, vectors, vehicles, and fomites.
3. For successful transmission and infection, pathogens must enter the host, infect tissues, exit the host, and survive in the environment until infecting a new host. Preventing transmission requires interrupting any part of this cycle.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and communicable diseases. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It discusses key figures in the history of epidemiology like John Snow and Florence Nightingale. It also defines types of epidemiological studies, differentiates between endemic, epidemic and pandemic, and outlines the natural history of disease from pre-pathogenesis to recovery/death.
This document discusses six common qualitative data analysis techniques: thematic analysis, content analysis, grounded analysis, discourse analysis, narrative analysis, and phenomenology/heuristic analysis. It provides an overview of each technique and examples of their application. Thematic analysis involves familiarizing with data, generating codes, organizing codes into potential themes, and defining the themes. Content analysis determines the frequency of words and concepts to emerge categories and themes. Grounded analysis allows data to speak freely to formulate theory without predetermined points. Discourse analysis examines linguistic elements like grammar and sounds within social contexts of communication. Narrative analysis studies how participants construct stories through sequencing of events and reflections. Phenomenology focuses on human experiences and viewpoints through bracketing out the
The document provides an overview of a unit on group dynamics and leadership. It discusses key concepts in group dynamics, including definitions of group dynamics, the natural and planned formation of groups, and the stages of group formation. It also covers group roles, both positive and negative, as well as common group problems and their effects, such as apathy, conflict, and inadequate decision-making. The document appears to be a draft for a lecture on group dynamics, as it includes placeholders for feedback and examples.
This document discusses community participation in community health services. It defines participation as involvement or engagement of community members. There are different forms and levels of participation, from passive participation where communities are involved as a means to achieve predetermined objectives, to active participation where communities take responsibility for their own development. The objectives, importance, and different levels of community participation in health are described, including compliance, collaboration, and local control. Models of participation discussed include contributory, collaborative, co-creative, and hosted participation.
Community organization is a process by which a community identifies its needs, finds resources, and takes action through cooperation and collaboration. It aims to identify community objectives, problems, and needs; prioritize them; assess available resources; motivate community participation; and plan programs accordingly. The principles of community organization include democracy, community participation in decision-making, cooperation, and prevention. It is important for self-help development, realizing community strengths, and providing opportunities for meaningful participation. Community organization involves forming community-based groups, developing and implementing plans, and regularly monitoring and evaluating programs.
This document provides an overview of community health development. It defines community health development as the process by which people in a community get involved in identifying needs, planning, implementing, and evaluating projects to improve the economic, social, cultural, and health status of the community. It discusses the goals of community health development as improving financial conditions, promoting democratic values, and identifying and solving health problems in the community. It also outlines various principles, strategies, and stages of community empowerment involved in community health development.
The document discusses concepts related to community, including definitions, elements, characteristics, types, structure, formation, and differences between community and society. It provides definitions of community as a group of people living together in a particular area or sharing common interests or identities. Community elements include groups or individuals, a definite geographical area, and feelings of togetherness. Communities can be classified by location, interests, circumstances, and other factors. The structure of communities is influenced by aspects like gender, class, wealth, and occupation. Formation requires elements such as participatory decision making and clear agreements. The key difference between community and society is that a community shares common traits while a society's members adhere to common laws and customs.
This document provides an overview of the concept of social health justice. It discusses how social justice aims to ensure individuals fulfill their roles and receive their due from society. The document outlines philosophical and religious perspectives on social justice. It also examines the scope and importance of social justice in health care, discussing how it helps promote equitable distribution of health resources and control of disease. The document further analyzes injustices in health care delivery and provides definitions of key related concepts like distributive justice, health law, and public health law.
This document provides an overview of consumer health and rights. It defines consumer health as decisions people make when purchasing and using products and services that affect their health. Consumer rights protect consumers from unfair practices. The document outlines different types of consumers and elements of consumer health and rights, including the right to basic needs, safety, information, choice, and redress. It also discusses issues in consumer health services and products in Nepal, such as misleading information and accessibility problems. The document emphasizes the importance of intelligent consumer behavior and consumer protection.
This document provides information on professional development and related topics such as time management, personal productivity, decision making, problem solving, meetings, and listening skills. It defines professional development as the process of improving staff capabilities through education and training. It also discusses how professional development helps build staff morale and attract higher quality employees. The document then provides guidance on various time management strategies leaders use as well as how to measure and improve personal productivity. It defines decision making and describes the seven steps of making effective decisions. Finally, it discusses the definition of meetings and factors to consider when planning a meeting.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public health ethics. It discusses basic questions around balancing individual freedoms and social responsibilities. It also defines key terms like ethics, law, regulations, and rules. Additionally, it covers differences between western and eastern approaches to ethics. The document outlines some common ethical issues in public health like balancing individual vs. community rights, and acting on evidence versus not acting. It also discusses ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice as guides for public health action.
1. The document discusses various epidemiological measurements including counts, rates, ratios, and proportions. It provides examples and formulas for calculating crude rates, adjusted rates, and specific rates.
2. Incidence is defined as the rate of new cases of a disease in a population over time. There are two approaches to measuring incidence - cumulative incidence rate and incidence density rate.
3. The document is a draft for a course on measurements and calculations in epidemiology, providing instruction on important concepts and formulas.
Chikungunya is an emerging mosquito-borne viral disease that presents a growing public health threat. It was first identified in Tanzania in 1952 and causes fever and severe joint pain. The virus is transmitted between humans by Aedes mosquitoes. Recent outbreaks have affected millions of people in Asia and the Americas. While there is no vaccine or specific treatment, prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and limiting exposure. Physicians should consider chikungunya infection when patients present with acute fever and joint pain, especially after travel to affected regions.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
1. Unit 2: Terminologies used in
Epidemiology
(4 Hours)
Draft Version 1.1
Upendra Raj Dhakal
Lecturer: Valley College of Technical Sciences
9849110689
urdhakal@gmail.com
2. Infection
• The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi that are normally not present within the body.
• Parasites and Arthropods causes infestation. E.g.. Mosquito – malaria, lice
causes itching
• Infection might have no symptoms/subclinical(latent), or clinical symptoms
might be present.
• Infection might be localized or may spread through the blood or lymphatic
vessel to become systemic (body wise)
• Microorganisms (generally called as pathogens), that live naturally within
the body does not cause infection, but might occur if those pathogens
change their location
• When we have weak immune system, there is high chance of infection.
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4. Primary and Secondary Infection
• A primary infection is the first time you are exposed to
and infected by a pathogen.
• During a primary infection, your body has no innate defenses against
the organism, such as antibodies.
• A secondary infection can occur when a different infection, known as
the primary infection, makes a person more susceptible to disease.
• It is called a secondary infection because it occurs either after or
because of another infection. In other words, it is secondary to
that infection.
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5. Incubation and window period
• Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to
a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and
signs are first apparent.
• In a typical infectious disease, incubation period signifies the period taken
by the multiplying organism to reach a threshold necessary to produce
symptoms in the host.
• E.g.. ……………….?.............
• Window period is the time elapsed between first exposure to a pathogenic
organism, a chemical, or radiation, and its detection in laboratory.
• Incubation period is generally larger than window period, but it is not
necessary that incubation period is always larger than window period, esp.
when diseases are diagnosed by chance while diagnosing other disease.
• E.g.. …………?..............
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6. Signs and Symptoms of Infection
• Fever (This is sometimes the only sign of an infection) causing headache
and decrease in appetite.
• Chills and sweat
• Feeling a malaise
• Viral infections are not treated with antibiotics, rather use of antibiotics
increases the risk of antibiotic resistance.
• Fluid drainage
• Continual or increased pain
• Redness or swelling
• Etc.…
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7. Disease
• A condition of the body or some parts or organ of the body in which
its functions are deranged.
• It is a mal – adjustment of human organism to the environment.
• It is deviation from normal body function.
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8. Communicable disease
•An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic
products that arises through transmission of that
agent or its products from an infected person, animal
or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host; either
directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or
animal host, vector or the inanimate environment.
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9. Contd …
• A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to
another through a variety of way that include: contact with blood and
bodily fluids, breathing in an airborne virus, bite of an insect
• Communicable disease is caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or
fungi.
• Communicable disease can be transmitted directly (human – human),
or indirectly.
• Organisms that cause communicable disease are known as pathogens
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10. Case
• Cases are the group of people who have disease.
• In epidemiology, cases are studied either they contained risk factors
or not- in case – control studies (In cohort and RCT, we don’t use the
case)
• During study, cases are made homogenous as far as possible.
• Case definition: It is a set of criteria for determining whether a person
should be classified as being affected by the disease under
investigation. It includes sensitivity, not specificity.
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11. Contd …
• Index case
• A case that comes to the attention of public health authorities
• Primary case
• Person who acquires the disease from an exposure for the first time.
• Primary case comes in contact with the population and spreads the disease
• Secondary case
• Person who acquires the disease from an exposure to the primary case
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12. Host
• Host are animals who can get the disease.
• We are human host, or simply host.
• Host factor play major role in determining the outcome of an
individuals exposure to infection.
• Host factor can be classified as:
• Demographic: age, gender, …
• Biological: genetic, biochemical level, blood group and enzyme, cellular
constituents, …
• Social and economic: socio-economic, education, occupation, stress, …
• Lifestyle: alcohol, drugs, smoking, …
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13. Agent
• Substance, living or non living, or a force, tangible or intangible, excessive
presence or relative lack of which may initiate or perpetuate a disease
process.
• A disease might have single agent, number of independent alternative
agents, complex or two or more factors.
• Types of agents:
• Biological agents: bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoa, etc..
• Nutrient agents: Carb, protein, Fat, vitamins, minerals and water
• Physical agents: heat, cold, humidity, radiation, noise, electricity, etc..
• Chemical agent: Endogenous (urea, serum bilirubin, ketones, etc..) and Exogenous
(allergens, metals, fumes, dust, gases, …)
• Mechanical agents: Crushing, tearing, sprain, dislocation and even death
• Absence/Insufficiency or excess: hormones, chromosomal factors, immunological
factors, etc..
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14. Environment
• Extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for
exposure.
• Environmental factors includes:
• Physical factors: geology and climate, …
• Biological factors: insects, …
• Socio – economic factors: crowding, sanitation, availability of health services
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15. Relation between agent host and
environment (Epidemiological triad)
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16. Carriers
• Carrier is an organism with inapparent infection, who is capable of
transmitting the pathogens to others.
• Asymptomatic or passive or healthy carrier are those who never
experience symptoms despite being infected.
• Convalescent carriers are those who have recovered from their illness
but remain capable of transmitting disease to others.
• Chronic carriers are those who continue to harbor a pathogen, such
as HBV
• Humans, and any animals or even plants can act as carrier.
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17. Vectors
• An organism, typically a biting insect or tick, that transmits a disease
or parasite from one animal or plant to another.
• Organism that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into
another living organism;
• Sometimes vectors could be an inanimate medium of infection such
as dust particles.
• Vectors carry pathogens/agents and transmits to humans that may
result a disease condition.
• E.g.. Mosquito, housefly, louse, tick, fleas, etc..
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18. Reservoir
• Any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious
agent normally lives and multiplies.
• The reservoir typically harbors the infectious agent without injury to
itself and serves as a source from which other individuals can be
infected.
• The infectious agent primarily depends on the reservoir for its
survival.
• It is from the reservoir that the infectious substance is transmitted to
a human or another susceptible host.
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19. Contd …
• In infectious disease ecology and epidemiology, a natural reservoir,
also known as a disease reservoir or a reservoir of infection, is the
population of organisms or the specific environment in which an
infectious pathogen naturally lives and reproduces, or upon which the
pathogen primarily depends for its survival.
• E.g.. Humans, any animals or even plants.
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21. Endemic
• It is a condition in
a population when that infection is
constantly maintained at a baseline
level in a geographic area without
external inputs.
• Each person who becomes infected
with the disease must pass it on to
one other person on average.
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22. Outbreak and Epidemic
• An outbreak is the sudden occurrence of a disease in a community, which
has never experienced the disease before or when cases of that disease
occur in numbers (just) greater than expected in a defined area.
• When disease occurs in smaller scale, it is known as outbreak. When the
scale significantly increases, it is termed as epidemic. Many times,
outbreak and epidemic are used interchangeably.
• Before epidemic, disease must be out break.
• An increase in incidence above the expected in a defined geographic area
within a defined time period.
• It is the occurrence of an infectious disease clearly in excess of normal
expectancy, and generated from a common or propagated source.
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23. Contd …
• To declare epidemic, there should be threshold meet of baseline rate
of incidence.
• Rare disease have lower threshold, whereas common disease have
higher thresholds
• It is not necessary that communicable diseases are only epidemic.
• E.g.. Meningococcal infection if have attack rate of 15 cases per
100000 people for two consecutive week
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24. Types of epidemics
• Common Source outbreak: Affected individuals have an exposure to
common agent.
• If exposure is singular, and cases develop over a single exposure and
incubation course, it is point source outbreak.
• If the exposure is continuous, it is known as continuous outbreak.
• If the exposure is variable, it is known as intermittent outbreak.
• Propagated outbreak: In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads
from person to person making affected individuals as an independent
reservoir for disease transmission. i.e. multiple organisms carry
disease agents to transmit (propagation)
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25. Sporadic
• Occurring at irregular/haphazard intervals or only in a few places;
scattered or isolated.
• Diseases that are seen occasionally, and usually without geographic
concentration, are called sporadic disease.
• The cases of sporadic are few and separated widely in time and place
that they show no or little connection with each other, nor a
recognizable common source of infection.
• Sporadic disease might lead to epidemic.
• E.g.. Tetanus, rabies, and plague
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26. Pandemic
• Pan = all, demos = people
• Pandemic: A worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high
proportion of the global population.
• Pandemic spreads across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or
even worldwide.
• Pandemic = widespread + epidemic
• Increased likelihood of pandemic because of global travel and integration,
urbanization, changes in land use, and greater exploitation of natural
environment.
• E.g.. Black death/Great plague: Plague killed 75 million people in 1350;
Smallpox in Australia just before the colonization of Britain killed 50% of
the indigenous Australians; HIV; smallpox, Ebola, SARS; Cholera
Further: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/
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28. Enzootic
• Endemic in animals
• An enzootic is a condition, where there is a constant presence of
disease in animal population
• In epizoology, an infection is said to be enzootic in a population when
the infection is maintained in the population without the need of
external inputs
• It is similar to endemic in in humans
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29. Exotic disease
• Unusual or exiting condition because of coming (or appeared to
come) from far, specially from tropical and sub tropical areas.
• It is less prevalent to temperate climate due to the coldness, which
forces the control of infection due to the hibernation of reservoirs.
• It is also known as tropical disease
• E.g.. Ebola/hanta, Naegleria fowleri (brain eating amoeba), kuru
disease/laughing sickness (due to cannibalism, esp. brain), Measles,
Malaria, Leprosy, STI, Worms, Scabies, etc.
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30. Zoonosis
• Zoonosis is any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from
vertebrates animals to humans.
• Animals play an essential role in maintaining zoonotic infections in nature.
• Zoonoses may be bacterial, viral, or parasitic, or may involve
unconventional agents.
• As well as being a public health problem, many of the major zoonotic
diseases prevent the efficient production of food of animal origin and
create obstacles to international trade in animal products.
• E.g.. Swine Influenza (H1N1), Avian Influenza (H5N1), Rabies, Anthrax,
Brucellosis, Ebola,
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31. Epornithic
• Epidemic in birds
• An epornithic is a condition, where there is an outbreak of disease in
birds population
•
• It is similar to epidemic in humans
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32. Contamination
• Contaminants are the substances (desired or undesired) in any
natural environment.
• Contaminants are specific portion of matter or body that is not
wanted.
• When contaminants are harmful, than they are known as pollutants.
Pollutants might be pathogens or non pathogens/chemicals.
• Contamination is the presence of a constituent, impurity, or some
other undesirable element in a natural environment.
• E.g.. Water can be contaminated with iodine, but if there is presence
of urea, it is polluted.
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33. Infestation
• Infestation is the state of being invaded or overrun by pests, parasites
or arthropods
• Parasites and Arthropods causes infestation. E.g.. Mosquito – malaria,
lice causes itching
• Infestation can be:
• External: External (or ectoparasitic) infestation is a condition in which
organisms live primarily on the surface of the host and includes those
involving mites, ticks, lice and bed bugs.
• Internal: An internal (or endoparasites) infestation is a condition in which
organisms live within the host and includes those involving worms. E.g..
Roundworms.
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34. Contagious disease
• Contagious is derived from the word contagion, meaning contact
• Contagious disease are those which gets transmitted through direct
mode of transmission, like through physical contact and body
secretions.
• Non contagious infections need some medium for transmission, and
thus are transmitted indirectly.
• Presently, contagious disease are also identified as any communicable
or infectious disease.
• Often it is used to know very infectious, easily transmitted, severe
communicable disease.
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35. Nosocomial infection
• Nosocomial = Hospital originated
• Nosocomial infections are those Infection acquired in hospital after or from
48 hours after admission.
• A hospital-acquired infection may be defined as "any clinically recognizable
microbiological disease that affects the patient as a consequence of his
being admitted to hospital or attending for treatment, or the hospital staff
as a consequence of their work, whether or not the symptoms of the
disease appear while the affected person is in the hospital".
• Causes and example: UTI, frequent antimicrobial resistance, central venous
catheter, Nosocomial pneumonia, Surgical site infection.
• Iatrogenic Infection: Due to the activity of physician or therapy.
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36. Opportunistic Infection
• An opportunistic infection is an infection caused
by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take
advantage of an opportunity not normally available.
• It is seen in immune compromised patients.
• Immunodeficiency might occur due to: Malnutrition, Fatigue,
Recurrent infections, chemotherapy, genetics, etc.
• E.g.. Any infectious agent can act as opportunistic infectious agents.
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37. Iatrogenic Infection
• Iatrogenic = Related to illness caused by medical examination or
treatment.
• Iatrogenic disease is the result of diagnostic and therapeutic
procedures undertaken on a patient.
• Iatrogenic can be infectious as well as non infectious
• With the multitude of drugs prescribed to a single patient adverse
drug reactions are bound to occur – which are non infectious.
• When Iatrogenic is contagious, it is known as iatrogenic infection
• Any pathogens can act as iatrogenic agents to cause disease.
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38. Surveillance/Survey
• Close observation, especially of a suspected disease.
• It is the monitoring of behavior, activities, or other changing information
for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting people.
• Public health surveillance is the continuous, systematic collection, analysis
and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning,
implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.
• Surveillance must:
• serve as an early warning system for impending public health emergencies;
• document the impact of an intervention, or track progress towards specified goals;
and
• monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems, to allow priorities to be set
and to inform public health policy and strategies
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39. Prevention
• Prevention typically consists of methods or activities that seek to reduce or
deter specific or predictable problems, protect the current state of well-
being, or promote desired outcomes or behaviors.
• Five Levels of Prevention:
• Primordial Prevention: Reduce risk factors themselves by healthier lifestyle
• Primary prevention: Preventing before disease occurs. E.g. immunization
• Secondary Prevention: Early Diagnosis, Treatment and disability limitation
• Tertiary prevention: Restoration and rehabilitation
• Quaternary prevention: Mitigating or avoiding unnecessary or excessive
interventions
• Understanding the natural history of disease, appropriate prevention
intervention can be done.
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40. Control
• The power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of
events
• Reduction in the incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality of an
infectious disease to a locally acceptable level
• It includes:
• Control
• Elimination
• Eradication, and
• Extinction
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42. Certification of eradication
• WHO declares the eradication.
• Small pox is only one human disease eradicated ever
• Polio is underway for the declaration of eradication
• Rinderpest is zoonotic disease that has been declared eradicated.
• There are some criteria to declare the disease as eradicated:
(Assignment)
• ###
• ###
• ###
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44. Include following points for assignment
• Extreme care and detail procedure need to be followed.
• Biological factors determining eradication: ….???...
• Technical factors determining eradication: ….???...
• Specific disease should be identified clearly and accurately
• Eradication Initiative should be done.
• Detail lifecyle and intervention plan should be developed
• For Human disease: All host (other than humans) and reservoirs must be free from pathogens.
• For Animal disease: Easily identifiable reservoir.
• Availabe, acecssable (and affordable) interruption of disease transmission
• Routine vaccination for ###time###
• Global comitteement and action.
• Disease must not appear for ….?.... years continuously after eradication.
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45. Screening
• a strategy used in a population to identify the possible presence of an as-
yet-undiagnosed disease in individuals without signs or symptoms.
• This can include individuals with pre-symptomatic or unrecognized
symptomatic disease.
• A screening test is done to detect potential health disorders or diseases in
people who do not have any symptoms of disease.
• The goal is early detection and lifestyle changes or surveillance, to reduce
the risk of disease, or to detect it early enough to treat it most effectively.
• Universal screening: Screens all; Case finding: Screens small group.
• Screening is not done to diagnose disease
• Screening have high chance of giving false positive or false negative result.
Draft Version_1.2 (Feedbaack Welcomed)