energy

1. BIOENERGETICS

2. LEARNING COMPETENCIES
The learners:
• Explain how cells carry out functions required for
life;
• Explain how photosynthetic organisms use life
energy to combine carbon dioxide and water to
form energy-rich compounds;
• Trace the energy flow from the environment to the
cells;
• Describe how organisms obtain and utilize
energy;
• Recognize that organisms require energy to carry
out functions required for life.

3. MOTIVATION
The Big City as a Cell

4. The Big City as a Cell
• The city will need power. What generates
power for the city?

5. The Big City as a Cell
• The city generates waste. How does it
minimize its waste? How does the city
handles its garbage?

6. The Big City as a Cell
• The city requires raw materials to process
into food, clothing, and housing materials.
Where are these raw materials processed?

7. INTRODUCTION
Light Energy is
essential to life.

8. INTRODUCTION
CELLS
have structures such as
and
Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
Organelles
need
Photosynthesis Cellular respiration
energy
for

9. Cells
Parts of the Cell
1. Nucleus – control center of
the cell
2. Cytoplasm – jelly-like,
cellular substance that fills
the entire cell’s volume
3. Cell Membrane – protective
barrier of the cell

10. Cells
CELL MEMBRANE
• Acts as barriers of the cell
• In animals: called plasma
membrane of phospholipid
bilayer and protein
components
• In plants: contains cell
wall, a more solid structure
framing that acts as
supportive structures

11. CYTOPLASM
• About 90% of the cell
• Contains water, proteins
and amino acids, and
glucose
• Most of intracellular
chemical reactions take
place and where
organelles are
suspended
Cells

12. Cells

13. Cells
ORGANELLES
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Strx: A series of channels
that are found throughout
the cytoplasm of the cell
• Types:
–RER –with ribosomes
–SER –with no
ribosomes

14. Cells ORGANELLES
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Func: The surface
provide for important
chemical reactions and
help move chemicals to
their proper destination

15. Cells
ORGANELLES
2. Ribosomes
• Strx: smallest organelles
• Types:
– Attached Ribosomes –
found in ER
– Free Ribosomes –
unattached ribosomes
• Func: synthesis of
proteins

16. Cells ORGANELLES
3. Golgi Bodies
• Strx: group of organelles
that prepare certain
protein compounds
• Func: sorting, packaging
of protein materials

17. Cells ORGANELLES
4. Lysosomes
• Strx: small, sac-like structures
that contain digestive enzymes
• Func:
– Dissolve large food
molecules
– Break up old or damaged
cell structures
– Digestive character of
certain WBC
– Destruction of tissue in
animals

18. Cells ORGANELLES
5. Cytoskeleton
• Strx: dense network of
protein fibers
• Func:
–supports the shape
of the cell
–anchors organelles
such as the nucleus
to fixed locations.

19. Cells TYPES OF ORGANELLES
e.g.Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules
• Strx: small thin tubes that
can be seen crossing the
inside of the cell form
membrane to membrane;
composed of stacks of
protein (tubulin)
• Func: support structures
for the cell

20. Cells ORGANELLES
6. Centrioles
• Strx: microtubules that are
assembled from tubulin
subunits in the cells of
animals and most protist;
contain circular DNA
molecules
• Func: Important for
division of DNA during cell
reproduction (Animal Cell)

21. Cells ORGANELLES
7. Mitochondria
• Strx: sausage shaped
double wall structure;
found in all eukaryotic
cells
• Func: powerhouse of
the cell

22. Cells
ORGANELLES
8. Chloroplast in Plant
Cell
• Strx: contain the
pigment chlorophyll;
found only in algae
and in green plants
• Func: site of the
chemical process of
photosynthesis

23. How Cells Use Energy
Light
Energy
Trapped by
chlorophyll
Carbon
dioxide
and
water
Converted by
green plants
into
carbohydrates
When an
animal eats
plants, it uses
energy within
carbohydrates
in the plants
And when that
animal is eaten
by another
animal, energy
is transferred
Figure 1. Flow of energy in the living world

24. How Cells Use Energy
MITOCHONDRIA
Respiration centers of both
animal and plant cells
CHLOROPLAST
Photosynthetic center of
plant cells
Carbon dioxide (CO2) +
Water (H2O)
(Photosynthesis)
Glucose (C6H12O6) +
Oxygen (O2)
(Cellular Respiration)
Energy from
sunlight
Energy in the
form

25. Photosynthesis
• Involves three stages:
a. Light Independent
Reaction/Light Reaction
1. Capturing light
2. Making ATP
b. Light Independent
Reaction/Dark Reaction
3. Building carbohydrates

26. Photosynthesis

27. Photosynthesis
Stage 1: Capturing Energy from Sunlight

28. Photosynthesis
Stage 2: Making ATP

29. Photosynthesis
Stage 3: Building Carbohydrates

30. Cellular Respiration
Stage 1: Glycolysis

31. Cellular Respiration
Stage 1: Fermentation

32. Cellular Respiration
Stage 2: Kreb’s Cycle

33. Cellular Respiration
Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain

34. Connecting
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• The products of one processes are the reactants
of the other
– Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6CO2  6CO2
+ 6H2O
– Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 +
6CO2
• In photosynthesis, glucose is used in respiration
to make ATP. In respiration, glucose is turned
back into carbon dioxide and water.
• In photosynthesis, waster breaks down to form
oxygen. In respiration, water combine with
hydrogen to form water.

35. Connecting
Photosynthesis and Respiration
• Optimal cellular respiration occurs in the
presence of oxygen
• Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are
important parts of carbon cycle.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
It takes place in a chloroplast It takes place in a mitochondrion
Carbon dioxide and water react, using
light energy to produce glucose and
oxygen
Glucose and oxygen react to produce
carbon dioxide, water and energy
(ATP)
Light energy is transformed into
chemical energy in glucose
Chemical energy in glucose is
converted into chemical energy in ATP

36. Activity
Photosynthesis versus Cellular Respiration
• Materials: illustration board, coloring materials, pencil,
ruler, etc.
• Make a poster that shows the complementary
relationship of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• Grading:
– Contrast and intensity of drawing (7pts): shows
exceptional artistic and skillful color contrast; and
meaningful color concentration
– Blending of colors (7pts): color mix is exceptionally
creative, appropriate and meaningful
– Neatness (6pts): completely free form mess

37. ENRICHMENT
Answer the Chapter Assessment on page 192 in
½ yellow paper:
a. Knowledge (1-10): in front
b. Process/Skills: at the back
A weight lifter is using heavy weights in
short bursts for a competition. Because his
muscle cells are not able to take in enough
oxygen, the weightlifter begins to get muscle
fatigue. Which of the following processes is most
likely going on in the muscles of the weightlifter
as he competes?

38. ENRICHMENT
Answer the Chapter Assessment on page 192 in ½
yellow paper:
b. Process/Skills: at the back
1. The cells will never run out of oxygen as long as
the weightlifter is breathing.
2. As the cells run out of oxygen, they gradually die
off and the weightlifter’s muscles have fewer
contracting muscle cells.
3. As the cells run out of oxygen, they will continue
to make the same amoutn of ATP, since oxygen is
not required to make ATP.
4. As the cells roun out of oxygen, they switch to
anaerobic respiration of fermentation allowing the
cells to make small amounts of ATP in the absence
of oxygen.

39. RESOURCES
• Vengco and Religioso. 2016. Earth and
Life Science: You and the Natural World
Series. Phoenix Publishing House