This document discusses the epidemiological approach to disease and intervention. It defines epidemiology as the study of how diseases are distributed in populations and the factors that influence their distribution. The main goals of epidemiology are to identify the causes and risk factors of diseases, determine the extent of diseases in communities, evaluate preventive and therapeutic measures, and provide a foundation for public health policymaking. Epidemiological studies help decrease morbidity and mortality by identifying modifiable risk factors that can be targeted through prevention efforts. The document also discusses primary and secondary prevention strategies and population-based versus high-risk approaches to disease prevention.

1. PRESENTED BY :MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE
STUDENT OF UVAS(JHANG)
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
APPROACH TO DISEASE AND
INTERVENTION

2. “Study of distribution
and determinants of
health-related states
or events in specified
populations and
application of this
study to control the
health problems”
Study How disease is
distributed in
population and factors
that influence or
determine the
distribution.

3. Different health issues are
not randomly distributed
all over the world like
illness, disease and issues
related to disease.
Now most probably
epidemiology deals with
genetic or environmental
problems.

5. Find out cause of disease and risk
factors.
Extent of disease found in
community.
Study of natural history and
prognosis
To evaluate both existing or new
preventive or therapeutic
measures or modes of health care
delivery.
Provide the foundation for
developing public policy and
making regulatory decisions
relating to environmental
problems.

6.  Main purpose is to decrease
morbidity and mortality in a
population.
 Cause and Risk factors will provide
a way forward towards prevention
and development of treatment.
 Removing the Risk factors with the
help of prevention will decrease
the occurrence of disease.

8.  It is also called burden of disease in
community.
 Surveillance data will provide
extent of disease in a community.
 It will help regulatory authority to
take action according to situation.

9.  Define the baseline history of
disease in quantitative terms so
that more interventions may
develop through treatment or
preventing way of complications.
 Now compare the two for
effectiveness of approach

10.  It evaluates systems existing and
new measures in combating
disease.
 Checks health care delivery system
of any government

11.  Public policies and decisions are
made according to epidemiological
surveys.
 Alert systems are mechanized after
these surveys
 Improvements are seen in policies
after epidemiological surveys.

12.  In 1839 cholera was major cause of
death in England.
 In 1900 pneumonia , Tuberculosis
and diarrhea was major cause of
death.
 In 2000 heart diseases , cancer
and cardiovascular diseases was
the major problem.

14.  Identification of risk factors helps
in prevention.
 Impose screening procedures for
early detection.
 There are two types of risk factors
1. Modifiable Risk factors
2. Non modifiable Risk factors

15.  MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
 Obesity, lifestyle and diet.. etc are
modifiable risk factors
 NON MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
 Age, sex and race.. etc are non
modifiable risk factors

16.  There are two types of prevention
1. PRIMARY PREVENTION
2. SECONDARY PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION
 It is type of prevention in which vaccine is done before illness.
 It is our ultimate goal
SECONDARY PREVENTION
 Early detection of disease through screening or any kind of intervention
and after that vaccination is done as a preventive measurement

17.  Population based Approach
Preventive measures are applied to whole population.
It is basically public health approach
 High Risk Approach
Preventive measures are applied to High Risk population
More clinical action is required to target the high risk area
Combination of both is operational in most situations

18.  Epidemiological Reasoning is a
multistep process.
 We have to find out the
Association b/w exposure towards
different factors.
 Now derive a appropriate
interferences about a causal
relationship from the patterns of
Associations that have been found.

19.  Prevention and therapy are too
often viewed as mutually exclusive
activities.
 Prevention is not only integral to
public health issues but also is
integral to clinical practice.
 Preventive strategy must be
applied implemented for
conducting clinical investigations
that will in disease control and
relief of humane suffering
associated with it.