Slavomir Redo, Visiting Lecturer of the Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, University of Vienna made a presentation linking Environmental justice, crime prevention and intergenerational learning on the second day of the Big Foot conference
This is a presentation including everything about the Globalisation of crime in A2 sociology course; Crime and Deviance as well as some extra notes on state crime/human rights violations. This is used to teach students along side worksheet.
This is a presentation including everything about the Globalisation of crime in A2 sociology course; Crime and Deviance as well as some extra notes on state crime/human rights violations. This is used to teach students along side worksheet.
The presentation questions the current and future policy directions with respect to the Scheduled Tribes and Forest in India. It also suggests a model for future direction.
This presentation was made to the senior Indian Forest Officers in Indira National Forest Academy,Dehradun
Marginalization of Tribal People of Western Odisha and their Organized effort...Raju Tiwary
Some of the tribes of western Odisha are Munda, Kishan, Gond, Oram, Sohara etc.
Western Odisha tribals are farmers, food gatherers and they are famous for their Dance and Music.
The study area is in Sambalpur and Bargarh district of Odisha( Rengali & Attabira Block).
In kantal village all are migrated people and the village population is 639.
In village Rujhenmal all are ST families, they are also migrated people. The village population is 811.
The village Kudamunda, Tabdabahal, Khapsadera, Kanibandli & Chandnimal, all are dense tribal populated, dependent on monsoon irrigation.
Changes @ Tabdabahal, Khapsadera, Kudamunda, Kanibandali & Chandanimal -
Credit or Micro-Finance at nominal rates, Economical Power
Financial inclusion – Bank Accounts via SHG
Money lending at cost of land minimizes
Health Awareness/Change in health practices
Use of bio- fertilizers, Kitchen garden
Irrigation water through WHS , crop damage minimizes
Capacity & strength building, change in social practices
End of food & Seed scarcity through Grain Bank & Seed Bank
PRI involvement and Leadership in social activities
Improvement in Education Standards
Awareness – change of mind set , group formation, Unity
Dependency on market for Seed & Grain minimizes
[Ambassador Hassan] Speech: Presentation by Ambassador S. Azmat Hassan (Ret.)...GlobalPeaceFoundation
Date: Dec. 6th 2013
Session: Interfaith Partnerships: Faith and Diversity: Toward a Global Ethic for Inclusive and Moderate Societies
Speaker: Ambassador S. Azmat Hassan; Former Pakistani Ambassador to Malaysia, Syria and Morrocco, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Race, crime, the law and civil unrest - Race Conflict and Change Week 8Alana Lentin
The perceived threat to Britain and corresponding moral panic about immigrants and the racial ‘other’ has often been constructed in terms of law and order, and particularly ‘black criminality’. In this Week we will focus on the relationship between ‘race, the law, crime and civil unrest. We will examine the relationship between race, crime and social, political and economic inequality or exclusion, how racial ‘other’ has been constructed and represented as a threat to law and order, how ‘black criminality’ has been constructed and represented, how the state and the police have dealt with black populations in terms of law, order and crime, and how this has affected race relations in Britain. We will also examine the various race riots which occurred in the 1960s-1980s and explore how these relate to the question of racial, social, political and economic inequality, exclusion, oppression and conflict, particularly with the State and police, and how these were constructed not as cases of political protest or unrest but as an extension of the same phenomenon of ‘black criminality’. This backdrop will help us understand the present-day racialization of crime, violence and, most notably terrorism. We will look at how two areas – so-called ‘black-on-black’ gun crime and ‘Islamic terrorism’ are currently affecting the way in which threat is constructed. Specifically, we shall examine how these perceptions are institutionalized and turned into law resulting in a host of measures that impact on the civil liberties of everyone living in Britain.
Similar to Big Foot Conferenece. June 6th. Environmental justice crime prevention and intergenerational learning_Slavomir Redo (7)
The Final product of the Big Foot activities in Gubbio, Italy - the digital guide to the Intangible heritage, including videos, photos, recipes and much more!
Sandra Antonović, Coordinator of a network of ESD initiatives in schools in Central and Southeast Europe, Croatia, Presented the Web Knowledge Sharing Platform on ESD in the panel on June 6th, the second day of the Big Foot Conference.
Sandra Antonović, Coordinator of a network of ESD initiatives in schools in Central and Southeast Europe, Croatia, presented an Education for sustainability project
On the second day of the Big Foot Conference on Intergenerational Learning and innovation for sustainable rural development, June 6, 2013, the results from the participatory exercise using the GIVE method were presented.
Lukas Löschner, Research Assistant, Institute of Spatial Planning and Rural Development, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), presented a project "Regions and Localities of Social Learning in Rural Areas"
Tamara Mitrofanenko presented her research on Intergenerational Learning as a tool for protected area management and sustainable tourism development in the rural areas, based on the Big Foot project as a case-study.
Elisabeth Quendler, Assoc. Prof., Division of Agricultural Engineering, BOKU presented her research on Potential for Intergenerational learning to improve life situation in milking farms
More from Education for Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions (20)
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Big Foot Conferenece. June 6th. Environmental justice crime prevention and intergenerational learning_Slavomir Redo
1. Environmental Justice, Crime
Prevention and Intergenerational
Learning
Dr. jur. habil. Sławomir REDO
Law Faculty, Institute for Criminal Law
and Criminology, University of
Vienna, Austria
2. What is Environmental Justice?
Academic definition*:
First, it describes a social movement whose focus is on the fair distribution of environmental benefits
and burdens.
Second, it is an interdisciplinary body of social science literature that includes (but is not limited to)
theories of the environment, theories of justice, environmental law and governance, environmental
policy and planning, development, sustainability, and political ecology*
Policy-relevant definition:
The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines Environmental Justice as "the fair treatment
and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, sex, national origin, or income with
respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and
policies."
*Schlosberg, David. (2007) Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements, and Nature. Oxford
University Press
Miller, Jr., G. Tyler (2003). Environmental Science: Working With the Earth (9th ed.). Pacific
Grove, California: Brooks/Cole. p. G5
3. Both definitions undersempesize the
intergererational effect of
Environmental Justice
"No one is born a good citizen; no nation is born a democracy. Rather, both are processes
that continue to evolve over a lifetime. A society that cuts off from its youth severs its
lifeline”, Kofi Annan.
4. Argument:
In the interest of broader practical and theoretical pursuit of the
concept of sustainable development, one may argue that security, the
rule of law, the administration of criminal justice administration, and
crime prevention should be treated as renewable resources. Their
vital energy is social energy. That energy is not only produced by each
generation for its own use, but should also be transmitted
intergenerationally. Intergenerational transmission of cultural
patterns of behaviour, whether positive or negative (crime and
violence), is a part of the question of social, people-centred
sustainable development and the energy it releases that should drive
crime prevention, as emphasized in its own way by the UN Guidelines
for the Prevention of Crime (2002).
6. Intergenerational transmission of
values and learning is not only for
the poetics of environmental
protection and dialogue of
civilizations
but also for a practical building of
the resilence to criminal motivation
7.
8. On the basis of the study of conduct norms by
the tribes in India (the offspring of Central Asian
Moghuls which appeared in the 16th
century), Thorsten Sellin in his article on the
conflict of cultures (1938) concluded that killing
a member of own tribe or stealing from him
was a “crime”, but doing that to others was a
virtue, hence “conflict of cultures” in which a
group instils the double standards which its
members apply.
It is „natural for the Chinaman to gamble as for
9. Criminal traditions are passed
from one generation to
another. („Birds of a feather
flock together”)
10. The follow-up research by Edwin H. Sutherland (Sellin’s friend) has led him to conclude that
e.g. „Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of
communication”;
and others to test and confirm statistically this and other precepts of „differential
association theory”. It serves now also as the basis for practitioners involved in the
„unlearning criminal behaviour”
11. From differential association to reflexive reformation:
11
Induce crimnals to join
noncriminals to share
the noncriminal values
Make a
reformation goal
relevant to the
interest of
criminals
Inscribe yourself into
the group by accepting
its ranks and status
Instill a genuine
„we” feeling as
„one of them” to
achieve cohesion
CRIMINALS
Induce crimnals
to join
noncriminals to
share the
noncriminal
values
Favourable to law violation
TRADITIONS
Unfavourableto law violation
Learning
techniques and
rationalizations
Excess of
definitions
favourable to law
violation
Intimate contact
with delinquent
associates
CRIME
Favourable to
law violation
TRADITIONS
Unfavourable to
law violation
Source: Chris Uggen & Sławomir Redo
DA
RR
12. The British initiated the Criminal Tribes Act in 1871, referring to around
150 tribes for their so-called “criminal tendencies,” giving the police wide
powers to arrest them, control, and monitor their movements. The law in
effect was that anyone born into one of the tribes, under this act, was
seen as a criminal.
13. Typical criminal tribes’ activities: gang-related (as members
of private armies); frisking of the audience while the tribe’s
women perform dance; road and train robberies, duping
poor farmers by playing a cop or a priest; stealing livestock;
forcing a women of own tribe into prostitution, while a
master disguised as fakir enters the act, beats and robbs a
customer, etc.
14. A member of own tribe may become “other” if he/she brings “dishonour”
Human Rights Watch defines "honor killings“ in own group as follows:
Honor killings are acts of vengeance, usually death, committed by male family members
against female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. A
woman can be targeted by her family for a variety of reasons, including: refusing to enter
into an arranged marriage, being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce—even
from an abusive husband—or (allegedly) committing adultery. The mere perception that a
woman has behaved in a way that "dishonors" her family is sufficient to trigger an attack
on her life*.
Men can also be the victims of honor killings by members of the family of a woman with
whom they are perceived to have an inappropriate relationship** The loose term "honor
killing" applies to killing of both men and women in cultures that practice it***.
*Violence Against Women and "Honor" Crimes". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2001-04-06.
** Afghan couple stoned to death – Central & South Asia. Al Jazeera English (2010-08-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
***Teen Lovers killed in India Honor Killing. LiveLeak.com
15. When Soviet law was extended to Siberia, similar effects were observed. Women
amongt he Siberian tribes, who in obedience to the law, laid aside their veils were
killed by their relatives for violating one of the most sacred norms of their tribes.
16. In 1930s there were about 4 million of „criminal tribes” members for 300
million India’s population (~1,3%). Now there are about 60 million for 1
billion population (~1,6%).
Since India’s independence (1947) there has been a progress in allevating
the poverty of those tribes, but not without criticism of civil community
(„racial profiling” ).
17. After the British rule, India, criticized for discriminatory classification of
nomadic and semi-nomadic „criminal tribes”, repealed in law their respective
classification as „hereditary criminals” and „habitual offenders”.
18. „The social category generally known as the Denotified and Nomadic
Tribes (DNTs) of India covers a population approximately of 60 million.
Some of them are now included in the list of Scheduled castes, some
others in the Scheduled Tribes, and quite a few in Other Backward
Classes. …What is common to all these DNTs is the fate of being
branded as 'born’ criminals.”
19. If we agree that we do not still exactly know where and how social networks cross
with human biological processes and it is very difficult to alter the personal
dispositions of offenders, would this not then be a reason to seek to modify their
behaviour by changing the social/cultural and situational risk factors related to
how they act, and their perceptions of those factors, especially at the early
development stage?
How can one better motivate communities than by assisting them in developing
and pursuing legitimate ownership of certain crime prevention activities, and by
encouraging them to increase their own resilience, so this can create a better
quality of life and investment climate for future prosperity? If communities fail,
who else can succeed?
How can we identify in culture essential components that feed criminogenic
injustice (unfairness/inequality), separate them from popular beliefs and religion,
so a baby can drink untainted mother’s milk and learn more emphatically about
the otherness?
20.
21. There is ethnographic strong evidence that Justice (Fairness/Equality) is the one, basic
and cross cutting component that may be identified as a driver for cross disciplinary
intergenerational education and training.
But it needs a developmental approach (technical assistance), so the local sense of
Justice may be advanced to meet the UN sense of „Justice”, because
„No one is born a good citizen; no
nation is born a democracy”.
Editor's Notes
According to Sutherlandhttp://criminology.wikia.com/wiki/Differential_Association_Theory, social disorganization refers to the breakdown in traditional socialcontrol and organization in the society, community, neighbourhood, or family so that deviant andcriminal activity result. It is most often applied to urban crime. Such disorganizationfosters the cultural traditions and cultural conflicts that support such activity. Later, Sutherland replaced that term with differential social organization, accepting thus, that not everybody has the same law-abiding values and goals, and, eventually, with differential association – a theory that by name covered both types of values and attitudes.Particularly, Sutherland argued that:(a) „A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favourableto violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of law”. This is theprinciple of differential association. It refers to both criminal and anti-criminal associationsand has to do with counteracting forces. When persons become criminals, theydo so because of contacts with criminal patterns and also because of isolation fromanti-criminal patterns. Any person inevitably assimilates the surrounding cultureunless other patterns are in conflict; a Southerner does not pronounce “r” becauseother Southerners do not pronounce “r.” Negatively, this proposition of differentialassociation means that associations which are neutral so far as crime is concernedhave little or no effect on the genesis of criminal behaviour. Much of the experienceof a person is neutral in this sense, e.g., learning to brush one’s teeth. This behaviourhas no negative or positive effect on criminal behaviour except as it may be relatedto associations which are concerned with the legal codes. This neutral behaviour isimportant especially as an occupier of the time of a child so that he is not in contactwith criminal behaviour during the time he is engaged in neutral behaviour.(b) The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.Negatively, this means that the learning of criminal behaviour is notrestricted to the process of imitation. A person who is seduced, for instance, learnscriminal behaviour by association, but this process would not ordinarily be describedas imitation.(c) While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by them since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.Thieves generally steal in orderto secure money, but likewise honest labourers work in order to secure money. Theattempts by many scholars to explain criminal behaviour by general drives and values,such as the happiness principle, striving for social status, the money motive, orfrustration, have been and must continue to be futile since they explain lawful behaviouras completely as they explain criminal behaviour. They are similar to respiration,which is necessary for any behaviour but which does not differentiate criminal fromnon-criminal behaviour. These are factors working both ways (negative/positive; risk/protective).The core of the transmission of criminal traditions takes part in the small groups („primary”, „intimate”). Among such groups, family is the most important. Intergenerational familial transmission of criminal traditions has been relatively well researched and documented. Accordingly, convicted parents tend to have convicted children. In a Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development study covering transmission of criminal traditions between three generations (gradparents-parents-children) 411 southLondon males have been followed up from age 8 to age 48. These males (generation2, G2) are compared with their fathers and mothers (generation 1, G1), and with theirbiological sons and daughters (generation 3, G3).Results:There was significant intergenerational transmission of convictions from G1males to G2 males, and from G2 males to G3 males. Convictions of fathers still predictedconvictions of sons after controlling for risk factors, but the predictive efficiencywas reduced. Transmission was less from G1 females to G2 males, and from G2 malesto G3 females. There was little evidence of intergenerational transmission from G1 toG3, except from grandmothers to granddaughters.The degree of intergenerational transmissiondecreased after controlling for family, socio-economic and individual risk factors,suggesting that these factors may be links in the chain between parent and childoffending. However, the father’s convictions still predicted the son’s convictionseven after controlling for these risk factors.A key policyimplication is that it is important to take steps to reduce theintergenerational transmission of offending. This research suggests importantintervention targets such as poor parental supervision and disrupted families. Byreducing family and other risk factors, intergenerational transmission can bereduced. Conclusion: The intergenerational transmission of offending may be mediated byfamily, socio-economic and individual risk factors. Intervention to reduce intergenerationaltransmission could target these risk factors (David P. Farrington, Jeremy W. Coidand Joseph Murray, Family factors in theintergenerational transmissionof offendingCriminal Behaviour and Mental Health19: 109–124 (2009)).Retroflexive Reformation. This process („helpers principles”) is based upon differential association and often takesplace in a group setting working with both offenders and non-offenders. It modifies social relationships, and is an effective supplement to the clinical handling of convicted criminals. It is a social reintegration principle.This concept suggeststhat “inattempting to reform others, the offender almost automatically accepts the relevant commonpurpose of the group, identifies himself closely with other persons engaging in reformation, andassigns status on the basis of anticriminalbehaviour” . RR works best for offenders, if focused on their antisocial associations, and reinforces aprosocial conduct. Otherwise training in helping others may be ineffective and incompatible with criminal attitudes and lifestiles which are too deeply entrentched (prisons are the place whith the excess of favourable definitions to law violation).If criminals are to be changed, they must be assimilated into groups which emphasize values conducive to law-abiding behavior and, concurrently, alienated from groups emphasizing values conducive to criminality. Since the majority of criminals experience great difficulty in securing intimate contacts in ordinary groups, special groups whose major common goal is the reformation of criminals must be created. The more relevant the common purpose of the group to the reformation of criminals, the greater will be its influence on the criminal members' attitudes and values. Just as a labour union exerts strong influence over its members' attitudes toward management but less influence on their attitudes toward say, women, so a group organized for recreation or welfare purposes will have less success in influencing criminalistic attitudes and values than will one whose explicit purpose is to change criminals. The more cohesive the group, the greater the members' readiness to influence others and the more relevant the problem of conformity to group norms. The criminals who are to be reformed and the persons expected to effect the change must, then, have a strong sense of belonging to one group:betweenthemmust bea genuine "we" feeling. The reformers, consequently, should not be identifiable as correctional workers, probation or parole officers, or social workers. Both reformers and those to be reformed must achieve status within the group by exhibition of "pro-reform" or anti-criminal values and behaviour patterns. As a novitiate, he is a therapeutic parasite and not actually a member until he accepts the group's own system for assigning status. The most effective mechanism for exerting group pressureon members will befound in groups so organized that criminals are induced to join with noncriminals for the purpose of changing other criminals. A group in which criminal A joins with some noncriminals to change criminal B is probably most effective in changing criminal A, not B; in order to change criminal B, criminal A must necessarily share the values of the anticriminal members. The benefits of the RR process are often greater forthe helper (mentor) than for the helpless (prisoner). Adult mentoring programs for former prisoners are being studied in the context of the US reintegration programmes (Ready4Work) which had a strong faith-basedcomponent. The helpers are drawn from the community, especially faith-based organizations. Focus groups indicate that the helpless (prisoners) wantmentoring, and they express a particular preference for mentors who have had a prisoner’reentry experience (recidivism). Both individual and group mentoring models are being implemented.Once they are involved in the program, maintees continue to want mentoring, and they alsowant to become mentors themselves, participating as both a mentor and a mentee. Several Project participants have “graduated” and become helpers.Preliminary evidence suggests that group mentoring may not be as powerful astraditional mentoring, although it may be a less costly alternative.Despite the variety and promising prospects of the approaches just described,community services currently available for new releasees may not be meeting their needs.In a survey of men released from state prison to Chicago, 48 percent said that they hadused some services in the 2 months since release, but when asked what services were most useful, 17 percentsaid that none of them was useful. When asked “what would be most helpful right now” (6months postrelease), 64 percent mentioned ajob or job training, 53 percent mentionedfinancial support, 24 percent mentioned education, 38 percent mentioned housing, and 41percent mentioned health insurance (Parole, desistance from crime, and community integration, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Community Supervision and Desistance from Crime, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Law and Justice, 2008).The supplementarity of DA/RR is mainly due to the fact that it is focused on small groups of people, in line with the premise that commision of a crime and the reintegration of prisoner comes through an intimate contact. The role of media in projecting violence has been underestimated in it, mainly because at the time when the DA theory was eventually formed (1939-1947), their impact on people had been limited to newspapers and radio broadcasts. In 1940 in the US there were only 100, 000 TV sets in housholds and another 100,000 in the public places (restaurants, theaters, schools, hotels, etc.) – altogether less than 3 per 1000 people, and in 1947 – about 5. Currently, the number of TV sets per one US houshold is740 per 1000 people (in Austria 520, Germany 623 and in Poland 338). However, what matters for evaluating whether or not the non-intimate contacts may have on crime commission and the reintegration is the TV content. Curently, the number ofmurders seen on the US TV by the time an average child finishes elementary school is 8,000. The number of violent acts seen on TV by age 18 is 200,000, and the percentage of Americans who believe TV violence helps precipitate real life mayhem is 79 (http://www.jesus-is-savior.com/Evils%20in%20America/Hellivision/television_statistics.htm). The growth of mobile and internet communication with its content these days makes the issue of the transmission of criminal traditions, including violence, even a much more troubling picture.