Man has polluted the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere by interfering with natural processes and using biological and physical resources. This presentation will discuss the environment, biosphere, ecosystem model, atmosphere, atmospheric pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, and noise pollution. The key challenges are the greenhouse effect, which is increasing global temperatures, ozone depletion allowing more UV radiation to reach the Earth's surface, and acid rain harming plants, soils and structures.
This presentation was originally rendered as an Apple Keynote presentation designed for use with IB Environmental Systems - For the new IB Environmental Systems and Societies course the topic numbers are incorrect but the content still applies. The presentation is also suitable for use with Ecology and Environmental science Courses. Copyright of sciencebitz.com
more sciencebitz resources on iTunesU and iBooks https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals. Nitrogen makes up most of the air but cannot be used by plants and animals in its atmospheric form. Bacteria play a key role in fixing nitrogen by converting it into forms that can be used by plants through processes like nitrification and assimilation. Humans have disrupted the natural nitrogen cycle through activities like fertilizer use that introduce excess nitrogen. Maintaining the balance of the nitrogen cycle is important for ecosystems and the environment.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. There are three main types: biostimulation adds nutrients to encourage microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds microbes that degrade specific contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes. Microbes metabolize contaminants through anabolism and catabolism, using contaminants for energy and building cell structures. Factors like microbial populations, contaminant availability, temperature, and nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness.
• Nutrient cycles referred to as biogeochemical cycles
• Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally
• Less mobile elements, including phosphorous, cycle on a more local level
• Still, gains and losses from outside of the ecosystem are generally small when compared to the rate at which nutrients are cycled within the system.
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including:
- The chemical basis of life including organic/inorganic compounds and the role of energy from photosynthesis and respiration.
- Ecosystems are made up of communities of interacting species and their abiotic environment. Food chains and ecological pyramids show how energy and matter are transferred between trophic levels.
- Material cycles like the carbon and water cycles recycle nutrients and maintain the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems.
Soil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOMPurwandaru Widyasunu
This material is part of my lecturing on soi fertility, fertilizer, and fertilization namely Chapter 6 The OM and SOM written down based on the book of Benjamin Wolf and George H. Snyder. 2002. This material is only for lecture purpose of my class.
This presentation was originally rendered as an Apple Keynote presentation designed for use with IB Environmental Systems - For the new IB Environmental Systems and Societies course the topic numbers are incorrect but the content still applies. The presentation is also suitable for use with Ecology and Environmental science Courses. Copyright of sciencebitz.com
more sciencebitz resources on iTunesU and iBooks https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals. Nitrogen makes up most of the air but cannot be used by plants and animals in its atmospheric form. Bacteria play a key role in fixing nitrogen by converting it into forms that can be used by plants through processes like nitrification and assimilation. Humans have disrupted the natural nitrogen cycle through activities like fertilizer use that introduce excess nitrogen. Maintaining the balance of the nitrogen cycle is important for ecosystems and the environment.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. There are three main types: biostimulation adds nutrients to encourage microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds microbes that degrade specific contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes. Microbes metabolize contaminants through anabolism and catabolism, using contaminants for energy and building cell structures. Factors like microbial populations, contaminant availability, temperature, and nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness.
• Nutrient cycles referred to as biogeochemical cycles
• Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally
• Less mobile elements, including phosphorous, cycle on a more local level
• Still, gains and losses from outside of the ecosystem are generally small when compared to the rate at which nutrients are cycled within the system.
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including:
- The chemical basis of life including organic/inorganic compounds and the role of energy from photosynthesis and respiration.
- Ecosystems are made up of communities of interacting species and their abiotic environment. Food chains and ecological pyramids show how energy and matter are transferred between trophic levels.
- Material cycles like the carbon and water cycles recycle nutrients and maintain the flow of matter and energy in ecosystems.
Soil Fertility, Fertilizer, and Fertiizization. Chapter 5 THE OM AND SOMPurwandaru Widyasunu
This material is part of my lecturing on soi fertility, fertilizer, and fertilization namely Chapter 6 The OM and SOM written down based on the book of Benjamin Wolf and George H. Snyder. 2002. This material is only for lecture purpose of my class.
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three 6 m3 soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils. The study demonstrates that vented ex-situ biotreatment can effectively remove chlorobenzenes through biodegradation without excessive losses from volatilization.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
Effects of Soil Organic Matter in the Soil, Benefits of soil organic matter, Amount of Soil organic matter, Maintenance or improvement of SOM, Factors affecting formation and decomposition of SOM
Bioremediation of toxic heavy metals (th ms) contaminated sites.2020Yahsé Challa
This document provides a review of bioremediation techniques for removing toxic heavy metals (THMs) such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead from contaminated sites. It discusses several microbial processes including oxidation-reduction, biomineralization, bioprecipitation, bioleaching, biosurfactant production, biovolatilization, biosorption, and bioaccumulation that can be harnessed for bioremediation. These processes take advantage of microbe-metal interactions like redox reactions, precipitation, and sorption to immobilize or remove THMs. The review also covers applications of these techniques in ex situ and in situ settings and potential improvements using genetic engineering and nanotechnology
Heavy metal contamination of soil is one of the most important environmental ...Ahmed Madni
This document discusses various heavy metal removal processes from soil and wastewater. It describes techniques for soil remediation including immobilization, soil washing, phytoremediation, and electroremediation. For wastewater treatment, it outlines chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation/flocculation, and flotation. The key advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
In Situ Bioremediation;Types, Advantages and limitations Zohaib HUSSAIN
In situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to treat hazardous waste in place, without removing the contaminated material. It can be applied in both the unsaturated zone (e.g. bioventing) and saturated zones (groundwater). Intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes, while engineered approaches accelerate degradation by supplying oxygen, nutrients, or other stimulants. Successful in situ bioremediation is evidenced by measuring increased microbial activity, growth of degrading populations, and production of degradation byproducts at the site.
The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the biosphere and lithosphere. Sulfur is released into the atmosphere through volcanic eruptions, fossil fuel burning, and decaying organic matter. It is then converted to sulfuric acid and deposited back on land and oceans through precipitation. Sulfur is essential for life and cycles between its reduced and oxidized forms as it moves between living and nonliving parts of the Earth system. Human activities like burning coal have increased sulfur dioxide levels in the atmosphere and contributed to acid rain formation.
The document discusses ecosystems and trophic levels. It explains that there are four trophic levels: primary producers (plants), primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores), and decomposers. Between each trophic level, about 10% of energy is transferred. Nutrients cycle through ecosystems with the help of decomposers, which break down organic material and release nutrients back into the soil. The document also discusses nutrient pollution in coastal waters, noting that excess nitrogen and phosphorus can lead to eutrophication and decreased biodiversity.
This document discusses bioremediation and waste management. It begins by introducing bioremediation as a technique using microorganisms to remove pollutants from contaminated sites. It then discusses the advantages of bioremediation including being cost effective and environmentally friendly, and the disadvantages such as being time consuming. The document also discusses different methods of waste disposal including landfills, composting, and incineration. It covers the waste management hierarchy and principles of the Basel Convention to minimize hazardous waste.
Composting characteristics of cow manure with bulking Agent in a batch composterirjes
Cow manure manure was co-composted with straw in a batch anaerobic composter, to understand
the effects of physical and chemical parameters on composting, for four weeks. Process was performed at
temperature 37oC. Properties of the material periodically monitored during the composting process were
moisture content, temperature, pH, total nitrogen, total carbon, C/N ration, and total phosphorus and total
potassium were examined at the end of composting. Moisture be maintained in higher level, than 70%. Carbon
to nitrogen ratio of 30 :1 was experimented.
Biogas Synthesis as Means of Solid Waste Management in Kampala, UgandaScientific Review SR
Cattle dung, cooked food waste, and chicken droppings mixed with coffee husks have been used separately and also as mixtures to form anaerobic digestion slurries in a bid to treat to degrade the organic fractions of these wastes and recycle the bio-fertilizer after recovering biogas. Single and mixed substrate slurries evolved significant quantities of methane within 27days together with reduced mass of soil conditioner. The volume of biogas formed in cogeneration mixtures were higher than for single substrate digestion due to the C/N ratio shifting to near 30:1 as a result of mixing. So degradation of organic pollutants was higher in mixed substrate digestion mixtures. Our study yielded average volumes ranging from 315 to 435+ 5.65.mL/L which was in agreement with what is in literature. Digestion of cattle dung, cooked waste foods, and droppings of chicken and mixed substrate slurries using sludge inoculums was very effective in degrading solid waste from homes, thus detoxifying it to bio-fertilizers. Although both single and mixed substrate digestion of waste yielded high enough volumes of biogas; digestion of slurry of mixed organic solid waste substrates is better method of waste management. Digestion of garbage from Kampala should be tested at macro levels at both ambient and mesophilic temperatures. There is need to try out the garbage digestion experiments in the semi-arid towns as well as very cold towns in Uganda.
Energy flows.matter cycles.10.2012.slideshowjwbluewater
The document discusses how energy from the sun reaches Earth and is captured by plants through photosynthesis. It then flows through ecosystems as organisms consume each other (energy pyramid). While energy flows in one direction, matter is recycled through various biogeochemical cycles like the water and carbon cycles (law of conservation of matter). Key points are that the sun provides energy to plants, which are then consumed by other organisms in a trophic system, while matter moves between organisms and Earth in recycling processes.
This document discusses in situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) for remediating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the vadose zone. SVE works by placing extraction wells around contaminated soil to induce airflow and evaporate VOCs from the soil into the wells. Key factors that influence SVE's effectiveness include soil properties like permeability, porosity, and moisture content. The document also introduces in situ air sparging, which injects air below the water table to strip and transport contaminants upward for collection by SVE. Both techniques are cost-effective for treating VOCs but require consideration of soil characteristics and monitoring to prevent contaminant migration.
Phytomass valorization by deep eutectic solvents - achievements, perspectives...Michal Jablonsky
In recent years, a plethora of extraction processes have been performed by a novel class of
green solvents known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), possessing several environmental, operational,
and economic advantages proven by experience when compared to organic solvents and ionic
liquids. The present review provides an organized overview of the use of DESs as extraction
agents for the recovery of valuable substances and compounds from the original plant biomass,
waste from its processing, and waste from the production and consumption of plant-based food.
For the sake of simplicity and speed of orientation, the data are, as far as possible, arranged in
a table in alphabetical order of the extracted substances. However, in some cases, the isolation
of several substances is described in one paper and they are, therefore, listed together. The table
further contains a description of the extracted phytomass, DES composition, extraction conditions,
and literature sources. With regard to extracted value-added substances, this review addresses their
pharmacological, therapeutic, and nutritional aspects. The review also includes an evaluation of
the possibilities and limitations of using DESs to obtain value-added substances from phytomass.
Researchers cultivated a mixed culture of salt-tolerant cyanobacteria in a rotating algae biofilm reactor (RABR) using wastewater from oil and gas extraction. The RABR was found to have an optimal rotation rate of 2.0 revolutions per minute, requiring 0.4 Watts of power and 0.33 megajoules of energy per gram of biomass cultivated. Hydrothermal liquefaction of the biomass produced an average of 34.9% biocrude, conserving approximately 50% of the energy content of the original biomass.
This document discusses intrinsic in situ bioremediation. It explains that intrinsic bioremediation uses microorganisms already present in the environment to degrade contaminants, requiring no human intervention and being the cheapest form of bioremediation. Intrinsic bioremediation is tested at the lab and field levels before use to assess the microorganisms' ability to metabolize contaminants. Factors like moisture, pH, temperature, nutrients, electron acceptors, and toxin concentration affect the rate of intrinsic bioremediation. In situ bioremediation cleans up contaminated sites directly where pollution occurred, with options like biostimulation or bioaugmentation. It has advantages of being cost-effective with minimal exposure but
Climate Science Literacy Brochure Final V4 1sbrumber
The document discusses several key principles of climate science:
1. The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth's climate system and drives natural cycles like seasons and ice ages.
2. Climate is regulated by complex interactions among components of the Earth system, including the sun, atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and life.
3. Climate varies over space and time through both natural and human-influenced processes. Significant climate change can disrupt ecosystems and threaten species.
This document provides an overview of environmental studies, including definitions of key terms like biosphere, ecosystem, and atmosphere. It discusses several types of pollution like atmospheric pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and greenhouse effect. The summary is as follows:
The document defines the environment and biosphere, and explains that man has interfered with natural processes through resource use and pollution. It then covers various topics related to the environment and pollution types, focusing on atmospheric pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and the greenhouse effect. The presentation aims to educate about the environment, biosphere, pollution sources and impacts, and environmental challenges.
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, noise and discusses their causes and effects. It provides information on key topics like the biosphere, ecosystem model, composition and layers of the atmosphere, primary and secondary pollutants, acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect and sources and health impacts of noise pollution. The conclusion emphasizes that environmental quality is essential for human survival and calls for collective efforts to preserve the environment for future generations.
The document summarizes a pilot-scale study on ex-situ bioremediation of chlorobenzenes in contaminated soil. Three 6 m3 soil cells were treated with varying amounts (0-35%) of organic amendments and nutrients to stimulate native microorganisms. Over 2-3 weeks, approximately 90% of dichlorobenzene was removed from soils, with residual levels below detection limits. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of microorganisms capable of mineralizing chlorobenzenes in the treated soils. The study demonstrates that vented ex-situ biotreatment can effectively remove chlorobenzenes through biodegradation without excessive losses from volatilization.
Environmental impact of biosolids land applicationSilvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Cabrera M. 2017 Environmental impact of biosolids land application. In: Organic Waste: Management Strategies, Environmental Impact and Emerging Regulations, Editor: M Collins, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788, ISBN: 978-1-53610-936-8, 185-208, 226 pp
Effects of Soil Organic Matter in the Soil, Benefits of soil organic matter, Amount of Soil organic matter, Maintenance or improvement of SOM, Factors affecting formation and decomposition of SOM
Bioremediation of toxic heavy metals (th ms) contaminated sites.2020Yahsé Challa
This document provides a review of bioremediation techniques for removing toxic heavy metals (THMs) such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead from contaminated sites. It discusses several microbial processes including oxidation-reduction, biomineralization, bioprecipitation, bioleaching, biosurfactant production, biovolatilization, biosorption, and bioaccumulation that can be harnessed for bioremediation. These processes take advantage of microbe-metal interactions like redox reactions, precipitation, and sorption to immobilize or remove THMs. The review also covers applications of these techniques in ex situ and in situ settings and potential improvements using genetic engineering and nanotechnology
Heavy metal contamination of soil is one of the most important environmental ...Ahmed Madni
This document discusses various heavy metal removal processes from soil and wastewater. It describes techniques for soil remediation including immobilization, soil washing, phytoremediation, and electroremediation. For wastewater treatment, it outlines chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation/flocculation, and flotation. The key advantages and disadvantages of each technique are provided.
In Situ Bioremediation;Types, Advantages and limitations Zohaib HUSSAIN
In situ bioremediation uses microorganisms to treat hazardous waste in place, without removing the contaminated material. It can be applied in both the unsaturated zone (e.g. bioventing) and saturated zones (groundwater). Intrinsic bioremediation relies on naturally occurring microbes, while engineered approaches accelerate degradation by supplying oxygen, nutrients, or other stimulants. Successful in situ bioremediation is evidenced by measuring increased microbial activity, growth of degrading populations, and production of degradation byproducts at the site.
The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the biosphere and lithosphere. Sulfur is released into the atmosphere through volcanic eruptions, fossil fuel burning, and decaying organic matter. It is then converted to sulfuric acid and deposited back on land and oceans through precipitation. Sulfur is essential for life and cycles between its reduced and oxidized forms as it moves between living and nonliving parts of the Earth system. Human activities like burning coal have increased sulfur dioxide levels in the atmosphere and contributed to acid rain formation.
The document discusses ecosystems and trophic levels. It explains that there are four trophic levels: primary producers (plants), primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores), and decomposers. Between each trophic level, about 10% of energy is transferred. Nutrients cycle through ecosystems with the help of decomposers, which break down organic material and release nutrients back into the soil. The document also discusses nutrient pollution in coastal waters, noting that excess nitrogen and phosphorus can lead to eutrophication and decreased biodiversity.
This document discusses bioremediation and waste management. It begins by introducing bioremediation as a technique using microorganisms to remove pollutants from contaminated sites. It then discusses the advantages of bioremediation including being cost effective and environmentally friendly, and the disadvantages such as being time consuming. The document also discusses different methods of waste disposal including landfills, composting, and incineration. It covers the waste management hierarchy and principles of the Basel Convention to minimize hazardous waste.
Composting characteristics of cow manure with bulking Agent in a batch composterirjes
Cow manure manure was co-composted with straw in a batch anaerobic composter, to understand
the effects of physical and chemical parameters on composting, for four weeks. Process was performed at
temperature 37oC. Properties of the material periodically monitored during the composting process were
moisture content, temperature, pH, total nitrogen, total carbon, C/N ration, and total phosphorus and total
potassium were examined at the end of composting. Moisture be maintained in higher level, than 70%. Carbon
to nitrogen ratio of 30 :1 was experimented.
Biogas Synthesis as Means of Solid Waste Management in Kampala, UgandaScientific Review SR
Cattle dung, cooked food waste, and chicken droppings mixed with coffee husks have been used separately and also as mixtures to form anaerobic digestion slurries in a bid to treat to degrade the organic fractions of these wastes and recycle the bio-fertilizer after recovering biogas. Single and mixed substrate slurries evolved significant quantities of methane within 27days together with reduced mass of soil conditioner. The volume of biogas formed in cogeneration mixtures were higher than for single substrate digestion due to the C/N ratio shifting to near 30:1 as a result of mixing. So degradation of organic pollutants was higher in mixed substrate digestion mixtures. Our study yielded average volumes ranging from 315 to 435+ 5.65.mL/L which was in agreement with what is in literature. Digestion of cattle dung, cooked waste foods, and droppings of chicken and mixed substrate slurries using sludge inoculums was very effective in degrading solid waste from homes, thus detoxifying it to bio-fertilizers. Although both single and mixed substrate digestion of waste yielded high enough volumes of biogas; digestion of slurry of mixed organic solid waste substrates is better method of waste management. Digestion of garbage from Kampala should be tested at macro levels at both ambient and mesophilic temperatures. There is need to try out the garbage digestion experiments in the semi-arid towns as well as very cold towns in Uganda.
Energy flows.matter cycles.10.2012.slideshowjwbluewater
The document discusses how energy from the sun reaches Earth and is captured by plants through photosynthesis. It then flows through ecosystems as organisms consume each other (energy pyramid). While energy flows in one direction, matter is recycled through various biogeochemical cycles like the water and carbon cycles (law of conservation of matter). Key points are that the sun provides energy to plants, which are then consumed by other organisms in a trophic system, while matter moves between organisms and Earth in recycling processes.
This document discusses in situ soil vapor extraction (SVE) for remediating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the vadose zone. SVE works by placing extraction wells around contaminated soil to induce airflow and evaporate VOCs from the soil into the wells. Key factors that influence SVE's effectiveness include soil properties like permeability, porosity, and moisture content. The document also introduces in situ air sparging, which injects air below the water table to strip and transport contaminants upward for collection by SVE. Both techniques are cost-effective for treating VOCs but require consideration of soil characteristics and monitoring to prevent contaminant migration.
Phytomass valorization by deep eutectic solvents - achievements, perspectives...Michal Jablonsky
In recent years, a plethora of extraction processes have been performed by a novel class of
green solvents known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), possessing several environmental, operational,
and economic advantages proven by experience when compared to organic solvents and ionic
liquids. The present review provides an organized overview of the use of DESs as extraction
agents for the recovery of valuable substances and compounds from the original plant biomass,
waste from its processing, and waste from the production and consumption of plant-based food.
For the sake of simplicity and speed of orientation, the data are, as far as possible, arranged in
a table in alphabetical order of the extracted substances. However, in some cases, the isolation
of several substances is described in one paper and they are, therefore, listed together. The table
further contains a description of the extracted phytomass, DES composition, extraction conditions,
and literature sources. With regard to extracted value-added substances, this review addresses their
pharmacological, therapeutic, and nutritional aspects. The review also includes an evaluation of
the possibilities and limitations of using DESs to obtain value-added substances from phytomass.
Researchers cultivated a mixed culture of salt-tolerant cyanobacteria in a rotating algae biofilm reactor (RABR) using wastewater from oil and gas extraction. The RABR was found to have an optimal rotation rate of 2.0 revolutions per minute, requiring 0.4 Watts of power and 0.33 megajoules of energy per gram of biomass cultivated. Hydrothermal liquefaction of the biomass produced an average of 34.9% biocrude, conserving approximately 50% of the energy content of the original biomass.
This document discusses intrinsic in situ bioremediation. It explains that intrinsic bioremediation uses microorganisms already present in the environment to degrade contaminants, requiring no human intervention and being the cheapest form of bioremediation. Intrinsic bioremediation is tested at the lab and field levels before use to assess the microorganisms' ability to metabolize contaminants. Factors like moisture, pH, temperature, nutrients, electron acceptors, and toxin concentration affect the rate of intrinsic bioremediation. In situ bioremediation cleans up contaminated sites directly where pollution occurred, with options like biostimulation or bioaugmentation. It has advantages of being cost-effective with minimal exposure but
Climate Science Literacy Brochure Final V4 1sbrumber
The document discusses several key principles of climate science:
1. The sun is the primary source of energy for Earth's climate system and drives natural cycles like seasons and ice ages.
2. Climate is regulated by complex interactions among components of the Earth system, including the sun, atmosphere, oceans, ice, land, and life.
3. Climate varies over space and time through both natural and human-influenced processes. Significant climate change can disrupt ecosystems and threaten species.
This document provides an overview of environmental studies, including definitions of key terms like biosphere, ecosystem, and atmosphere. It discusses several types of pollution like atmospheric pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and greenhouse effect. The summary is as follows:
The document defines the environment and biosphere, and explains that man has interfered with natural processes through resource use and pollution. It then covers various topics related to the environment and pollution types, focusing on atmospheric pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and the greenhouse effect. The presentation aims to educate about the environment, biosphere, pollution sources and impacts, and environmental challenges.
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, noise and discusses their causes and effects. It provides information on key topics like the biosphere, ecosystem model, composition and layers of the atmosphere, primary and secondary pollutants, acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect and sources and health impacts of noise pollution. The conclusion emphasizes that environmental quality is essential for human survival and calls for collective efforts to preserve the environment for future generations.
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, noise and discusses their causes and effects. It provides information on key topics like the biosphere, ecosystem model, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acid rain, and more. The presentation aims to educate about the environment, different types of pollution, their sources and impacts on health and climate change.
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, noise and discusses their causes and effects. It provides information on key topics like the biosphere, ecosystem model, composition and layers of the atmosphere, primary and secondary pollutants, acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect and sources and health impacts of noise pollution. The conclusion emphasizes that environmental quality is essential for human survival and calls for collective efforts to preserve the environment for future generations.
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, noise and discusses their causes and effects. It provides information on key topics like the biosphere, ecosystem model, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acid rain, and more. The summary is as follows:
The document defines key environmental concepts and discusses various types of pollution affecting the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. It examines the causes of pollution from sources like transportation, industries and waste disposal. Secondary pollutants are formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants. Environmental challenges from issues like greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acid rain and their impacts are also summarized.
This document discusses greenhouse gas emissions from soils and the implications of climate change. It summarizes the processes that generate and consume carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane in soils. It examines the potential impacts of climate change on each greenhouse gas and possible mitigation options. The document outlines that climate change may increase soil carbon dioxide emissions through higher temperatures and altered rainfall patterns, and that nitrous oxide emissions are strongly influenced by temperature and water availability. Future research is needed to better understand these relationships and identify mitigation strategies.
The document discusses ecology, ecosystems, and environmental concepts. It defines ecology as the study of organisms and their environment. There are different types of ecology like autecology and synecology. An ecosystem is comprised of biotic and abiotic components that interact and exchange energy and matter. The biotic components include producers, consumers, and decomposers. The abiotic components include climatic, physical, chemical, and medium factors. Various ecosystems are described like forests, grasslands, deserts, aquatic, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. Their biotic and abiotic components and examples of organisms are provided. Environmental issues like waste management, pollution, and their impacts are also summarized.
Ecology & pollution control in textile industryDEVNARAYAN YADAV
This document outlines a course on ecology and pollution control in the textile industry. It covers 5 units: (1) an introduction to environmental pollution and pollutants from the textile industry, (2) air pollution including sources and effects, (3) water pollution and wastewater treatment, (4) other pollution treatment methods, and (5) noise pollution challenges. Key topics include classifying air and water pollutants, sources of pollution in textile mills, effluent treatment plants, and standards for textile processing effluents. Reference books on related environmental engineering topics are also listed.
This document outlines the teaching scheme and content for an Environmental Science course taught by Dr. Ujas Pandya. The course covers topics such as introduction to the environment, different types of pollution, global environmental issues, green buildings and smart cities, and the concept of reduce, reuse, recycle. It will include 2 hours of lectures and 2 hours of tutorials per week. Key topics include the components of the environment, environmental pollution and its causes, environmental degradation due to human activities, and the importance of environmental education.
This document provides an outline for a course on environmental chemistry and pollution. It covers 5 units: introduction and identification of environmental chemistry; atmospheric composition and gaseous pollutants; water pollution; soil pollutants; and medical pollutants. The introduction defines key terms like environment, atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, anthroposphere, flora and fauna. It also discusses factors like population growth, urbanization and industrialization that impact the environment. The document further describes the natural cycles of water, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen and how human activities place burdens on the environment.
This document provides an overview of various types of environmental pollution including air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution. It discusses the causes and effects of each type of pollution and potential methods for prevention and control. The key points covered are:
1. It defines pollution and categorizes it into six main types: air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution.
2. For each type of pollution, it discusses sources, harmful effects, and potential approaches to prevention and control such as reducing contaminants at the source, modifying processes, and proper treatment and disposal.
3. It emphasizes the need to control pollution through approaches like proper industrial siting, waste treatment, aff
This document provides an overview of ecosystems, including key concepts such as ecology, populations, communities, ecosystems, biotic and abiotic factors, producers, consumers, decomposers, energy flow, and food webs. It explains that ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment. An ecosystem consists of all the communities and abiotic factors in an area, interacting as a functional unit. Energy from the sun flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis, while matter cycles through the biotic and abiotic components.
The document discusses the key topics of environment, types of environment, and factors of environmental change. It defines environment as everything that surrounds us, including natural components like air, water, soil, and biotic factors like plants, animals and decomposers. There are two main types of environment - natural environments where organisms live naturally, and man-made environments like cities, farms, and industries. Factors causing environmental changes include deforestation, pollution, climate change, and human activities that release greenhouse gases and increase ocean acidification.
Ions And Radicals In The atmosphere and ecosystemRashmiSanghi1
The document discusses various topics related to environmental sciences including global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain, biodiversity, pollution issues in India, and potential projects. It provides an overview of the key components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Specific atmospheric constituents and reactions are examined, as well as the evolution of the atmosphere and role of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Radicals and ions present in the upper atmosphere are also mentioned.
The document discusses a non-profit initiative called TerraDerm Foundation that aims to restore biological soil crusts (BSC) in arid lands through aerial distribution of BSC starter cultures. BSCs improve soil stability, fertility, and carbon sequestration. The initiative would use aircraft to broadly distribute a dry inoculant, allowing restoration at a global scale. Estimates suggest this approach could sequester over 100,000 tons of carbon annually and reduce greenhouse gases equivalent to 12.5% of 2050 climate goals. The restoration of healthy BSCs could help combat desertification and agricultural losses from dust storms.
This document discusses key concepts related to organisms and their environments. It defines environment as the sum of all external biotic and abiotic factors affecting an organism. It also defines important ecological terms like ecosystem, habitat, and ecological niche. The document outlines the components of ecosystems, including biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers and abiotic factors like climate and soil. It discusses ecosystem structure and patterns, productivity, nutrient cycles, ecological succession, and ecosystem services. Finally, it covers some environmental issues like agricultural chemicals, biomagnification, solid waste management, and global warming.
This document provides an overview of the environment, biosphere, ecosystems, atmosphere, and various types of pollution including atmospheric, acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, and noise pollution. It defines key terms like biosphere, ecosystem, and the layers of the atmosphere. Diagrams show the biosphere model and how acid rain and the greenhouse effect occur. Tables list the major gases in the atmosphere and their sources and concentrations. Human activities like transportation, industry and waste are identified as leading causes of air pollution. The effects of pollution on health and the environment are also summarized.
2. Objectives
Man is one of the species who inhabit the
earth.he is the only one who has interfered with various
natural processes for use of both biological & physical
resources to meet his multiple demands,man has polluted all
the three realms of the earth-lithosphere,hydrosphere &
atmosphere.it is essential for us to know about environment
& its pollution.
In this presentation we will be able to know about-
•Environment •Primary & secondary pollutants
•Biosphere •Acid rain
•Ecosystem model •Ozone depletion
•Atmosphere •Green house effect
•Atmospheric pollution •Noise pollution
3. That which surrounds, the total sum of the
condition of the surroundings within which an
organism, or group, or an object,exists(including
the natural as modified by human activity & the
artificial).
5. Atmosphere
The entire part of
earth's land, soil,
water & atmosphere in
Biosphere which living organism
are found is called
biosphere
Or
The combined area
lithosphere,
hydrosphere of &
atmosphere is known
as biosphere.
Hydrosphere Lithosphere
Biosphere Model
6. Abiotic Solar Radiation Biotic Sun provides energy for plant photosynthesis
Component Component
Climate Amount of solar radiation varies with
latitude & hence effects climate. solar
radiation also power weather systems
Vegetation
Volcanic activity ,mountain, ranges etc.
Animals
can also affect climate
Climate interacts with geology in soil
formation provides water for solar climate.
Soil provides water & nutrients for plants
Geology
together with a physical base in which plants
can root themselves.
Soil
Plants provides food for animals
Animals alter vegetation by browsing & grazing. Human have significantly
altered vegetation patterns through modification for agriculture.
Vegetation gives off water vapour who helps to stabilize the climate of the earth.
Climate restricts the type of plants & animals that can survive in a
particular ecosystem. Water & temperature are two main climate controls.
Dead plants & animals decomposes & return nutrients to the soil.
Nutrients are also returned to the soil through animal excrement.
Soil [provides habitat including water & air for many invertebrates addition many animals
have evolved specialist cope with different soils for example the feet of camel.
7. • Our current atmosphere is a
mixture of many different
gases & suspended particles. It
is almost same every where up
to an altitude of 80 Kms.The
atmosphere is divided in to 4
layers-
Name of Height Temperatu Important
sphere or in re Chemical
layer Kms. Species (Gas)
Troposphere 0-8 15 to 45 N2,O2,CO2,
H2
Stratosphere 8-50 -55 to 05 O3,O2
Mesosphere 50-80 -2 to -90 N2+O2
Ionosphere 80- O2,O+,NO+
400
Exosphere 400- H2,He
1600
9. Is an unwanted change in the
quality of earth's earths
atmosphere caused by 42%
emission of gases caused by
emission of gases due to
burning of fossil
fuel,transportation,industrial
institution etc. 21%
21%
18%
14%
Source Pollution
Transportation 42%
Fuel 21%
05%
Industries 14%
Solid waste 05%
disposal
Other 18%
Transportation Fuel Industries waste Other
10. Different Pollutants
1. Gaseous waste: Oxides of
nitrogen,SO2,CO2,CO.Cl,Br,I,O3 & smog.
2. Complex organic chemicals: Benzene, ether.
3. Acid prop lets: H2SO4, HNO3
4. Agrochemicals: fertilizers,
pesticides,herbicixles,fungicides,
rematicides,weedicides,bectrecides etc.
5. Fluorides
6. Metals: Mercury,lead,Cd,Zn,Fe,Ni etc.
7. Solid wasre:Garbage,plastic etc.
8. Radioactive waste: Nuclear
reacters,uranium,nuclear explosion.
9. Noise waste
11. Natural Pollutants: The pollution which comes out from natural
sources such as forest fires volcanic eruption decomposition of
organic matter & natural radioactivity.
Primary Pollutants: Harmful chemical that directly enters the
air as a result of human activity. These are deforestisation
burning of fossil fuel industrialization warfare etc.
Secondary pollutants :These result from chemical reactions
between two or more air components.
Formation of secondary pollutants
2SO2+O2 2SO3
2SO3+H2O H2SO4 (Secondary pollutant)
12. Solar radiation
NO2,SO3,HNO3,
CO,CO2,NO,Most
H2SO4,H2O2,O3,
Hydrocarbons,
PANs,MostNO3-- & SO4-2
Most SPM
Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants
Volcano
Factory
13. Environmental challenges
• Green house effect: Increasing global temperature.
Scientists predicting that earth's temperature will increase
by 3-40C by year 2030 if the pollution continues to increase
at the same pace.
• Ozone depletion: As ozone layer in the upper atmosphere
absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation but it is now
getting thinner & more UVs are reaching in to earth creating
different disease like cancer& eye problems.
• Photochemical smog: In 1952 London was covered by smog
for 10 days .This smog was caused by fog, smoke, ash,& SO2
plus NO2.Sunlight played a great role in the formation of this
smog .Though deaths occurring at that time were not
directly attributed to the smog later statistics confirmed
that 6,000 more people.
Acid rain: is caused by oxides of nitrogen & sulphur.It increases
acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The
majestic monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.
14. Solar
Radiation
H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid)
+
Acid Rain
water HNO3 (Nitric Acid)
SO2 &
NOX
Factories,
Lake
Transportation Sea
SEA
15. Methane Carbon 50%
Carbon Dioxide
Earth Dioxide Earth
A
Methane 18%
Nitrous oxide Chlorofluoroc 14%
Ozone arbons
This natural balance may be Ozone 12%
Green house gases in natural
condition insulates the earth against distorted by Green House Nitrous oxide 06%
extreme of temperature by limiting Effect as gases such as
carbon dioxide have built up Contribution of different gases
both incoming solar radiation &
in the atmosphere trapping to cause green house effect
escape of reradiated heat in to
space. more heat
Some reradiated Less reradiated
sun sun heat escapes in
heat escapes in
to space to space
More reradiated
Infra-red Some reradiated heat reflected
radiation heat reflected back to earth
back to earth Surface
Surface
Temperature Temperature
Atmosphere
normal Atmosphere increases
17. Ultraviolet rays
from Sun
Chlorofluorocarbons
The Ozone layer in
are entering in to
stratosphere atmosphere releasing
blocks these chlorine. The chlorine
harmful UV rays than break down the
ozone
Oxygen
ozone
Whole in
Ozone layer
chlorine
The chlorine released from CFCs break
down the ozone molecule. More ultraviolet radiations are reaching in to earths
surface as there is a whole in ozone layer.
18. Noise pollution
This era has rightly been called as the era of noise.because heavy
industrialization we are exposed to a high level of noise all around
us. Noise has become a very important stress factor in modern
life.it leads many health hazards.Some of the sources of noise
pollution are aircraft,automobiles,factories,loudspeakers& pop&
Rock-n-Roll music in clubs
. Noise produces following health problems-
1)Auditory fatigue
2)Deafness or impaired vision
3)Rise in blood pressure, pulse
rate
4)Headache
5)Nausea
6)Disturbed sleep
7)Emotional disturbances
19. Very High above than High Approximate 80db Pleasant below than
80dB
100db
Heavy Traffic Quit Conversation
Jet take off
Loudspeaker Loud Conversation
Ticking Clock
Sports car Quit Raining
Space vehicle
launch
20. Noise Source Noise Noise Source Noise
Scale Scale
Breathing 10db Traffic noise 60-90db
Winds in trees 20db Sports car 80-90db
Quit conversation 20-30db Heavy truck 90-100db
Ticking clock 10db Motor cycle 105db
House in quiet 35db Thunder storm 110db
street
Radio music 50-60db Beat music (Electrically 120db
amplified)
Loud conversation 60db Air craft noise 90-120db
Office noise 60db Jet take off 120db
Children play 60-80db Jet engine 140db
Lawn mower 60-80db Space vehicle launch (From 140-170db
a short distance)
Vacuum cleaner 80db
21. Conclusion
We know that certain environmental conditions like air,water,& food
are essential for man,s survival.apart from their availability their
quality & quantity must be assured according to man,s natural &
acquired capacity for sustenance progress in industrialization has
brought environmental hazards such as air water & noise
pollution.These have caused many health problems & diseases.
As it has been said-
we do not inherit the environment from our
forefathers,we borrow it from future generation.
Stockholm conference of 1972 proclaims that:
The protection & improvement of human environment is a major
issue which affects the well being of people & economic development
throughout the world&it is duty of all governments & people to
common efforts for the preservation & improvement of environment
for the benefit of all people & their prosperity