This document provides an overview of the concept of social health justice. It discusses how social justice aims to ensure individuals fulfill their roles and receive their due from society. The document outlines philosophical and religious perspectives on social justice. It also examines the scope and importance of social justice in health care, discussing how it helps promote equitable distribution of health resources and control of disease. The document further analyzes injustices in health care delivery and provides definitions of key related concepts like distributive justice, health law, and public health law.
This document discusses community participation in community health services. It defines participation as involvement or engagement of community members. There are different forms and levels of participation, from passive participation where communities are involved as a means to achieve predetermined objectives, to active participation where communities take responsibility for their own development. The objectives, importance, and different levels of community participation in health are described, including compliance, collaboration, and local control. Models of participation discussed include contributory, collaborative, co-creative, and hosted participation.
This document provides an overview of community health development. It defines community health development as the process by which people in a community get involved in identifying needs, planning, implementing, and evaluating projects to improve the economic, social, cultural, and health status of the community. It discusses the goals of community health development as improving financial conditions, promoting democratic values, and identifying and solving health problems in the community. It also outlines various principles, strategies, and stages of community empowerment involved in community health development.
Community organization is a process by which a community identifies its needs, finds resources, and takes action through cooperation and collaboration. It aims to identify community objectives, problems, and needs; prioritize them; assess available resources; motivate community participation; and plan programs accordingly. The principles of community organization include democracy, community participation in decision-making, cooperation, and prevention. It is important for self-help development, realizing community strengths, and providing opportunities for meaningful participation. Community organization involves forming community-based groups, developing and implementing plans, and regularly monitoring and evaluating programs.
The document discusses concepts related to community, including definitions, elements, characteristics, types, structure, formation, and differences between community and society. It provides definitions of community as a group of people living together in a particular area or sharing common interests or identities. Community elements include groups or individuals, a definite geographical area, and feelings of togetherness. Communities can be classified by location, interests, circumstances, and other factors. The structure of communities is influenced by aspects like gender, class, wealth, and occupation. Formation requires elements such as participatory decision making and clear agreements. The key difference between community and society is that a community shares common traits while a society's members adhere to common laws and customs.
The document provides an overview of a unit on group dynamics and leadership. It discusses key concepts in group dynamics, including definitions of group dynamics, the natural and planned formation of groups, and the stages of group formation. It also covers group roles, both positive and negative, as well as common group problems and their effects, such as apathy, conflict, and inadequate decision-making. The document appears to be a draft for a lecture on group dynamics, as it includes placeholders for feedback and examples.
This document defines community development and outlines various approaches, strategies, and policies related to community development. It discusses definitions of community development, key qualities, reasons for community development, and differences between development "in" and "of" a community. It then describes three main approaches to community development: technical assistance, conflict, and self-help. Finally, it outlines various strategies for community development including locality development, social action, social planning, and capacity building, as well as policies that support community development.
Overall information required for community development is mentioned in the slide.
Assignment for Social Mobilization
Done by: Dipa Sharma, Gaurab Neupane, Gresha Suwal, Hemant Sahani and Himani Chand
This document discusses concepts and approaches related to community development. It provides numerous definitions of community development that emphasize self-help, participation of community members, and improving economic and social conditions. Community development is described as a process that helps individuals and communities grow through collective action. It involves strengthening relationships within communities and between communities and authorities. The goal of community development is to empower communities and make them self-reliant through identifying needs, prioritizing them, and developing solutions.
This document discusses community participation in community health services. It defines participation as involvement or engagement of community members. There are different forms and levels of participation, from passive participation where communities are involved as a means to achieve predetermined objectives, to active participation where communities take responsibility for their own development. The objectives, importance, and different levels of community participation in health are described, including compliance, collaboration, and local control. Models of participation discussed include contributory, collaborative, co-creative, and hosted participation.
This document provides an overview of community health development. It defines community health development as the process by which people in a community get involved in identifying needs, planning, implementing, and evaluating projects to improve the economic, social, cultural, and health status of the community. It discusses the goals of community health development as improving financial conditions, promoting democratic values, and identifying and solving health problems in the community. It also outlines various principles, strategies, and stages of community empowerment involved in community health development.
Community organization is a process by which a community identifies its needs, finds resources, and takes action through cooperation and collaboration. It aims to identify community objectives, problems, and needs; prioritize them; assess available resources; motivate community participation; and plan programs accordingly. The principles of community organization include democracy, community participation in decision-making, cooperation, and prevention. It is important for self-help development, realizing community strengths, and providing opportunities for meaningful participation. Community organization involves forming community-based groups, developing and implementing plans, and regularly monitoring and evaluating programs.
The document discusses concepts related to community, including definitions, elements, characteristics, types, structure, formation, and differences between community and society. It provides definitions of community as a group of people living together in a particular area or sharing common interests or identities. Community elements include groups or individuals, a definite geographical area, and feelings of togetherness. Communities can be classified by location, interests, circumstances, and other factors. The structure of communities is influenced by aspects like gender, class, wealth, and occupation. Formation requires elements such as participatory decision making and clear agreements. The key difference between community and society is that a community shares common traits while a society's members adhere to common laws and customs.
The document provides an overview of a unit on group dynamics and leadership. It discusses key concepts in group dynamics, including definitions of group dynamics, the natural and planned formation of groups, and the stages of group formation. It also covers group roles, both positive and negative, as well as common group problems and their effects, such as apathy, conflict, and inadequate decision-making. The document appears to be a draft for a lecture on group dynamics, as it includes placeholders for feedback and examples.
This document defines community development and outlines various approaches, strategies, and policies related to community development. It discusses definitions of community development, key qualities, reasons for community development, and differences between development "in" and "of" a community. It then describes three main approaches to community development: technical assistance, conflict, and self-help. Finally, it outlines various strategies for community development including locality development, social action, social planning, and capacity building, as well as policies that support community development.
Overall information required for community development is mentioned in the slide.
Assignment for Social Mobilization
Done by: Dipa Sharma, Gaurab Neupane, Gresha Suwal, Hemant Sahani and Himani Chand
This document discusses concepts and approaches related to community development. It provides numerous definitions of community development that emphasize self-help, participation of community members, and improving economic and social conditions. Community development is described as a process that helps individuals and communities grow through collective action. It involves strengthening relationships within communities and between communities and authorities. The goal of community development is to empower communities and make them self-reliant through identifying needs, prioritizing them, and developing solutions.
Social development is defined as a holistic and systematic approach to promoting individual and societal well-being through planned social change and economic development. It emerged in the 1920s through the work of L.T. Hobhouse and gained popularity under British colonial rule in Africa in the 1940s through mass literacy and community development programs. Since the 1940s, approaches to social development have included enterprise strategies emphasizing private initiatives, statist strategies involving centralized government planning and administration, and communitarian strategies focusing on local community participation. More recently, microcredit and microfinance initiatives exemplify a balanced approach incorporating free markets, government support, and grassroots participation to alleviate poverty and promote peace.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on social planning approaches and issues. It includes:
1) An introduction to the course content which will explore social planning theory, history, and case studies of organizations.
2) Learning objectives which are to understand the theoretical foundations of social planning approaches and examine issues, debates, and methods in social planning practice.
3) Course requirements which include readings, short papers, and a case study presentation and report on a social planning organization.
The document discusses various phases and methods involved in community organization. It begins by outlining key phases like study, analysis, assessment, decision making, organization, action, evaluation and modification. It then examines specific methods that can be used in each phase, such as surveys, interviews, meetings and committees for gathering and analyzing information. The summary emphasizes that community organization involves systematic planning, assessment of community needs and resources, and collective decision making and action to address issues in a sustainable manner.
Community development principles then and nowMerlyn Denesia
Community development principles have evolved over time. Originally in the 1940s-1980s, community development focused on holistically understanding community needs, culture, and felt needs. It emphasized self-help, cooperation, leadership, and participation. Now, principles stress responding to expressed community needs, concerted action through multi-purpose programs, changing attitudes, participation in governance, training local leaders, involving women and youth, mobilizing community resources, and national support for local development. Definitions of community development emphasize assisting community growth and betterment through organizing local resources, improving living conditions through collaborative people-centered efforts, and enabling democratic participation in priority problem-solving.
Ppt. strategies of social action. jins josehjinsjoseph000
The document discusses strategies for social action, which is a process used when other social work methods like group work and community organization fail to address community needs, especially related to unequal distribution of resources and power. It outlines three main strategies - collaboration, using pressure tactics like negotiation, and disruption through confrontation like strikes. The purpose of social action strategies is to enact structural changes and promote social justice in communities.
This document provides definitions and principles related to community development. It defines community as a group of people living together within a geographical area who share a common way of life. Community development is described as a process where government and community members work together to improve social, cultural and economic conditions. The key principles of community development discussed are community organization, acceptance and meaningful relationships, formal discussion, local adaptation, and equal opportunities.
Community development is a process where government efforts are united with community participation to improve social, economic, and cultural conditions. It involves communities coming together through mutual learning to develop themselves and address common problems. Approaches to community development include capacity building, social capital formation, economic development, and community-driven development. In India, community development focuses on improving habits and attitudes through group work and community organization at the village level with an emphasis on active community participation.
This is a small presentation done by me during my MSW. so i feel that this presentation gave a small introduction abou the community and community organization.
Community organization is a method of social work that aims to develop capacity within communities to handle their own needs and problems. It involves helping communities identify and prioritize needs, develop confidence to address them, find internal and external resources, and promote cooperative attitudes. The objectives of community organization are to involve community members democratically in meeting needs and developing services, and to improve coordination between organizations. It is guided by democratic values and empowering communities through participation.
Application of community organization in community health programSudip Adhikari
Community organization is defined as a process where a community identifies its needs, prioritizes them, develops confidence and willingness to address the needs, finds internal and external resources to do so, takes action, and promotes cooperative attitudes. Community health programs provide local education and treatment, typically serving people living in poverty or without insurance. They are usually non-profit and seek funding through various sources. Community organization can help community health programs with planning, research to understand community needs and resources, public relations, fundraising and budgeting, community development, social action, and consultation.
Voluntary organizations play an important role in promoting participation in development efforts in India. They work to organize communities and mobilize social support for government development programs. They are seen as more flexible than government bureaucracy and can take on activities like organizing the poor that the government cannot. Voluntary organizations have been recognized in India's Five Year Plans since the first plan and their role in supplementing government development efforts has increased over time. They work on issues like poverty alleviation, education, healthcare, and more. While they have limitations in scale and accountability, voluntary organizations continue to make important contributions to grassroots development in India.
Social Mobilization - A Conceptual Understanding - Imran Ahmad SajidDr. Imran A. Sajid
The document discusses social mobilization and its key elements. It defines social mobilization as motivating communities to organize for active participation in development. The key elements are: 1) Organizational development by forming community-based organizations through democratic processes and leadership building. 2) Capital formation through community savings to generate funds for development. 3) Training for human resource development by upgrading skills of community members. 4) Socio-economic development through activities like enterprise development and local initiatives. The social mobilizer's role is to facilitate this process of organizing and empowering communities.
C7_D11 Community Participation and Empowerment_Rabindra Nath Sabatocasiconference
Community participation and empowerment involve three key concepts - participation, community, and empowerment.
[1] Participation refers to the level and phase of involvement of community members, from merely being informed to acting together in partnerships. It is important to identify who is involved from the community.
[2] A community is a group of interacting people living in a common location who have developed social bonds and a shared identity. Key factors that define a community include its history, social and economic characteristics, and culture.
[3] Empowerment is the process of enhancing people's freedom of choice and ability to influence decisions affecting their lives. It involves access to information, participation, accountability, and building local organizational
This document discusses principles of community organization in social work. It outlines principles put forth by different authors, including Dunham who identified 28 principles across 7 categories. Ross identified 12 specific principles regarding initiation and continuation of community organization processes. These principles focus on discontent with existing conditions, channeling discontent into specific problems and organization, involving community leaders, developing goals and communication, and strengthening groups. The document also discusses 8 principles for community organization in India put forth by Siddiqui, focusing on objectives, planning, participation, inter-group approach, democracy, flexibility, resources, and culture.
Community-based organizations (CBOs) are non-profits that operate within a single local community. They address local needs and facilitate community development efforts like access to microfinance and improving community health, education, and infrastructure. CBOs plan, implement, and monitor social and economic development programs with technical and financial assistance to communities. They have played an important role in development in Pakistan by building infrastructure, providing services, and empowering local communities. Suggestions to enhance CBO performance include increasing transparency, collaboration with other groups, and ensuring democratic representation and decision-making.
NGOs can be funded through various sources and have different structures and purposes. They are generally non-profit and independent of government. NGOs play important roles like advocating for social causes, empowering communities, delivering humanitarian services, monitoring government, and promoting sustainable development. They operate at various levels from local communities to internationally. NGOs undertake activities like advocacy, capacity building, conflict resolution, and service delivery. They can have orientations around charity, services, empowerment, and self-help.
Community development aims to empower communities and promote social justice. It is defined as building active communities based on mutual respect and removing barriers to participation. A community can be defined by geography, culture, social factors or networks. Key principles of community development include participation, empowerment, being community-led, and promoting social justice. Activities involve profiling communities, capacity building, organizing, networking and negotiating. Practitioners face dilemmas around funding, accountability, acceptability of issues to authorities, and evaluating complex community-level outcomes. The overall goal is to empower disadvantaged communities to have greater control over decisions impacting their health and lives.
This presentation outlines the basics of Direct Action community organizing as taught by the Midwest Academy in Chicago and as developed by Saul Alinsky. Tom Tresser, tom@tresser.com.
The document outlines seven theories that provide frameworks for understanding community development:
1. Social capital theory focuses on relationships and trust building.
2. Structural functionalism examines community structures and organizations.
3. Conflict theory addresses power dynamics and competing interests between groups.
4. Symbolic interactionism explores how shared meanings are constructed through social interaction.
5. Communicative action theory promotes deliberation to integrate technical and local knowledge.
6. Rational choice theory examines individual motivations for participation.
7. Structuration theory links macro and micro perspectives by considering community structures and agency.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public health ethics. It discusses basic questions around balancing individual freedoms and social responsibilities. It also defines key terms like ethics, law, regulations, and rules. Additionally, it covers differences between western and eastern approaches to ethics. The document outlines some common ethical issues in public health like balancing individual vs. community rights, and acting on evidence versus not acting. It also discusses ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice as guides for public health action.
Careif Position Statement: Mental Health Human Rights and Human DignityMrBiswas
Mental Health, Human Rights and Human Dignity "Magna Carta for people living with Mental Illness".
It is often said that the true test of a decent society is the way it treats its most vulnerable citizens. However, across the world, too often, politicians, policy-makers, professionals and those with the authority and duty to protect and provide for them, fail to do so. In many countries people do not have access to basic mental health care and the treatment they require. In others, the absence of community-based mental health care means the only care available is in psychiatric institutions, which may be associated with grossly impoverished living conditions and even human rights violations, including inhuman and degrading treatment. In addition, in countries recently affected by economic depression, mental health services are under threat from the economic-reductionist debate as the engine of growth has gone into reverse.
Social development is defined as a holistic and systematic approach to promoting individual and societal well-being through planned social change and economic development. It emerged in the 1920s through the work of L.T. Hobhouse and gained popularity under British colonial rule in Africa in the 1940s through mass literacy and community development programs. Since the 1940s, approaches to social development have included enterprise strategies emphasizing private initiatives, statist strategies involving centralized government planning and administration, and communitarian strategies focusing on local community participation. More recently, microcredit and microfinance initiatives exemplify a balanced approach incorporating free markets, government support, and grassroots participation to alleviate poverty and promote peace.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on social planning approaches and issues. It includes:
1) An introduction to the course content which will explore social planning theory, history, and case studies of organizations.
2) Learning objectives which are to understand the theoretical foundations of social planning approaches and examine issues, debates, and methods in social planning practice.
3) Course requirements which include readings, short papers, and a case study presentation and report on a social planning organization.
The document discusses various phases and methods involved in community organization. It begins by outlining key phases like study, analysis, assessment, decision making, organization, action, evaluation and modification. It then examines specific methods that can be used in each phase, such as surveys, interviews, meetings and committees for gathering and analyzing information. The summary emphasizes that community organization involves systematic planning, assessment of community needs and resources, and collective decision making and action to address issues in a sustainable manner.
Community development principles then and nowMerlyn Denesia
Community development principles have evolved over time. Originally in the 1940s-1980s, community development focused on holistically understanding community needs, culture, and felt needs. It emphasized self-help, cooperation, leadership, and participation. Now, principles stress responding to expressed community needs, concerted action through multi-purpose programs, changing attitudes, participation in governance, training local leaders, involving women and youth, mobilizing community resources, and national support for local development. Definitions of community development emphasize assisting community growth and betterment through organizing local resources, improving living conditions through collaborative people-centered efforts, and enabling democratic participation in priority problem-solving.
Ppt. strategies of social action. jins josehjinsjoseph000
The document discusses strategies for social action, which is a process used when other social work methods like group work and community organization fail to address community needs, especially related to unequal distribution of resources and power. It outlines three main strategies - collaboration, using pressure tactics like negotiation, and disruption through confrontation like strikes. The purpose of social action strategies is to enact structural changes and promote social justice in communities.
This document provides definitions and principles related to community development. It defines community as a group of people living together within a geographical area who share a common way of life. Community development is described as a process where government and community members work together to improve social, cultural and economic conditions. The key principles of community development discussed are community organization, acceptance and meaningful relationships, formal discussion, local adaptation, and equal opportunities.
Community development is a process where government efforts are united with community participation to improve social, economic, and cultural conditions. It involves communities coming together through mutual learning to develop themselves and address common problems. Approaches to community development include capacity building, social capital formation, economic development, and community-driven development. In India, community development focuses on improving habits and attitudes through group work and community organization at the village level with an emphasis on active community participation.
This is a small presentation done by me during my MSW. so i feel that this presentation gave a small introduction abou the community and community organization.
Community organization is a method of social work that aims to develop capacity within communities to handle their own needs and problems. It involves helping communities identify and prioritize needs, develop confidence to address them, find internal and external resources, and promote cooperative attitudes. The objectives of community organization are to involve community members democratically in meeting needs and developing services, and to improve coordination between organizations. It is guided by democratic values and empowering communities through participation.
Application of community organization in community health programSudip Adhikari
Community organization is defined as a process where a community identifies its needs, prioritizes them, develops confidence and willingness to address the needs, finds internal and external resources to do so, takes action, and promotes cooperative attitudes. Community health programs provide local education and treatment, typically serving people living in poverty or without insurance. They are usually non-profit and seek funding through various sources. Community organization can help community health programs with planning, research to understand community needs and resources, public relations, fundraising and budgeting, community development, social action, and consultation.
Voluntary organizations play an important role in promoting participation in development efforts in India. They work to organize communities and mobilize social support for government development programs. They are seen as more flexible than government bureaucracy and can take on activities like organizing the poor that the government cannot. Voluntary organizations have been recognized in India's Five Year Plans since the first plan and their role in supplementing government development efforts has increased over time. They work on issues like poverty alleviation, education, healthcare, and more. While they have limitations in scale and accountability, voluntary organizations continue to make important contributions to grassroots development in India.
Social Mobilization - A Conceptual Understanding - Imran Ahmad SajidDr. Imran A. Sajid
The document discusses social mobilization and its key elements. It defines social mobilization as motivating communities to organize for active participation in development. The key elements are: 1) Organizational development by forming community-based organizations through democratic processes and leadership building. 2) Capital formation through community savings to generate funds for development. 3) Training for human resource development by upgrading skills of community members. 4) Socio-economic development through activities like enterprise development and local initiatives. The social mobilizer's role is to facilitate this process of organizing and empowering communities.
C7_D11 Community Participation and Empowerment_Rabindra Nath Sabatocasiconference
Community participation and empowerment involve three key concepts - participation, community, and empowerment.
[1] Participation refers to the level and phase of involvement of community members, from merely being informed to acting together in partnerships. It is important to identify who is involved from the community.
[2] A community is a group of interacting people living in a common location who have developed social bonds and a shared identity. Key factors that define a community include its history, social and economic characteristics, and culture.
[3] Empowerment is the process of enhancing people's freedom of choice and ability to influence decisions affecting their lives. It involves access to information, participation, accountability, and building local organizational
This document discusses principles of community organization in social work. It outlines principles put forth by different authors, including Dunham who identified 28 principles across 7 categories. Ross identified 12 specific principles regarding initiation and continuation of community organization processes. These principles focus on discontent with existing conditions, channeling discontent into specific problems and organization, involving community leaders, developing goals and communication, and strengthening groups. The document also discusses 8 principles for community organization in India put forth by Siddiqui, focusing on objectives, planning, participation, inter-group approach, democracy, flexibility, resources, and culture.
Community-based organizations (CBOs) are non-profits that operate within a single local community. They address local needs and facilitate community development efforts like access to microfinance and improving community health, education, and infrastructure. CBOs plan, implement, and monitor social and economic development programs with technical and financial assistance to communities. They have played an important role in development in Pakistan by building infrastructure, providing services, and empowering local communities. Suggestions to enhance CBO performance include increasing transparency, collaboration with other groups, and ensuring democratic representation and decision-making.
NGOs can be funded through various sources and have different structures and purposes. They are generally non-profit and independent of government. NGOs play important roles like advocating for social causes, empowering communities, delivering humanitarian services, monitoring government, and promoting sustainable development. They operate at various levels from local communities to internationally. NGOs undertake activities like advocacy, capacity building, conflict resolution, and service delivery. They can have orientations around charity, services, empowerment, and self-help.
Community development aims to empower communities and promote social justice. It is defined as building active communities based on mutual respect and removing barriers to participation. A community can be defined by geography, culture, social factors or networks. Key principles of community development include participation, empowerment, being community-led, and promoting social justice. Activities involve profiling communities, capacity building, organizing, networking and negotiating. Practitioners face dilemmas around funding, accountability, acceptability of issues to authorities, and evaluating complex community-level outcomes. The overall goal is to empower disadvantaged communities to have greater control over decisions impacting their health and lives.
This presentation outlines the basics of Direct Action community organizing as taught by the Midwest Academy in Chicago and as developed by Saul Alinsky. Tom Tresser, tom@tresser.com.
The document outlines seven theories that provide frameworks for understanding community development:
1. Social capital theory focuses on relationships and trust building.
2. Structural functionalism examines community structures and organizations.
3. Conflict theory addresses power dynamics and competing interests between groups.
4. Symbolic interactionism explores how shared meanings are constructed through social interaction.
5. Communicative action theory promotes deliberation to integrate technical and local knowledge.
6. Rational choice theory examines individual motivations for participation.
7. Structuration theory links macro and micro perspectives by considering community structures and agency.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public health ethics. It discusses basic questions around balancing individual freedoms and social responsibilities. It also defines key terms like ethics, law, regulations, and rules. Additionally, it covers differences between western and eastern approaches to ethics. The document outlines some common ethical issues in public health like balancing individual vs. community rights, and acting on evidence versus not acting. It also discusses ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice as guides for public health action.
Careif Position Statement: Mental Health Human Rights and Human DignityMrBiswas
Mental Health, Human Rights and Human Dignity "Magna Carta for people living with Mental Illness".
It is often said that the true test of a decent society is the way it treats its most vulnerable citizens. However, across the world, too often, politicians, policy-makers, professionals and those with the authority and duty to protect and provide for them, fail to do so. In many countries people do not have access to basic mental health care and the treatment they require. In others, the absence of community-based mental health care means the only care available is in psychiatric institutions, which may be associated with grossly impoverished living conditions and even human rights violations, including inhuman and degrading treatment. In addition, in countries recently affected by economic depression, mental health services are under threat from the economic-reductionist debate as the engine of growth has gone into reverse.
This document discusses several topics related to health ethics, policy, and justice. It includes questions about euthanasia, medical ethics principles, and the physician Hippocrates. Regarding right to health, it discusses the UN declaration and WHO statements on access to medical care as a basic human right. Issues related to this right include costs, awareness, living standards, and resource distribution. Principles of distributive justice in healthcare include equal shares, needs-based, merit-based, and contribution-based models. Ethical problems arise from unsatisfactory distribution and disparities. Health policy objectives consider population health standards, access, investment, and rational drug use. Factors in policy include indicators, quality of life, costs
The document discusses the evolution of health rights from ancient concepts to modern international agreements. It notes that 142 countries have ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which recognizes the right to health. National constitutions in 193 countries also recognize some form of right to health. International organizations like the WHO and cooperation between agencies like PAHO and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have helped promote and protect health rights.
This document discusses human rights education in India. It defines human rights as protections for individuals against interference with fundamental freedoms and dignity. It explains that human rights education aims to enhance knowledge of rights, foster tolerance, and develop skills to protect rights. The curriculum focuses on history, geography, civics, economics, and science to teach about rights. Teaching methods include discussion, projects, and celebrating rights-related days. The Indian constitution and education policy outline provisions for protecting rights.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on culture, health, and society. It discusses several key topics:
1. Basic human rights such as the right to life, liberty, equality, and security. Human rights protect individuals from abuse and guarantee access to basic needs.
2. A rights-based approach to health that ensures availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of health services for all.
3. The importance of a client-centered approach to health care where patients are equal partners in their care and their needs, preferences, and wishes are respected.
4. The responsibility of governments and societies to provide for basic human needs like food, housing, health care, education, and social
This document provides information about a course on measurement of health and disease. It outlines the teaching methods, assessment methods, objectives, and content covered in the course. The content includes definitions of health, disease, and public health. It also discusses concepts of health, the history and development of public health, core functions and services of public health, public health sciences and their use in medicine, the differences between community and clinical medicine, and the definition and components of epidemiology.
An Overview of Human Rights, Health Related Rights & HIV/AIDS in KenyaLyla Latif
This document provides an overview of human rights and health-related rights in the context of HIV/AIDS. It discusses key human rights principles and international conventions that establish rights to health, non-discrimination, privacy, and informed consent. Violations of these rights can exacerbate the HIV epidemic by preventing access to services, education, and protection. Upholding human rights is crucial for effective HIV prevention, treatment, and care. The document also outlines the link between human rights, health, and HIV, giving examples of how policies can either violate rights or promote health.
This document provides an introduction to community health nursing. It defines key terms like community, community health, public health, and the differences between urban and rural communities. It discusses the historical development of community health nursing from ancient civilizations to the modern era. It outlines the objectives, roles, and functions of community health nurses, which include providing care, educating communities, managing resources, conducting research, and advocating for community needs. The nursing process is applied to the role of community nurses in home visits to assess needs, plan interventions, implement plans, and evaluate outcomes.
An invited presentation as part of the International Association of Catholic Bioethicists series on Ethics and Pandemics. The series of recordings can be found here https://iacb.ca/web-discussions/
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfteEttaBenton28
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfte.docxaulasnilda
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
1Identifying the VulnerableLearning ObjectivesAfte.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Identifying the Vulnerable
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain the concept of vulnerable populations.
• Discuss how the theories of common good and individual rights contribute to the cre-
ation of public policy in health care.
• Determine how the concept of resource availability relates to one’s health.
• Examine the aggregate statistical data on the number and growth of identified vulnerable
populations.
• Identify the vulnerable populations in the United States.
Courtesy of Chris Bett/fotolia
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 1 11/26/12 10:32 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
Introduction
Two women enter the hospital with pneumonia. They are similar in age, but of dif-ferent races. One patient has private health insurance; the other is on Medicaid. One patient recovers quickly while the other languishes. What can be surmised from the
differences in the two patients? Thinking on this and asking the right questions allows
health care providers to create patient care plans that better meet each patient’s needs.
Providing better health care to all patients requires awareness of environmental factors
that may prohibit timely recovery and put the patient at risk for secondary and repeat
infections.
Environmental factors such as finances, family, and education all affect a person’s vulner-
ability, or risk level. Understanding statistical data on vulnerable populations will help
you interpret patient information. This allows easier identification of those who are at
risk, so that providers may plan care accordingly. Addressing the needs of at-risk popula-
tions leads to faster patient recovery, thereby lowering the cost of patient care.
Lowering health care costs is important for the patient, the care provider, and the whole
country. Nonprofit organizations and government agencies work to identify and help
at-risk groups. This activity affects both government and organizational policy among
health care providers.
This text investigates the statistical data and indicators of vulnerable populations in
American health care. It also covers the causes of vulnerability and the prevailing ideolo-
gies on dealing with at-risk populations. We will also discuss what is currently being done
through policymaking and program implementation to address the needs of vulnerable
populations and what the future looks like for at-risk groups. This chapter focuses on
identifying vulnerable populations. The relationship between resource availability and
health is an important part of recognizing at-risk groups. Finally, we will look at statistical
data concerning the at-risk groups identified in the book.
Critical Thinking
The text states, “Addressing the needs of at-risk populations leads to faster patient recovery, thereby
lowering the cost of patient care.” How does addressing the needs of at-risk populations lead to faster
patient recovery?
bur25613_01_c01_001-038.indd 2 11/26/12 ...
This document discusses the concepts of social justice and human rights in mental health settings. It defines social justice as promoting a just society through challenging injustice and valuing diversity. The document outlines several principles of social justice including human dignity, respect for human life, rights and responsibilities, the common good, priority for the poor and vulnerable, solidarity, and participation. It also discusses the importance of civil rights, human rights, social defense, and social security in mental health settings. Finally, it summarizes key principles from the UN on human rights and mental health, including the right to treatment, non-discrimination, and informed consent.
Ethics, law, and bioethics are related but distinct concepts. Ethics concern moral standards of conduct and determining what is good versus bad. Laws are societal rules that must be followed or face penalties. Bioethics applies ethics to issues in medicine and biotechnology. It addresses topics like end of life care, reproduction, cloning, and genetics. Key principles of bioethics include respecting autonomy, benefiting patients, distributing risks and benefits fairly, and avoiding harm.
Human rights are rights that are believed to belong to every person regardless of background or attributes. They are based on respect for individual dignity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN in 1948 to promote these rights internationally. It aims to prevent devastation from war by establishing basic standards for all humans. Core values of human rights include equality, justice and respect. Women's rights and children's rights are also discussed, including the right to equal treatment, provision of basic needs, and protection from harm.
Sase and Eddy. End of Life Care. Georgetown Public Policy (2016)eriesase
This document summarizes a study examining end-of-life care for millennials caring for aging parents through a public health and human rights lens. The study analyzed key areas of end-of-life care theory and practice, finding both achievements and concerns. While concepts like patient well-being and quality of care are legally required, their lack of clear definitions creates ambiguity. Disparities also exist in availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of care. To better support millennials and future patients, standardized services and strong public health systems are needed to ensure high quality, universal end-of-life care.
This document provides an overview of human rights and their classification. It defines human rights as the inherent rights of all people by virtue of being human, as derived from human dignity. Human rights are categorized into civil/political rights and economic/social/cultural rights. It also describes Karel Vasak's three generations of human rights: first generation as civil/political, second as economic/social/cultural, and third as collective rights. The document outlines the core provisions of the two main international human rights covenants and discusses various UN human rights bodies and instruments.
The document provides an overview of the concept of public health, its history and challenges. It discusses:
- The definition of public health as promoting health through organized community efforts like sanitation, disease control, health education and access to care.
- How the "great sanitary awakening" in the 19th century identified filth as a cause of disease, leading to a focus on cleanliness and prevention over reacting to outbreaks.
- The work of Edwin Chadwick who documented poor living conditions and their impact on health, and proposed sanitary reforms be addressed through engineering and public boards of health.
- The core functions of public health as assessment, policy development and assurance to collect data,
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This document discusses six common qualitative data analysis techniques: thematic analysis, content analysis, grounded analysis, discourse analysis, narrative analysis, and phenomenology/heuristic analysis. It provides an overview of each technique and examples of their application. Thematic analysis involves familiarizing with data, generating codes, organizing codes into potential themes, and defining the themes. Content analysis determines the frequency of words and concepts to emerge categories and themes. Grounded analysis allows data to speak freely to formulate theory without predetermined points. Discourse analysis examines linguistic elements like grammar and sounds within social contexts of communication. Narrative analysis studies how participants construct stories through sequencing of events and reflections. Phenomenology focuses on human experiences and viewpoints through bracketing out the
This document provides an overview of consumer health and rights. It defines consumer health as decisions people make when purchasing and using products and services that affect their health. Consumer rights protect consumers from unfair practices. The document outlines different types of consumers and elements of consumer health and rights, including the right to basic needs, safety, information, choice, and redress. It also discusses issues in consumer health services and products in Nepal, such as misleading information and accessibility problems. The document emphasizes the importance of intelligent consumer behavior and consumer protection.
This document provides information on professional development and related topics such as time management, personal productivity, decision making, problem solving, meetings, and listening skills. It defines professional development as the process of improving staff capabilities through education and training. It also discusses how professional development helps build staff morale and attract higher quality employees. The document then provides guidance on various time management strategies leaders use as well as how to measure and improve personal productivity. It defines decision making and describes the seven steps of making effective decisions. Finally, it discusses the definition of meetings and factors to consider when planning a meeting.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. It has several aims including describing disease occurrence, identifying risk factors, and evaluating prevention programs. Key events in the history of epidemiology include John Snow's investigation of a cholera outbreak in London and Florence Nightingale's studies on epidemic typhus. Epidemiology is used in public health to investigate health issues and inform interventions and policies.
1. The document discusses various epidemiological measurements including counts, rates, ratios, and proportions. It provides examples and formulas for calculating crude rates, adjusted rates, and specific rates.
2. Incidence is defined as the rate of new cases of a disease in a population over time. There are two approaches to measuring incidence - cumulative incidence rate and incidence density rate.
3. The document is a draft for a course on measurements and calculations in epidemiology, providing instruction on important concepts and formulas.
Chikungunya is an emerging mosquito-borne viral disease that presents a growing public health threat. It was first identified in Tanzania in 1952 and causes fever and severe joint pain. The virus is transmitted between humans by Aedes mosquitoes. Recent outbreaks have affected millions of people in Asia and the Americas. While there is no vaccine or specific treatment, prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and limiting exposure. Physicians should consider chikungunya infection when patients present with acute fever and joint pain, especially after travel to affected regions.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
4 social health justic
1. Unit 4: Social Health Justice
Draft Version 2
(7 hrs.)
Upendra Raj Dhakal
Lecturer: Valley College of Technical Sciences, Kathmandu
989110689
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 1
2. Introduction
• It is just a fair relationship between individual and society
• It is measured in terms of distribution of wealth, personal opportunities,
social privileges, social roles, dignity of individuals,
• It was practiced even during the time of Plato, Aristotle and Socrates
(Before 300 BC), and was traced through the theology of Saint Augustine
of Hippo and the philosophy of Thomas Paine (After 300 AD).
• The word Social Justice was coined in 1840s and spread in 1848
• From early 20th century, it was embedded in international law and
institutions
• In late 20th Century, it was understood as a philosophy in social contract
• In 1993, Social Justice was considered as human rights education
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 2
3. Concept
• It is a process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their social roles and
receive what was their due from the society.
• Presently, breaking of barriers for social mobility, safety nets and economic
justice are taken into consideration.
• It defines rights and duties of an institution of society (Like: taxation, social
insurance, public services, labor law, regulations, equal opportunity, …)
enabling basic benefits and burdens of cooperation.
• It is seen through Philosophical Perspectives and Religious Perspectives
• Social justice movements: Liberation theology, Health Care (bioethics), and
human right education.
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 3
4. Philosophical Perspectives
• Cosmic Values: If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation
• John Rawls: Representative population holds powers as a trustee for
the citizen. It includes Freedom of thought, Liberty of conscience,
political liberty, freedom of association, rights and liberties covered
by law.
• Thomas Pogge: Institutional cosmopolitanism. E.g. Third party should
not recognize or enforce slavery.
• United Nation: Strong and coherent policies should be conceived and
implemented by public agencies
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 4
5. Religious Perspective
• Hinduism: Jati hierarchy. Cast hierarchy, gender, Senior Citizens
• Islam: Wealth, poor has a right to assist from the more fortunate,
safety and security of minority populations: women, children, elderly,
disabled, …
• Judaism: charity, every person is born with equally good and evil
powers, any power can dominate other. Anger is considered as bad.
• Christianity: preferential options for poor and vulnerable, …
• Jain: The jewels, are right belief, right knowledge and right conduct.
The supreme principle of Jain living is non violence (ahimsa)
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 5
6. Contd …
• The concept of Social Justice arise when there was discrimination and
imbalance in the society.
• Imbalance were in terms of gender, sexuality, religion, political
affiliation, age, race, belief, disability, location, social class, socio
economic circumstances, etc.
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 6
7. Definition of Social Justice
The distribution of good (advantages) and bad
(disadvantages) in society, and how these things
should be distributed in society. It is concerned with
the ways that resources are allocated to people by
social institutions. David Miller
Assuring the protection of equal access to liberties,
rights, and opportunities, as well as taking care of the
least advantaged members of society. John Rawls
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 7
8. Contd …
"... promoting a just society by challenging injustice and valuing
diversity." It exists when "all people share a common humanity and
therefore have a right to equitable treatment, support for their human
rights, and a fair allocation of community resources."
(Toowoomba Catholic Education, 2006)
(https://www.huffingtonpost.com/epaminondas-farmakis/social-justice-and-econom_b_6977098.html)
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 8
10. Social Justice and Health
• Bioethics
• Allocation of health resources
• Lack of multiple compounding factors in developing world (medical
equipment, health professionals and hospitals)
• Lack of drinking water, during famines.
• Disease conditions: TB, Malaria, HIV/AIDs
• Unfair distribution of scientific infrastructure in different countries.
• Access of health services only for rich
• Less importance given to PHC, declaration of death of PHC.
• Promoting privatization in Health.
• Considered the moral and ethical foundation of public health, i.e., distributive
justice.
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 10
11. Distributive justice
• It is is a concept that addresses the ownership of goods in a society. It
assumes that there is a large amount of fairness in the distribution of
goods.
• Equal work should provide individuals with an equal outcome in
terms of goods acquired or the ability to acquire goods.
• Distributive justice is absent when equal work does not produce
equal outcomes or when an individual or a group acquires a
disproportionate amount of goods.
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 11
12. Scope
• Constitutional guarantees and safeguards relating to health and
demarcation of legislative responsibility
• Health related international Treaties, Conventions and Similar Instruments.
• Regulations of different systems of medicine
• Organizational and administration of health care, health care facilities and
services
• Economic aspect of health care
• Inter sectorial cooperation
• Community participation
• Health research and health education
• Human recourse for health
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 12
13. Contd …
• Disease control and medical care
• Public health with particular reference to sanitation
• Family health and welfare
• Human reproduction and public policies
• Care of special groups
• Mental health
• Dental health
• Control of alcoholism, drug abuse and smoking
• Ethical issues and professional responsibility
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 13
14. Contd …
• Transplants, death and related issues
• Nutrition and food safety
• Consumer protection
• Pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medical devices
• Poisons, pesticides and other hazardous substances
• Occupational health and safety
• Environmental pollution
• Radiation protection
• Accident prevention
• Veterinary products and plants
• Sports and recreation
• Health Information and statistics
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 14
15. Importance
• Helps in equitable distribution of health resources
• Helps in practicing ethical research activities
• Provide quality in health service delivery
• Control of disease
• Control over bio and other forms of weapons
• Promotion of comprehensive aspect of Public health
• Eliminating partiality and discrimination in terms of health
• ………….
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 15
16. Injustice in Health Care Delivery
• Racism: ….
• Geography: …
• Ethnicity: …
• Education: …
• Gender: …
• Caste: …
• Age: …
• Disability: …
• Class: …
• Approach and accessibility: …
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 16
17. Health Law
• Broad and interdisciplinary field that involves any law which affects the
health of individuals and the public.
• Includes specific laws that regulate the health industry, the public’s health,
and the delivery and financing of health care services.
• It also includes more general laws that can impact health and health care,
such as corporate and tax law, environmental law, tort law, bioethics and
law, constitutional law, family law, juvenile and elder law, administrative
law, intellectual property law, social welfare law and international law.
• Focus areas in Health Laws are: Law, medicine and Bio ethics, Regulation of
Health care business, Health and Social Justice, Public health and the
environment, International Health and Human rights, Health Science and
technology.
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 17
18. Nature of Health Law
• Generalized in nature
• Focuses on preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative approach.
• Protects the health rights
• Equity and equality
• Interlinked and collaborated with other laws
• Participatory
• Impartial and bias-less
• Promoting ethical practices
• …….
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 18
19. Types of Health Law
• Acts regulating drugs, and medicinal and related substances
• Acts regulating biosafety and bio security
• Act regulating health care professionals
• Act concerning disease and other medical conditions
• National registry of disease act
• Acts concerning medical practice and research
• Global acts
(https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/legislation/legislation_and_guidelines.html)
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 19
20. Public Health Law
• Public Health Law is one of the section under Health Law.
• Public health law generally focuses on preventing injury and disease
by lowering health risks among populations.
• It examines the authority of government to improve public health
within societal limits and norms.
• It focuses on duties of government to achieve goals, limits on power
and population perspective.
• It also focuses on legal issues in public health practice and on the
public health effect of legal practice.
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 20
21. Bio ethics
See previous slides (Unit 1)
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 21
22. Implementation strategies of health law
• Government Options: Federal Government must centralize
governance in terms of legislation.
• Funding power: sharing cost between federal, local or regional
governments.
• Intergovernmental agreements: different governments and levels of
governments. Regional, local or central; between different countries.
• National guidelines
(http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/3/07-042838/en/)
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 22
23. Contd …
Governance
strategies
Advantages Disadvantages Potential area of use
Legislation • enforceable
• clear designation of roles and
responsibilities
• clear lines of accountability
• dependent on existence of
appropriate constitutional authority
• may damage relations with other
levels of government
• inflexible
• authority to oversee and guide
response to a PHEIC
• mechanism to ensure transfer of
epidemiological data to national
level
Funding
arrangements
• enforceable
• links capacity development
to governance strategy
• respects constitutional
boundaries
• may be changed unilaterally by
national government
• may be viewed as coercive
• creates some ambiguity as to
accountability
• surveillance capacity development
in combination with meeting IHR
reporting requirements
Agreements • respects constitutional
boundaries
• limits to enforceability • mechanism to ensure transfer of
epidemiological data to national
level
Guidelines • respects constitutional
boundaries
• flexible
• least enforceable • standardization
(http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/3/07-042838-table-T2.html)
23
24. Challenges in implementing health law
• War between comprehensive and selective approach in health
• Increased autonomy in local recourse mobilization and utilization
• Lack of TIA in governing organizations (bureaucratic procedures)
• Bottom up Vs top down planning
• Conflict in commitments done by different countries
• Political instability and polarizations,
• Fragmentations, duplications and lack of coordination.
• Health law as less prioritized
• ……
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 24
25. Difference between ….
Basis for
Comparison
Law Fund. Right Hum. Right Justice
Meaning
See in Ethics
part (Unit 1)
Fundamental Rights means the primary
rights of the citizens which are
justifiable and written in the
constitution.
Human Rights are the basic rights
that all the human beings can enjoy,
no matter where they live, what they
do, and how they behave, etc..
See in Ethics
Part (Unit 1)
Includes Basic Rights Only Basic and Absolute Rights
Scope It is country specific. It is universal.
Basic Principle Right of freedom Right of life with dignity
Guarantee Constitutionally guaranteed Internationally guaranteed
Enforcement Enforceable by the court of law.
Enforceable by United Nation
Organization.
Origin
Originated from the views of
democratic society.
Originated from the ideas of civilized
nations.
http://keydifferences.com/difference-between-fundamental-rights-and-human-rights.html
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 25
26. Critiques of Justice
• Critique: It is a method of disciplined, systematic study. Commonly it is
understood as fault finding and negative judgement, but moreover is equal
evaluation of positive and negative aspects. It evaluates thoughts, and is
never personal.
• It is a social mechanism to maintain social harmony and decrease conflict.
• Marxist intellectuals: Conflict theory - develops society: It always promotes
critiques.
• Critiques provides feed backs for the evaluation and correction and
saturation of laws/Justice.
• Critique is a form of communication, and always must be constructive.
• Critique Vs Criticism: Criticism more related to literature/art.
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 26
27. Components of Justice
• Equity: Fairness or Justice in the way people are treated. It involve trying to
understand and give people what they need, even if it is not equal. It is a
principle of fairness.
• Equality: The quality or state of being equal; the quality or state of having
the same rights, social state, etc.. It is ensuring individuals and
communities are offered the same opportunity and treated no less
favorably. It is a principle of sameness.
• Fairness: Fairness can be in the form of equity or equality. There is always a
debate as defining equity and fairness as same or different. Fairness is a
quality of having an unbiased disposition, without discrimination or
partiality. It is the absence of prejudice (partiality).
Equity is the process; equality is the outcome
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 27
29. Components of Justice …Contd …
• Inclusion: it is a process of strengthening the privileged/disadvantaged group to
main stream. After inclusion, every people feel valued, individual differences are
respected, creates national unity, industrialize democracy, manages social conflict
and maintains social justice, increases participation in governance system. It
provides legal protection. We have reserved quota for social inclusion.
• Opportunity: It is a chance or probability to get included in a system. Nepal, after
being a federal state, has created lots of opportunity for privileged group through
inclusion quotas.
• Rights: Selection in inclusive groups has become right after the bill was passed as
act. Similarly, the correction as disable to differently abled, old aged to senior
citizen, etc.. can enjoy their optimum right presently. Rights that has been decided
by the government is justifying the community.
Social Health Justice Draft version 2(Feedback Welcomed) 29
30. Components of Justice …Contd …
• Moral Agency: It is an individuals ability to make moral judgements based
on some notion of right and wrong and to be held accountable for these
actions. Moral agent is “a being who is capable of acting with reference to
right and wrong.” Normal adult humans are widely considered to be
paradigms (example) of moral agents.
• Action: Activities that a community performs after verifying and as per the
social recommendation is an action. It is based on equity/fairness or
equality, inclusion, opportunity, rights, morality, etc.. These actions is not
necessary to become as per the rules, regulations or act. As the
community decides this, the overall impact is also the responsibility of the
community. Since the representatives of community do it, it is also
considered as a component of justice in a community.
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31. Components of Justice …Contd …
• Equal treatment as natural law: Nature does not do bias to any of its
components. It just balances. Certain rights are inherit by virtue of human
nature, endowed by nature. Moral law and ethics should not do biasness.
Natural law finds universal standards in morality and ethics and thus treats
equally.
• Removing Barriers: Exclusion of outliers and including
privileged/disadvantaged groups. E.g.. Gender, ethnicity, race, religion,
social status, disability, etc.. It includes creating/removing barriers to
upward mobility. Effective participation in political process and civil action.
• Impartiality: It is aka evenhandedness or fair – mindedness. It says,
decision should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of
bias, prejudice, or performing the benefit to one person over another for
improper reason.
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