epidemiology of dental caries and periodontal diseases

1. Community
dentistry
Lectures
7,8
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
DENTAL CARIES AND
PERIODONTAL
DISEASES
Dr. noorah murad
DDS

2. A progressive, irreversible,
microbial disease affecting
the calcified tissue of the
tooth
---------------------------------------
Include a group of chronic
inflammatory disease
caused by specific
microorganism that affect
the supporting tissue of the
periodontium
Dental
caries
Periodontal
diseases

6.  Affects humans of all ages and in all races and
regions.
 Most costly human disease in term of treatment.
 Prevalence of D.C generally estimated at ages of 5,
12, 15, 35, to 45 and 65 to 75 years of global
monitoring of trends and international comparisons.
 Distribution of D.C. vary as its increase in some
countries and decrease in others.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES

7. During most of 20th
prevalence of D.C. in developed countries and
higher socioeconomic group.
prevalence in developed world with less economic
development.
CARIES DISTRIBUTION DURING THE 20TH
CENTURY

8. By the end of 20th century pattern was changed
prevalence and intensity in Africa and Middle
East.
in caries among children and young adults in
developed countries most of industrialized
countries
CARIES DISTRIBUTION DURING THE 20TH
CENTURY

9. 1. Since prehistoric man rarely suffer from this form
of tooth destruction
2. Anthropologic studies revealed that skulls of
ancient man did not exhibit caries , this due to diet
which was:
• Low in carbohydrate.
• Natural unrefined.
• Coarse and not fully prepared or cooked.
“DENTAL CARIES IS A DISEASE OF
MODERN CIVILIZATION” EXPLAIN.

10. ETIOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES

11. Host factors
1. Tooth(composition,
morphology, position)
2. Saliva(composition,
buffering, quantity,
viscosity)
3. Age
4. Gender (female
than male)
5. Race
6. Socioeconomi
c status
7. Familial &
genetic
pattern
ETIOLOGY OF DENTAL CARIES
Microorganism
1. Mutans streptococci
(implantation on tooth surface, store
intracellular polysaccharides,
fermentation carb as energy source
and produce acid)
2. Lactobacilli
3. actinomyces
Diet
1. Frequency
2. Form of carbohydrate
(physical properties of food, more fiber
content, less dental caries than soft refined
sticky food)

12.  Dental plaque on tooth surface (bacterial film) with the present of
certain acidogenic type bacteria.
 Consumption of carbs .
 Bacteria metabolize fermentable carbohydrate as energy
source.
 Produce acids as waste product
 Acids on tooth surface cause demineralization (detachment of
inorganic component and dissolve calcium phosphate and destruction of organics).
 If this process is not reverse by re- mineralization, eventually
becomes a frank cavity.
 Critical PH value for demineralization range between 5 – 5.5
CARIES PATHOGENESIS

16. Dental caries is a dynamic process of
demineralization and re- mineralization of
tooth structure occurs as a balance
between pathological and protective
factors.
CONCLUSION

19. gingivitis
Inflammatory process of
the gingiva, junction
epithelium remains
attached to the tooth at its
original level, reversible,
nondestructive, does not
result in the loss of P.
structure.
periodontitis
A group of inflammatory
diseases affects all the
periodontal structures,
result in destruction of
the attachment
apparatus and develop
periodontal pocket.
PERIODONTAL DISEASES

20.  Once established, is time consuming and costly to treat.
 Untreated periodontal disease is significant cause of tooth loss.
 gingivitis is a common disease in both children and adults,
studies shows that gingivitis occurs in 75% to 100% of adult
population.
 Gingivitis which always precedes periodontitis is widely prevalent
in children
 Chronic periodontitis increase prevalence with age, and become
significant in adults.
 10 – 15% of population in industrialized countries are affected by
generalized sever chronic periodontitis
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL
DISEASES

21.  Primary etiology of gingivitis is
plaque biofilm.
 Specific bacterial species are
associated with gingival
inflammation ( predominantly g ram-
n egative anaerobic bacteria A.A., P. gingivalis).
 Bacterial products induce
Gingival epithelium to produce
cytokines and chemokine.
 Increase permeability of gingival
capillaries through junction
epithelium to the gingival sulcus.
PATHOGENESIS OF PERIODONTAL
DISEASES

22. If this process continue , the inflammation extends deeper in to
the tissue and cause
1. LOSS OF SUPPORTING C.T.
2. LOSS OF ALVEOLAR BONE.
3. ALLOW FORMATION OF PERIODONTAL POCKET
PATHOGENESIS OF PERIODONTAL
DISEASES

23. Local factors
Dental plaque:(any factors that
makes it easier for plaque to
retain)
 Calculus.
 Root grooves.
 Malposition teeth.
 Faulty restorations.
 R.P.D.
 Weak contact areas.
 Deep overbite.
 Ortho appliances.
 Lack of lip seal.
 Improper brushing technique.
Systemic factors
 Tobacco smoking and chewing.
 Malnutrition (vit. Deficiency).
 Endocrine disturbance.
 Decrease immunity.
 Blood disorders.
 Drugs.
 Age.
 Gender.
 Socioeconomic status (low).
 Genetic.
CAUSES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES