SlideShare a Scribd company logo
BIOMOLECULES
There are 4 categories of
macromolecules:
Carbohydrates
Proteins,
Lipids,
and Nucleic acids
Enzymes
Image: Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase, Labrador2 From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Protein Functions:
1. Structure – collagen, keratin, elastin
2. Transport – Hemoglobin
3. Motion – actin, myosin
4. Defense – antibodies
5. Storage – ovalbumin, caesin
6. Hormones – insulin, glucagon
7. Enzymes – lactase, protease, lipase
8. Buffers – maintain PH
What are
enzymes?
Enzymes are
__________
(tertiary and
quaternary
structures).
Image: Levels of protein structure, M Ruiz
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
What do enzymes do?
• Enzymes act as
_________ in
cellular reactions.
• Q: What does a
catalyst do?
Images: Activation energy graph, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• Enzymes are proteins that are used as
catalysts in biochemical reactions.
• A catalyst is a factor that controls the rate
of a reaction without itself being used up.
• In biological systems, enzymes are used
in all metabolic reactions to speed up the
rate of a reaction and decrease the
amount of energy necessary for the
reaction to take place (activation energy).
How do enzymes work?
Enzymes catalyze
reactions by
weakening chemical
bonds, which
________ activation
energy.
Image: Activation energy graph, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
How do enzymes work?
• Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape, including a surface groove called
an ______ _____.
• The enzyme works by binding a specific chemical reactant (_________)
to its active site, causing the substrate to become unstable and react.
• The resulting __________ (s) is then released from the active site.
Image: Enzymatic reaction, Jerry Crimson Manni
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• Each enzyme has an area called the
active site to which a specific substrate
will bond temporarily while the reaction is
taking place.
When an enzyme is interacting with
it’s substrate, during the chemical
reaction, together they are referred
to as the …
Image: Enzyme –substrate complex, UC Davis
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• are ________ for
what they will
catalyze.
• fit with substrate
like a ____ and
____.
Enzymes…
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
…are _______.
They are not
consumed (used up)
in the reactions
they catalyze.
Enzymes…
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
• Enzymes are specific for
each reaction and are
reusable.
The more cans (substrate), the more $ (product).
The more recycling machines (enzymes), the faster the cans turn into $.
Enzymes are like tiny machines within living things.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
Enzymes…
• Have names that
usually end in -_____.
-Sucrase
-Lactase
-Maltase
Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Why Are Enzymes So Important?
Why are we devoting
one whole lecture topic
to a protein molecule?
Nearly all chemical
reactions in
biological cells need
enzymes to make
the reaction occur
fast enough to
support life.
Image: Jumping rope, Meagan E. Klein
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Formats for writing a enzymatic
reaction.
( ________ )
_______ + ________ -----------> _________
( ________ )
__________ -----------> ________ ________
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
“ToothpickASE”
• In this activity, “Toothpickase” is a fictitious
DIGESTIVE ENZYME which breaks down
toothpicks into two units.
• The toothpicks represent the substrate
and your thumbs and index fingers
represent the enzyme, Toothpickase.
• When you break a toothpick, the place
where the toothpick fits between your
fingers represents the active site of the
enzyme
1. Count out 30 unbroken toothpicks into a
box on your desk.
2. Assign team roles: one teammate is the
time keeper, one is the recorder, & one will
be the enzyme Toothpickase. (Be sure to
switch roles for each activity so everyone
gets a job.)
• 3. The Toothpickase person (the enzyme)
will break toothpicks without looking at the
bowl and all of its products (broken
toothpicks). All broken toothpicks must
remain in the bowl along with the
unbroken toothpicks because the products
and reactants mix together in metabolic
reactions. You cannot re break a broken
toothpick- it has already been acted upon!
4. WITHOUT LOOKING AT THE BOWL,
break as many toothpicks as you can in 10
seconds and record this on Data table 1.
• Remember: DO NOT BREAK
TOOTHPICKS ALREADY BROKEN!
When counting, two halves equal a whole
broken toothpick. After counting, leave the
broken toothpicks in the bowl.
5. Do another 10 seconds of breaking (20
seconds total now), then count and record
the number of toothpicks broken
6. Continue breaking toothpicks for these
total time intervals (60, 120, and 180
seconds). REMEMBER TO ALWAYS
THROW BROKEN TOOTHPICKS BACK IN
THE PILE (because products & reactants
stay mixed in reactions), BUT DON’T RE-
BREAK THEM (the enzyme has already
acted on the substrate).
Effect of Substrate
Concentration on Reaction Rate
• Remove the broken toothpicks from the
bowl. Place 10 paperclips in the empty
bowl. The paper clips represent a “solvent”
in which the toothpicks are “dissolved.”
Different concentrations are simulated by
mixing different numbers of toothpicks with
the paper clips.
• For the first trial, place 10 toothpicks in the
box with the paper clips and mix them up.
The enzyme has 10 seconds to react
(break as many toothpicks as possible).
Remember, the enzyme breaks the
toothpicks without looking at the bowl and
all of the products (broken toothpicks)
must remain in the bowl. The toothpicks
can only be digested once- do not break
toothpicks already broken! Record the
number broken at a concentration of 10.
Questions to answer:
1. What happens to the reaction rate as the supply of
toothpicks runs out?
2. What would happen to the reaction rate if the toothpicks
were spread out so that the "breaker" has to reach for
them?
3. What would happen to the reaction rate if more
toothpicks (substrate) were added?
4. What would happen to the reaction rate if there were
two "breakers" (more enzymes)?
5. What happens if the breaker wears bulky gloves (active
site affected) when picking up toothpicks?
different catalysts function the same
amino acids
• Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words in
the box below.
1. Enzymes are biological ……………… that speed up chemical
reactions in
living organisms.
2. Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made up of long chains of
………...……….
3. The sequence and type of amino acids are …………… in each
protein, so they produce enzymes with many different shapes and
functions.
4. The shape of an enzyme is very important to its ……………….
How do you stop
an enzyme?
Irreversible egg
protein
denaturation
caused by high
temperature
(while cooking it).
__________ _____!
• Alteration of a protein shape through
some form of external stress
• Example, by applying heat or changing pH.
• Denatured protein can’t carry out its
cellular function .
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
• Temperature
• pH
• Cofactors & Coenzymes
• Inhibitors
Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Temperature & pH
• Think about what kind of cell or
organism an enzyme may work in…
• Temperatures far above the normal
range _________ enzymes. (This is why
very high fevers are so dangerous. They can cook the
body’s proteins.)
• Most enzymes work best near
__________ pH (6 to 8).
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki
Temp and pH affects enzymes
Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
• Temperature
• pH
• Cofactors & Coenzymes
• Inhibitors
Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Cofactors & Coenzymes
• Non-protein substances (zinc,
iron, copper, vitamins) are sometimes
need for proper enzymatic
activity.
• Coenzyme vs Cofactor: What’s
the difference?
_________ more general
term. Includes inorganic and
organic molecules.
_________ type of cofactor,
but specifically organic
molecules. Ex. Vit B12
Image: Enzyme with Cofactor, Wiki. Ribbon-diagram showing carbonic
anhydrase II. The grey sphere is the zinc cofactor in the active site.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity
• Temperature
• pH
• Cofactors & Coenzymes
• Inhibitors
Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors
1. ________
________
Chemicals that resemble
an enzyme’s normal
substrate and
compete with it for
the active site.
Reversible depending on
concentration of
inhibitor and
substrate.
Image: Competitive inhibition of enzyme, Jerry Crimson Mann
EXAMPLE: The drug Antabuse is used to help alcoholics
quit drinking. Antabuse inhibits aldehyde oxidase, resulting
in the accumulation of acetaldehyde (say a-si-’tell-de-hide)
during the metabolism of alcohol. Elevated acetaldehyde
levels cause symptoms of nausea and vomiting.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors
2. ____________
____________
Do not enter active
site, but bind to
another part of the
enzyme, causing the
enzyme & active site to
change shape.
Usually reversible,
depending on
concentration of
inhibitor & substrate.
EXAMPLE: You may know that compounds containing
heavy metals such as lead, mercury, copper or silver
are poisonous. This is because ions of these metals
are non-competitive inhibitors for several enzymes.
Image: Pouring liquid mercury, Bionerd
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Enzyme Inhibitors
Blocking an enzyme's activity
can kill a pathogen or correct a
metabolic imbalance.
Many _____ are enzyme
inhibitors.
Enzyme inhibitors are
also used as _________
and __________.
Images: Prescription bottle, T. Port; Dead cockroach, Wiki
EXAMPLE:
•Another example of
competitive inhibition is
protease inhibitors.
•They are a class of anti-
retroviral drugs used to
treat HIV.
•The structure of the drug
ritonavir (say ri-TAHN-a-veer)
resembles the substrate of
HIV protease, an enzyme
required for HIV to be made.
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase
• Catecholase is present in most ______ and __________.
• It is the enzyme that facilitates the ________ of cut or bruised fruits
and vegetables by catalyzing the following reaction:
(catecholase)
Catechol + oxygen ----------------- polyphenol
colorless substrate brown product
Image: Bananas T. Port
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase
_________ juice and other acids are used to preserve
color in fruit, particularly apples, by lowering the ____
and removing the copper (cofactor) necessary for the
enzyme to function.
Reaction:
catecholase
catechol + O2 ---------- polyphenol
colorless substrate brown product
Images: Apples, T. Port; Lemons, André Karwath; Enzyme
with Cofactor, Wiki; pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Meet the Enzyme: Bromelain
• Pineapple contains enzyme bromelain,
which can _______ _________.
• Jell-O® is made of gelatin, a
processed version of a structural
protein called _________ found in
many animals, including humans.
• Collagen = big, fibrous molecule makes
skin, bones, and tendons both strong
and elastic.
• Gelatin you eat in Jell-O ® comes from
the collagen in cow or pig bones,
hooves, and connective tissues.
(Yummie!)
Image: Pineapple, Whaldener Endo
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Meet the Enzyme: Bromelain
(bromelain)
collagen protein + H20 -------------- amino acids
substrate products
Bromelain is a ______
enzyme that facilitates
hydrolysis of protein.
Remember, hydrolysis cuts
molecule by adding water…the
reverse of the hydration
synthesis pictured to the left.
FYI: Bromelain is used as a meat tenderizer. Breaks down
the collagen in meat. So what do you think could happen to
your tongue when you eat fresh pineapple?
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Enzymes.ppt

More Related Content

Similar to Enzymes.ppt

New and improved big 4
New and improved big 4New and improved big 4
New and improved big 4
mpiskel
 
ELS_Bioenergetics.pptx
ELS_Bioenergetics.pptxELS_Bioenergetics.pptx
ELS_Bioenergetics.pptx
LeaPearandaAngeles
 
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.pptEnzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
tinytutor0326
 
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.pptEnzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
ShraddhaSahu37
 
Chapter07 Revised
Chapter07 RevisedChapter07 Revised
Chapter07 Revised
cmilliken
 
Enzymes and body organization
Enzymes and body organizationEnzymes and body organization
Enzymes and body organization
Rosio DeLeon
 
1.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+2014
1.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+20141.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+2014
1.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+2014
Lumen Learning
 
Chap. 5 enzymes
Chap. 5 enzymesChap. 5 enzymes
Chap. 5 enzymes
hleila
 
Biological Catalysts: Enzymes
Biological Catalysts: EnzymesBiological Catalysts: Enzymes
Biological Catalysts: Enzymes
Jill Tan-Abrenica
 
Biochemical engineering
Biochemical engineeringBiochemical engineering
Biochemical engineering
BidutSharkarShemanto
 
Lecture_1_The_cell_is_a_structural_functional_unit_of_life..pptx
Lecture_1_The_cell_is_a_structural_functional_unit_of_life..pptxLecture_1_The_cell_is_a_structural_functional_unit_of_life..pptx
Lecture_1_The_cell_is_a_structural_functional_unit_of_life..pptx
AnkitSingh550318
 
2014
20142014
Eykaryotes
EykaryotesEykaryotes
Eykaryotes
runfaster89
 
Enzymes
EnzymesEnzymes
Enzymes
Arjun K Gopi
 
Biology - Dunleavy Regents Review Revision
Biology - Dunleavy Regents Review RevisionBiology - Dunleavy Regents Review Revision
Biology - Dunleavy Regents Review Revision
Mel Anthony Pepito
 
Cell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsx
Cell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsxCell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsx
Cell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsx
IbrahimAdelzaid
 
BIOCATALYST
BIOCATALYSTBIOCATALYST
BIOCATALYST
Bali Pandhare
 
Plant vs. Animal Cells Lesson.pdf
Plant vs. Animal Cells Lesson.pdfPlant vs. Animal Cells Lesson.pdf
Plant vs. Animal Cells Lesson.pdf
LedelanePantilo1
 
Cells_1
Cells_1Cells_1
Cells_1
mgpeters1
 
Enzyme substrate complex
Enzyme substrate complexEnzyme substrate complex
Enzyme substrate complex
adnan ali
 

Similar to Enzymes.ppt (20)

New and improved big 4
New and improved big 4New and improved big 4
New and improved big 4
 
ELS_Bioenergetics.pptx
ELS_Bioenergetics.pptxELS_Bioenergetics.pptx
ELS_Bioenergetics.pptx
 
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.pptEnzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
 
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.pptEnzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
Enzymes-Cell-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBC.ppt
 
Chapter07 Revised
Chapter07 RevisedChapter07 Revised
Chapter07 Revised
 
Enzymes and body organization
Enzymes and body organizationEnzymes and body organization
Enzymes and body organization
 
1.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+2014
1.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+20141.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+2014
1.+the+process+of+science,+bio+101+fall+2014
 
Chap. 5 enzymes
Chap. 5 enzymesChap. 5 enzymes
Chap. 5 enzymes
 
Biological Catalysts: Enzymes
Biological Catalysts: EnzymesBiological Catalysts: Enzymes
Biological Catalysts: Enzymes
 
Biochemical engineering
Biochemical engineeringBiochemical engineering
Biochemical engineering
 
Lecture_1_The_cell_is_a_structural_functional_unit_of_life..pptx
Lecture_1_The_cell_is_a_structural_functional_unit_of_life..pptxLecture_1_The_cell_is_a_structural_functional_unit_of_life..pptx
Lecture_1_The_cell_is_a_structural_functional_unit_of_life..pptx
 
2014
20142014
2014
 
Eykaryotes
EykaryotesEykaryotes
Eykaryotes
 
Enzymes
EnzymesEnzymes
Enzymes
 
Biology - Dunleavy Regents Review Revision
Biology - Dunleavy Regents Review RevisionBiology - Dunleavy Regents Review Revision
Biology - Dunleavy Regents Review Revision
 
Cell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsx
Cell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsxCell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsx
Cell-Division-Mitosis-Biology-Lecture-PowerPoint-VCBCct.ppsx
 
BIOCATALYST
BIOCATALYSTBIOCATALYST
BIOCATALYST
 
Plant vs. Animal Cells Lesson.pdf
Plant vs. Animal Cells Lesson.pdfPlant vs. Animal Cells Lesson.pdf
Plant vs. Animal Cells Lesson.pdf
 
Cells_1
Cells_1Cells_1
Cells_1
 
Enzyme substrate complex
Enzyme substrate complexEnzyme substrate complex
Enzyme substrate complex
 

Recently uploaded

_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices Li...
_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices  Li..._Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices  Li...
_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices Li...
LucyHearn1
 
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureAlternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
International Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
 
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
 
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
hozt8xgk
 
LEARNING TO LIVE WITH LAWS OF MOTION .pptx
LEARNING TO LIVE WITH LAWS OF MOTION .pptxLEARNING TO LIVE WITH LAWS OF MOTION .pptx
LEARNING TO LIVE WITH LAWS OF MOTION .pptx
yourprojectpartner05
 
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
PirithiRaju
 
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdfApplied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
University of Hertfordshire
 
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills MN
 
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Sérgio Sacani
 
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdfSummary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
vadgavevedant86
 
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
eitps1506
 
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptxfermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
ananya23nair
 
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of ProteinsGBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Areesha Ahmad
 
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSJAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
Sérgio Sacani
 
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Leonel Morgado
 
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
vluwdy49
 
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdfPests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
PirithiRaju
 
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
by6843629
 
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptxFarming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Frédéric Baudron
 
cathode ray oscilloscope and its applications
cathode ray oscilloscope and its applicationscathode ray oscilloscope and its applications
cathode ray oscilloscope and its applications
sandertein
 

Recently uploaded (20)

_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices Li...
_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices  Li..._Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices  Li...
_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices Li...
 
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureAlternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
 
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
 
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
 
LEARNING TO LIVE WITH LAWS OF MOTION .pptx
LEARNING TO LIVE WITH LAWS OF MOTION .pptxLEARNING TO LIVE WITH LAWS OF MOTION .pptx
LEARNING TO LIVE WITH LAWS OF MOTION .pptx
 
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
 
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdfApplied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
 
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
 
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
 
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdfSummary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
 
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
 
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptxfermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
 
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of ProteinsGBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
 
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSJAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
 
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
 
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
 
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdfPests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
 
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
 
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptxFarming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
 
cathode ray oscilloscope and its applications
cathode ray oscilloscope and its applicationscathode ray oscilloscope and its applications
cathode ray oscilloscope and its applications
 

Enzymes.ppt

  • 1. BIOMOLECULES There are 4 categories of macromolecules: Carbohydrates Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids
  • 2. Enzymes Image: Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase, Labrador2 From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 3. Protein Functions: 1. Structure – collagen, keratin, elastin 2. Transport – Hemoglobin 3. Motion – actin, myosin 4. Defense – antibodies 5. Storage – ovalbumin, caesin 6. Hormones – insulin, glucagon 7. Enzymes – lactase, protease, lipase 8. Buffers – maintain PH
  • 4. What are enzymes? Enzymes are __________ (tertiary and quaternary structures). Image: Levels of protein structure, M Ruiz From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 5. What do enzymes do? • Enzymes act as _________ in cellular reactions. • Q: What does a catalyst do? Images: Activation energy graph, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 6. • Enzymes are proteins that are used as catalysts in biochemical reactions. • A catalyst is a factor that controls the rate of a reaction without itself being used up. • In biological systems, enzymes are used in all metabolic reactions to speed up the rate of a reaction and decrease the amount of energy necessary for the reaction to take place (activation energy).
  • 7. How do enzymes work? Enzymes catalyze reactions by weakening chemical bonds, which ________ activation energy. Image: Activation energy graph, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 8. How do enzymes work? • Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape, including a surface groove called an ______ _____. • The enzyme works by binding a specific chemical reactant (_________) to its active site, causing the substrate to become unstable and react. • The resulting __________ (s) is then released from the active site. Image: Enzymatic reaction, Jerry Crimson Manni From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 9. • Each enzyme has an area called the active site to which a specific substrate will bond temporarily while the reaction is taking place.
  • 10. When an enzyme is interacting with it’s substrate, during the chemical reaction, together they are referred to as the … Image: Enzyme –substrate complex, UC Davis From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 11. • are ________ for what they will catalyze. • fit with substrate like a ____ and ____. Enzymes… From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 12. …are _______. They are not consumed (used up) in the reactions they catalyze. Enzymes… From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 13. • Enzymes are specific for each reaction and are reusable.
  • 14. The more cans (substrate), the more $ (product). The more recycling machines (enzymes), the faster the cans turn into $. Enzymes are like tiny machines within living things. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com $ $ $ $ $ $ $
  • 15. Enzymes… • Have names that usually end in -_____. -Sucrase -Lactase -Maltase Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 16. Why Are Enzymes So Important? Why are we devoting one whole lecture topic to a protein molecule? Nearly all chemical reactions in biological cells need enzymes to make the reaction occur fast enough to support life. Image: Jumping rope, Meagan E. Klein From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 17. Formats for writing a enzymatic reaction. ( ________ ) _______ + ________ -----------> _________ ( ________ ) __________ -----------> ________ ________ From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 18. “ToothpickASE” • In this activity, “Toothpickase” is a fictitious DIGESTIVE ENZYME which breaks down toothpicks into two units. • The toothpicks represent the substrate and your thumbs and index fingers represent the enzyme, Toothpickase. • When you break a toothpick, the place where the toothpick fits between your fingers represents the active site of the enzyme
  • 19. 1. Count out 30 unbroken toothpicks into a box on your desk. 2. Assign team roles: one teammate is the time keeper, one is the recorder, & one will be the enzyme Toothpickase. (Be sure to switch roles for each activity so everyone gets a job.)
  • 20. • 3. The Toothpickase person (the enzyme) will break toothpicks without looking at the bowl and all of its products (broken toothpicks). All broken toothpicks must remain in the bowl along with the unbroken toothpicks because the products and reactants mix together in metabolic reactions. You cannot re break a broken toothpick- it has already been acted upon! 4. WITHOUT LOOKING AT THE BOWL, break as many toothpicks as you can in 10 seconds and record this on Data table 1.
  • 21. • Remember: DO NOT BREAK TOOTHPICKS ALREADY BROKEN! When counting, two halves equal a whole broken toothpick. After counting, leave the broken toothpicks in the bowl.
  • 22. 5. Do another 10 seconds of breaking (20 seconds total now), then count and record the number of toothpicks broken 6. Continue breaking toothpicks for these total time intervals (60, 120, and 180 seconds). REMEMBER TO ALWAYS THROW BROKEN TOOTHPICKS BACK IN THE PILE (because products & reactants stay mixed in reactions), BUT DON’T RE- BREAK THEM (the enzyme has already acted on the substrate).
  • 23. Effect of Substrate Concentration on Reaction Rate • Remove the broken toothpicks from the bowl. Place 10 paperclips in the empty bowl. The paper clips represent a “solvent” in which the toothpicks are “dissolved.” Different concentrations are simulated by mixing different numbers of toothpicks with the paper clips.
  • 24. • For the first trial, place 10 toothpicks in the box with the paper clips and mix them up. The enzyme has 10 seconds to react (break as many toothpicks as possible). Remember, the enzyme breaks the toothpicks without looking at the bowl and all of the products (broken toothpicks) must remain in the bowl. The toothpicks can only be digested once- do not break toothpicks already broken! Record the number broken at a concentration of 10.
  • 25. Questions to answer: 1. What happens to the reaction rate as the supply of toothpicks runs out? 2. What would happen to the reaction rate if the toothpicks were spread out so that the "breaker" has to reach for them? 3. What would happen to the reaction rate if more toothpicks (substrate) were added? 4. What would happen to the reaction rate if there were two "breakers" (more enzymes)? 5. What happens if the breaker wears bulky gloves (active site affected) when picking up toothpicks?
  • 26.
  • 27. different catalysts function the same amino acids • Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words in the box below. 1. Enzymes are biological ……………… that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. 2. Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made up of long chains of ………...………. 3. The sequence and type of amino acids are …………… in each protein, so they produce enzymes with many different shapes and functions. 4. The shape of an enzyme is very important to its ……………….
  • 28. How do you stop an enzyme? Irreversible egg protein denaturation caused by high temperature (while cooking it). __________ _____! • Alteration of a protein shape through some form of external stress • Example, by applying heat or changing pH. • Denatured protein can’t carry out its cellular function . From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 29. Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity • Temperature • pH • Cofactors & Coenzymes • Inhibitors Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 30. Temperature & pH • Think about what kind of cell or organism an enzyme may work in… • Temperatures far above the normal range _________ enzymes. (This is why very high fevers are so dangerous. They can cook the body’s proteins.) • Most enzymes work best near __________ pH (6 to 8). From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com Images: pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki
  • 31. Temp and pH affects enzymes
  • 32. Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity • Temperature • pH • Cofactors & Coenzymes • Inhibitors Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 33. Cofactors & Coenzymes • Non-protein substances (zinc, iron, copper, vitamins) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. • Coenzyme vs Cofactor: What’s the difference? _________ more general term. Includes inorganic and organic molecules. _________ type of cofactor, but specifically organic molecules. Ex. Vit B12 Image: Enzyme with Cofactor, Wiki. Ribbon-diagram showing carbonic anhydrase II. The grey sphere is the zinc cofactor in the active site. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 34. Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity • Temperature • pH • Cofactors & Coenzymes • Inhibitors Image: Animation of Enzyme, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 35. Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors 1. ________ ________ Chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site. Reversible depending on concentration of inhibitor and substrate. Image: Competitive inhibition of enzyme, Jerry Crimson Mann EXAMPLE: The drug Antabuse is used to help alcoholics quit drinking. Antabuse inhibits aldehyde oxidase, resulting in the accumulation of acetaldehyde (say a-si-’tell-de-hide) during the metabolism of alcohol. Elevated acetaldehyde levels cause symptoms of nausea and vomiting. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 36. Two Types of Enzyme Inhibitors 2. ____________ ____________ Do not enter active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme & active site to change shape. Usually reversible, depending on concentration of inhibitor & substrate. EXAMPLE: You may know that compounds containing heavy metals such as lead, mercury, copper or silver are poisonous. This is because ions of these metals are non-competitive inhibitors for several enzymes. Image: Pouring liquid mercury, Bionerd From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 37. Enzyme Inhibitors Blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance. Many _____ are enzyme inhibitors. Enzyme inhibitors are also used as _________ and __________. Images: Prescription bottle, T. Port; Dead cockroach, Wiki EXAMPLE: •Another example of competitive inhibition is protease inhibitors. •They are a class of anti- retroviral drugs used to treat HIV. •The structure of the drug ritonavir (say ri-TAHN-a-veer) resembles the substrate of HIV protease, an enzyme required for HIV to be made. From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 38. Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase • Catecholase is present in most ______ and __________. • It is the enzyme that facilitates the ________ of cut or bruised fruits and vegetables by catalyzing the following reaction: (catecholase) Catechol + oxygen ----------------- polyphenol colorless substrate brown product Image: Bananas T. Port From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 39. Meet the Enzyme: Catecholase _________ juice and other acids are used to preserve color in fruit, particularly apples, by lowering the ____ and removing the copper (cofactor) necessary for the enzyme to function. Reaction: catecholase catechol + O2 ---------- polyphenol colorless substrate brown product Images: Apples, T. Port; Lemons, André Karwath; Enzyme with Cofactor, Wiki; pH scale, Edward Stevens, Wiki From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 40. Meet the Enzyme: Bromelain • Pineapple contains enzyme bromelain, which can _______ _________. • Jell-O® is made of gelatin, a processed version of a structural protein called _________ found in many animals, including humans. • Collagen = big, fibrous molecule makes skin, bones, and tendons both strong and elastic. • Gelatin you eat in Jell-O ® comes from the collagen in cow or pig bones, hooves, and connective tissues. (Yummie!) Image: Pineapple, Whaldener Endo From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
  • 41. Meet the Enzyme: Bromelain (bromelain) collagen protein + H20 -------------- amino acids substrate products Bromelain is a ______ enzyme that facilitates hydrolysis of protein. Remember, hydrolysis cuts molecule by adding water…the reverse of the hydration synthesis pictured to the left. FYI: Bromelain is used as a meat tenderizer. Breaks down the collagen in meat. So what do you think could happen to your tongue when you eat fresh pineapple? From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com