Environmental engineering is concerned with protecting human and environmental health from adverse factors through application of scientific principles. It involves areas like water treatment, air pollution control, waste management, and environmental sustainability. Soap and detergent formulation aims to meet performance standards through ingredients like surfactants, builders, and bleaches. Manufacturers strive to reduce packaging waste through concentrated formulas, multifunctional products, refill packages, and recycled materials. The soap making process carefully transports and stores raw materials like oils, caustics, and perfumes to minimize environmental impacts during production.
NEW INSTRUMENTS TO ENHANCE SAFETY, SUSTAINABILITY AND EFFICIENCY
IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY | Look beyond the hygienic design of dairy equipment to reduce overall costs of cleaning
Roberto Massini | Italiafoodtec.com
Today, as consumers become more aware and responsible about what they eat and drink, there is an increasing interest in, and consequently a rising demand for, organic products.
Without proof of certification, you cannot be assured that the product is, indeed, organic.
The organic labels certify that the products contain, among others, the following attributes: pesticide free, free of genetically modified/transgenic seeds, environmentally friendly, respects the workers safety, small-scale production, local production system, sustainable agriculture without use of chemical fertilizers.
The certification is among the attributes considered most important when buying organic products by the consumers. Consumers perceive superior value of products that possess an organic certification label.
With regard to the consumers’ opinions referring to labels, most believe that the labels give more credibility to products.
The researcher also found that product with an organic label is a differentiating factor at the moment of buying, due to the credibility, guarantee, confidence and safety conveyed by the label.
Att hålla ditt hus rent kan vara en monumental uppgift, speciellt om du arbetar heltid, har små barn eller husdjur eller alla ovanstående. Som ett resultat hyr många upptagna husägare en professionell städare för att minska stressen och göra livet enklare.Men hur mycket ska husstädningskostnaderna kosta, och exakt vad hyresgästerna får för sina pengar när de anställer en städservice eller städföretag.
www.flyttstädarnagöteborg.se
NEW INSTRUMENTS TO ENHANCE SAFETY, SUSTAINABILITY AND EFFICIENCY
IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY | Look beyond the hygienic design of dairy equipment to reduce overall costs of cleaning
Roberto Massini | Italiafoodtec.com
Today, as consumers become more aware and responsible about what they eat and drink, there is an increasing interest in, and consequently a rising demand for, organic products.
Without proof of certification, you cannot be assured that the product is, indeed, organic.
The organic labels certify that the products contain, among others, the following attributes: pesticide free, free of genetically modified/transgenic seeds, environmentally friendly, respects the workers safety, small-scale production, local production system, sustainable agriculture without use of chemical fertilizers.
The certification is among the attributes considered most important when buying organic products by the consumers. Consumers perceive superior value of products that possess an organic certification label.
With regard to the consumers’ opinions referring to labels, most believe that the labels give more credibility to products.
The researcher also found that product with an organic label is a differentiating factor at the moment of buying, due to the credibility, guarantee, confidence and safety conveyed by the label.
Att hålla ditt hus rent kan vara en monumental uppgift, speciellt om du arbetar heltid, har små barn eller husdjur eller alla ovanstående. Som ett resultat hyr många upptagna husägare en professionell städare för att minska stressen och göra livet enklare.Men hur mycket ska husstädningskostnaderna kosta, och exakt vad hyresgästerna får för sina pengar när de anställer en städservice eller städföretag.
www.flyttstädarnagöteborg.se
In oxo-biodegradable plastics, an additive is added in the plastic that encourages it to break down. This additive changes the molecular structure of the plastic which allows it to be broken down and consumed further by bacteria and other microorganisms.
Globally, it is estimated that over US$1.2 trillion of food is lost
or wasted across the food supply chain, equivalent to 1.6 billion
tons of food per annum.
“In Australia, it is estimated that $20 billion
worth of food is lost or wasted per annum, ...”
an estimated 7.3 million tonnes across the entire Australian
supply and consumption chain.
Fresh produce is a vital component of human health. Yet many
Australian adults fail to meet national guidelines on fresh produce
consumption, risking adverse health effects. Therefore, it is
imperative for strategies to be deployed which ensure access
for consumers to fresh, nutritious food, rather than allowing it
to be wasted.
Packaging plays an important role in the integrity and protection
of food as it travels through supply chains from farm, through
retail, to plate.
“The trade-off between food waste and
packaging is a delicate balance; more
packaging can result in less food waste
and therefore less impacts.”
The impact of this extra packaging must also be considered to
develop the optimal packaging-to-food ratio.
In light of these issues, the Australian Fresh Produce Alliance
(AFPA), made up of 14 of Australia’s key fresh produce growers
and suppliers, sought to provide key stakeholders with an
objective and evidence-based understanding of the value that
packaging provides within the life cycle of fresh produce. AFPA
engaged Empauer and RMIT University to examine the role
of packaging in minimising food waste whilst ensuring quality
produce reaches consumers.
RMIT University is one of Australia’s largest Universities and
is considered a leader in technology, design, global business,
communication, global communities, health solutions and
urban sustainable futures. Empauer is a leading sustainability
consultancy focussed on providing organisations with information
to make better decisions, convert those decisions to actions,
and deliver the business outcomes they desire.
The project was specifically concerned with the following:
• Mapping the life cycle of 10 fresh produce items, both with
and without packaging. Specifically, this included describing
the food supply chains, and projecting/estimating the shelf
life of produce which is extended with packaging, compared
to the shelf life without packaging i.e. sold loose.
• Describing product diverted from waste because of packaging,
and product going to waste because of no packaging.
WASTE water treatment project........ Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert dirty wastewater into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the environment, or directly reused. The latter is called water reclamation because treated wastewater can then be used for other purposes. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), often referred to as a Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) or a sewage treatment plant. Pollutants in municipal wastewater (households and small industries) are removed or broken down.
The treatment of wastewater is part of the overarching field of sanitation. Sanitation also includes the management of human waste and solid waste as well as stormwater (drainage) management.[1] By-products from wastewater treatment plants, such as screenings, grit and sewage sludge may also be treated in a wastewater treatment plant.[2]:Ch.14
How to Start Packaging Business (Packaging of Food, Tin, Pharmaceuticals, Dri...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Packaging is a means of ensuring the safe delivery of a product to the ultimate consumer in a sound condition at the minimal overall cost. Packaging not only differentiates one brand from another but also, at times, gives a preview of the product being sold. Although it is a subject of recent technological origin, the art of packaging is a sold as the primitative humans.
See more
http://goo.gl/2nXkUk
http://goo.gl/FuqIZj
http://goo.gl/L70W3e
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Adhesives for Packaging Industries, Aluminium Cans for Heat-Sterilized Food Products, Aluminium Foils for Composite Containers, Aluminium in Flexible Packaging, Aluminium in Packaging, Aseptic Packaging, Bottle Labelling, Business Guidance on Packaging Industry, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Cardboard boxes business plan, Coated Cartons Manufacture, Flexible Packaging, Foil Bag, Pouch and Envelope Production, Folding Board Cartons Manufacture, Fundamentals of Packaging Technology, How to start a food packaging business, How to Start a Packaging Company - Startup Business, How to start a successful Packaging business, How to Start Packaging Business, How to Start Packaging Industry in India, Lucrative Small Business Ideas in Packaging Industry, Metal Container Industry in India, Metal Containers for Food Packaging, Modern Packaging Industries, Most Profitable Packaging Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Packaging industry, Opportunities of Packaging Business in India, Packaging Based Profitable Projects, Packaging Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Packaging Box Manufacturing Profitable Business Idea, Packaging business plan, Packaging business project, Packaging business start up, Packaging Business, Packaging for Biscuits, Packaging for Irradiated Foods, Packaging Industry in India, Packaging of Cereals and Cereal Products, Packaging of Drinking Water, Packaging of Edible Oils, Vanaspati and Ghee, Packaging of Fish, Packaging of Food, Packaging of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Packaging of Meat, Poultry and Fish, Packaging of Milk, Packaging of Paints in Tin Plate Containers, Packaging of Pharmaceuticals, Packaging of Spices and Spice Products, Packaging of Sugar and Chocolate Confectionery, Packaging Projects, Packaging Technology Book, Packaging Technology material and processes book, Packaging Trends for Cheese and Other Dairy Products, Packing Industries, Packing of Meat & Meat Products in Tin Containers, Pharmaceutical Packaging Collapsible Tubes, Printing Inks for Food Packaging, Profitable Small Scale Packaging industry, Setting up and opening your Packaging Business, Setting up of Packaging Business, Small scale packaging machine, Small Scale Packaging Projects, Start a packing business, Start Up India, Stand Up India, Starting a Packaging Business, Start-up Business Plan for Packaging industry, Startup Project for Packaging industry, Tin Packaging, Tin Plate Containers
Plastics In Packaging Of Drinking Water By Dr. Sania Akhtar CIPET, MysoreIndia Water Portal
Presentation by Dr. Sania Akhtar at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
Ensure a clean and healthy environment in the Workplace with Green CleaningTorkBetterBusiness
www.torkusa.com
Nearly 80,000 different chemicals are used in conventional cleaning products, some of which could be hazardous to the environment. Green cleaning is selecting products that establish protocols that reduce or eliminate the hazardous effects of housecleaning to ensure a clean and healthy environment both inside and outside the facility. Visit the Tork Better Business Center at betterbusiness.torkusa.com for business tips and advice.
Sustainability Plus compendium - an initiative by fibre2fashion.combhargav pathak
Highly admired & appreciated by the industry leaders, Fibre2fashion.com first initiative of Sustainability Compendium has acquired the interest of the global textile industry at large. Sustainability, as widely talked, is the new mantra of innovation which is of vital concern for the companies and an integral part of 'Corporate Strategy' in the industry today. With growing awareness and higher emphasis on Sustainable manufacturing in Textile, Apparel and Fashion industries has inspired us to launch the 2nd version of our Sustainability Compendium for a continued widespread focus on Sustainable manufacturing.
In recent years the innovation of novel nanomaterials plays a vital role in many areas. Among those areas, the most
important factor of bio-nanocomposites is in food packaging industry by having the reason that these advances are
interested in improvement of food quality and safety. In food packaging, a major interest is on development of high barrier
properties against the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, flavor compounds, and water vapor. Day by day in the
globalization, food packaging requires a long shelf life, along with monitoring the safety and quality based upon
international standards. This chapter inculcates biodegradability of bio-nanocomposite, antimicrobial properties,
mechanical and thermal properties for food packaging applications.
The roots of ecolabelling are found in the growing global concern for environmental protection on the part of governments, businesses and the public. As businesses have come to recognize that environmental concerns may be translated into a market advantage for certain products and services, various environmental declarations, claims and labels have emerged, such as natural, recyclable, eco-friendly, low energy, recycled content, etc.
Governmental, industry, NGO, investor and consumer efforts and awareness will serve as 5 key driving forces of sustainability in the months and years ahead.
Green Cleaning Plan for Colleges - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
In oxo-biodegradable plastics, an additive is added in the plastic that encourages it to break down. This additive changes the molecular structure of the plastic which allows it to be broken down and consumed further by bacteria and other microorganisms.
Globally, it is estimated that over US$1.2 trillion of food is lost
or wasted across the food supply chain, equivalent to 1.6 billion
tons of food per annum.
“In Australia, it is estimated that $20 billion
worth of food is lost or wasted per annum, ...”
an estimated 7.3 million tonnes across the entire Australian
supply and consumption chain.
Fresh produce is a vital component of human health. Yet many
Australian adults fail to meet national guidelines on fresh produce
consumption, risking adverse health effects. Therefore, it is
imperative for strategies to be deployed which ensure access
for consumers to fresh, nutritious food, rather than allowing it
to be wasted.
Packaging plays an important role in the integrity and protection
of food as it travels through supply chains from farm, through
retail, to plate.
“The trade-off between food waste and
packaging is a delicate balance; more
packaging can result in less food waste
and therefore less impacts.”
The impact of this extra packaging must also be considered to
develop the optimal packaging-to-food ratio.
In light of these issues, the Australian Fresh Produce Alliance
(AFPA), made up of 14 of Australia’s key fresh produce growers
and suppliers, sought to provide key stakeholders with an
objective and evidence-based understanding of the value that
packaging provides within the life cycle of fresh produce. AFPA
engaged Empauer and RMIT University to examine the role
of packaging in minimising food waste whilst ensuring quality
produce reaches consumers.
RMIT University is one of Australia’s largest Universities and
is considered a leader in technology, design, global business,
communication, global communities, health solutions and
urban sustainable futures. Empauer is a leading sustainability
consultancy focussed on providing organisations with information
to make better decisions, convert those decisions to actions,
and deliver the business outcomes they desire.
The project was specifically concerned with the following:
• Mapping the life cycle of 10 fresh produce items, both with
and without packaging. Specifically, this included describing
the food supply chains, and projecting/estimating the shelf
life of produce which is extended with packaging, compared
to the shelf life without packaging i.e. sold loose.
• Describing product diverted from waste because of packaging,
and product going to waste because of no packaging.
WASTE water treatment project........ Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert dirty wastewater into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the environment, or directly reused. The latter is called water reclamation because treated wastewater can then be used for other purposes. The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), often referred to as a Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) or a sewage treatment plant. Pollutants in municipal wastewater (households and small industries) are removed or broken down.
The treatment of wastewater is part of the overarching field of sanitation. Sanitation also includes the management of human waste and solid waste as well as stormwater (drainage) management.[1] By-products from wastewater treatment plants, such as screenings, grit and sewage sludge may also be treated in a wastewater treatment plant.[2]:Ch.14
How to Start Packaging Business (Packaging of Food, Tin, Pharmaceuticals, Dri...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Packaging is a means of ensuring the safe delivery of a product to the ultimate consumer in a sound condition at the minimal overall cost. Packaging not only differentiates one brand from another but also, at times, gives a preview of the product being sold. Although it is a subject of recent technological origin, the art of packaging is a sold as the primitative humans.
See more
http://goo.gl/2nXkUk
http://goo.gl/FuqIZj
http://goo.gl/L70W3e
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Adhesives for Packaging Industries, Aluminium Cans for Heat-Sterilized Food Products, Aluminium Foils for Composite Containers, Aluminium in Flexible Packaging, Aluminium in Packaging, Aseptic Packaging, Bottle Labelling, Business Guidance on Packaging Industry, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Cardboard boxes business plan, Coated Cartons Manufacture, Flexible Packaging, Foil Bag, Pouch and Envelope Production, Folding Board Cartons Manufacture, Fundamentals of Packaging Technology, How to start a food packaging business, How to Start a Packaging Company - Startup Business, How to start a successful Packaging business, How to Start Packaging Business, How to Start Packaging Industry in India, Lucrative Small Business Ideas in Packaging Industry, Metal Container Industry in India, Metal Containers for Food Packaging, Modern Packaging Industries, Most Profitable Packaging Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Packaging industry, Opportunities of Packaging Business in India, Packaging Based Profitable Projects, Packaging Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Packaging Box Manufacturing Profitable Business Idea, Packaging business plan, Packaging business project, Packaging business start up, Packaging Business, Packaging for Biscuits, Packaging for Irradiated Foods, Packaging Industry in India, Packaging of Cereals and Cereal Products, Packaging of Drinking Water, Packaging of Edible Oils, Vanaspati and Ghee, Packaging of Fish, Packaging of Food, Packaging of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Packaging of Meat, Poultry and Fish, Packaging of Milk, Packaging of Paints in Tin Plate Containers, Packaging of Pharmaceuticals, Packaging of Spices and Spice Products, Packaging of Sugar and Chocolate Confectionery, Packaging Projects, Packaging Technology Book, Packaging Technology material and processes book, Packaging Trends for Cheese and Other Dairy Products, Packing Industries, Packing of Meat & Meat Products in Tin Containers, Pharmaceutical Packaging Collapsible Tubes, Printing Inks for Food Packaging, Profitable Small Scale Packaging industry, Setting up and opening your Packaging Business, Setting up of Packaging Business, Small scale packaging machine, Small Scale Packaging Projects, Start a packing business, Start Up India, Stand Up India, Starting a Packaging Business, Start-up Business Plan for Packaging industry, Startup Project for Packaging industry, Tin Packaging, Tin Plate Containers
Plastics In Packaging Of Drinking Water By Dr. Sania Akhtar CIPET, MysoreIndia Water Portal
Presentation by Dr. Sania Akhtar at the Seminar on Packaged Water Industry in India which was organised by Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on 30th June 2009.
To know more click on the link http://indiawaterportal.org/post/6790
We thank CII and the presenters for giving us permission to make these presentations available online.
Ensure a clean and healthy environment in the Workplace with Green CleaningTorkBetterBusiness
www.torkusa.com
Nearly 80,000 different chemicals are used in conventional cleaning products, some of which could be hazardous to the environment. Green cleaning is selecting products that establish protocols that reduce or eliminate the hazardous effects of housecleaning to ensure a clean and healthy environment both inside and outside the facility. Visit the Tork Better Business Center at betterbusiness.torkusa.com for business tips and advice.
Sustainability Plus compendium - an initiative by fibre2fashion.combhargav pathak
Highly admired & appreciated by the industry leaders, Fibre2fashion.com first initiative of Sustainability Compendium has acquired the interest of the global textile industry at large. Sustainability, as widely talked, is the new mantra of innovation which is of vital concern for the companies and an integral part of 'Corporate Strategy' in the industry today. With growing awareness and higher emphasis on Sustainable manufacturing in Textile, Apparel and Fashion industries has inspired us to launch the 2nd version of our Sustainability Compendium for a continued widespread focus on Sustainable manufacturing.
In recent years the innovation of novel nanomaterials plays a vital role in many areas. Among those areas, the most
important factor of bio-nanocomposites is in food packaging industry by having the reason that these advances are
interested in improvement of food quality and safety. In food packaging, a major interest is on development of high barrier
properties against the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, flavor compounds, and water vapor. Day by day in the
globalization, food packaging requires a long shelf life, along with monitoring the safety and quality based upon
international standards. This chapter inculcates biodegradability of bio-nanocomposite, antimicrobial properties,
mechanical and thermal properties for food packaging applications.
The roots of ecolabelling are found in the growing global concern for environmental protection on the part of governments, businesses and the public. As businesses have come to recognize that environmental concerns may be translated into a market advantage for certain products and services, various environmental declarations, claims and labels have emerged, such as natural, recyclable, eco-friendly, low energy, recycled content, etc.
Governmental, industry, NGO, investor and consumer efforts and awareness will serve as 5 key driving forces of sustainability in the months and years ahead.
Green Cleaning Plan for Colleges - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
How to start Plastic Waste Recycling Plant in India.pdfJagriti Agarwal
Plastic waste recycling plays a crucial role in addressing the growing concerns surrounding plastic pollution. Every year, Millions of tonnes of plastic waste are produced across the globe, contributing to ecosystem degradation and harming sea life.
Dr. Taniguchi (in 1974) was the man behind the word “Nanotechnology” but Dr. Richard Phillips Feynman was the person who innovated the new technology. Food contamination due to harmful pathogenic microorganisms (like Escherichia coli, Hepatitis A, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Noroviruses, etc.) causes deadly diseases- ranging from enterocolitis to cancer (WHO-2020). Globally, food borne diseases (FBD) affecting not only the economy but also human health badly. FBD cases is expected to rise from 100 mn in 2011 to 150-177 mn in 2030 (Wageningen Economic Research; WHO-2020) According to a report from the UN (2019), the world’s population is expected to reach 8.548 bn by 2030, 9.735 bn by 2050 , and10.874 bn by 2100 Food nanosensors facilitate in detecting the harmful pathogenic microorganisms by monitoring the quality of food, and help in controlling the spread of foodborne disease. Antibacterial activity of metal NPs (e.g., Ag, Au, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ti, Si, and their respective oxides) Biochemical synthesis of metal NPs and NPs embedded polymer attract researchers EUC in 2011 regulates the migration of NPs into food products (due to directly / indirectly contact of NPs) with regulation No. 10/2011. FDA and FSSAI are the regulating authorities in USA and India, respectively for the application of NPs in food. 1. Introduction:
Experiences from five Danish projects with ecological sanitation using divert...Arne Backlund
Why do modern reflecting scientists and engineers with two outlets think and produce sanitation based on toilets with one inlet?
Ancient Roman water aquaducts - A monument of long lasting construction but also a monument of bad ecological engineering concerning water management!
Experiences from five Danish projects with ecological sanitation using diverting systems - Reflected development or development as a reflex in designing of sanitary systems and waste products?
Arne Backlund (Corresponding author)
A & B Backlund ApS, Ordrupvej 101,DK-2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark
Tel. +45 39633364 Fax +45 39636455 E-mail backlund@backlund.dk
Annette Holtze
Storstrøm County, Technology & Environment, Parkvej 37, DK-4800 Nykøbing F.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with the application
of scientific and engineering principles for protection of human populations from the
effects of adverse environmental factors; protection of environments, both local and
global, from potentially deleterious effects of natural and human activities; and
improvement of environmental quality. Environmental engineering can also be
described as a branch of applied science and technology that addresses the issues of
energy preservation, protection of assets and control of waste from human and animal
activities. Furthermore, it is concerned with finding plausible solutions in the field of
public health, such as waterborne diseases, implementing laws which promote
adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. It involves waste water
management, air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, radiation protection,
industrial hygiene, animal agriculture, environmental sustainability, public
health and environmental engineering law. It also includes studies on the
environmental impact of proposed construction projects.
Soaps and detergents are formulated products designed to meet various cost
and performance standards. The formulated products contain many components, such
assurfactants to tie up unwanted materials (commercial detergents usually contain only
10– 30% surfactants), builders or polyphosphate salts to improve surfactant processes
andremove calcium and magnesium ions, and bleaches to increase reflectance of
visiblelight. They also contain various additives designed to remove stains (enzymes),
preventsoil re-deposition, regulate foam, reduce washing machine corrosion, brighten
2. colors,give an agreeable odor, prevent caking, and help processing of the formulated
detergent.The classification of surfactants in common usage depends on their
electrolytic dissociation, which allows the determination of the nature of the
hydrophilic polar group,for example, anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric.
The soap industry is committed to understanding the impact of its products and
packages on the environment. With this understanding comes the ability to reduce
impact and improve their environmental quality.
Manufacturers of cleaning products have been leaders in reducing packaging waste
encouraging sound waste disposal practices. Advance in technology have resulted in
products that are more concentrated, products that combine two functions in one,
products with refill packages and packages that use recycled materials. Concentrated
products need less energy to manufacture and transport, and require less packaging.
Multifunctional products eliminate the need for separate packages. Refill packages
allow consumers to reuse primary packages many times, decreasing the amount of
packaging used and the volume of trash generated. Plastic and paperboard that would
otherwise be thrown away become usable materials through recycling.
Soap is designed as a product to be used once then flushed down the drain, so as
expected the environmental implications of its manufacture are not nearly so great as
many other chemical processes. There are two main areas of concern: the safe
transport and containment of the raw materials, and the minimisation of losses during
manufacture. The three main components of soap by both cost and volume are oils,
3. caustic and perfumes. Oils and perfume are immiscible in water and if spilled create
havoc, although the oils do solidify at room temperature. Transport of these products
is by trained carriers, and the systems for pumping from the truck to storage tanks is
carefully designed. Perfumes are bought in lined steel drums which are quite robust,
and flammable perfumes are not used in soaps. All storage tanks are surrounded by
bunds to catch the contents of a tank should it rupture or a valve fail. When the
storage system is designed, all the safety features (such as access to tank and valves)
are designed in, as well as procedures to deal with the product should it end up in the
bunded area. Within the plant, all the process areas are also bunded, and the trade
waste from there piped to an interception tank before draining to the council's trade
waste system. The contents of the interception tank are continuously monitored for
acidity or alkalinity, and is designed to settle out excess solids or light phase
chemicals. If a spill is detected in the plant itself, a portion of the interception tank can
be isolated off and the effects of the spill neutralised before the waste is dumped. In
most cases, however, potential problems are identified and stopped before they
happen. Often an off-spec product can be reprocessed and blended rather than
dumped, and even washout water can be reprocessed to minimised the discharges
from the plant. Finally, the manufacturing process itself is closely monitored to ensure
any losses are kept to a minimum. Continuous measurements of key properties such
as electrolyte levels and moisture both ensure that the final product is being made to
spec, and ensures the manufacturing process is working as it was designed to. Hence
the losses in the plant will indirectly be minimised because the process itself is being
monitored.
4. The soap and detergent industry is committed to understanding the impact of its
products and packages on the environment. With this understanding comes the ability
to reduce their impact and improve their environmental quality.
Manufacturers of cleaning products have been leaders in reducing packaging waste
and encouraging sound waste disposal practices. Advances in technology have
resulted in products that are more concentrated, products that combine two functions
in one, products with refill packages and packages that use recycled materials.
Concentrated products need less energy to manufacture and transport, and require less
packaging. Multifunctional products eliminate the need for separate packages. Refill
packages allow consumers to reuse primary packages many times, decreasing the
amount of packaging used and the volume of trash generated. Plastic and paperboard
that would otherwise be thrown away become usable materials through recycling.
Through education and community programs, the soap and detergent industry helps
consumers learn how to reduce waste and how best to dispose of it. Consumers are
reminded that the environmentally wise way of handling any household cleaning
product is to buy only the amount that can be used; to use it all up or give it away; and,
if it must be disposed, to dispose of it properly. As a rule of thumb, products designed
for use with water should be disposed of by pouring down the drain; solid products
such as scouring pads should be put into the trash.
A promising method under development for improving the environmental quality of a
product is life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA describes a “cradle-to-grave” look at all
the environmental impacts of a product and its package, from acquiring raw materials
through manufacture and distribution to consumer use and disposal. One advantage of
LCA is that it can determine whether reducing an environmental impact in one area,
5. such as manufacturing, shifts the impact to another, such as disposal. LCA also helps
to identify where environmental improvement efforts should be focused.
Sound scientific information provides the foundation for the soap and detergent
industry’s commitment to safety. The industry maintains this commitment without
compromising product performance, convenience or cost-effectiveness.
As consumer needs and lifestyles change, and as new manufacturing processes
become available, the soap and detergent industry responds with new products. A
commitment to safety is a top priority from the time a company begins working on a
new product and continues as long as the product is in the marketplace. Companies
evaluate the safety of existing cleaning products by talking with consumers, reviewing
scientific developments and monitoring product use data that may affect the safety
assessment process.
To determine the safety of a cleaning product ingredient, industry scientists evaluate
the toxicity of the ingredient. Toxicity is generally defined as any harmful effect of a
chemical on a living organism like a human, an animal, a plant or a microorganism.
Since all chemicals, including water, are toxic under certain conditions of exposure,
scientists must consider a number of factors affecting exposure. These include the
duration and frequency of exposure to the ingredient; the concentration of the
ingredient at the time of exposure; and the route and manner in which the exposure
occurs (for example, eye, skin or ingestion). This information is essential whether
assessing the effect on humans, animals, plants or microorganisms.
Because human safety and environmental evaluations consider different types of
exposures, they are evaluated by different procedures. The principal steps in the
assessment process are, however, the same. They involve:
6. assembling existing data on toxicity and exposure;
determining where new information is needed and, if necessary, carrying out
appropriate studies; and
determining whether predicted exposure levels are below levels that cause
significant toxic effects.
This safety evaluation process enables scientists to predict the potential risk, if any,
associated with the use of the ingredient or product, and determine if it is safe for
consumers and the environment.
Medical science has long confirmed the important relationship between cleanliness
and health. The regular use of cleaning products is fundamental to the health of our
society and the well-being of its people.
Because cleaning products are part of our everyday lives, it is essential that they not
present a significant risk to health. In considering the human safety of an individual
ingredient or product, toxicologists (scientists who assess the safety of a chemical) are
concerned with the effects from two types of exposures: intended and unintended.
Intended exposures occur with use of a cleaning product according to the
manufacturer’s directions. Unintended exposures can result from misuse, through
improper storage or by accidental contact, such as when a liquid detergent is splashed
in the eye.
Hazards from these types of exposures are evaluated from information obtained
through acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) tests and through a review of
existing data. Expected exposure routes are considered as part of this evaluation.
Human safety evaluations begin with the specific ingredients and then move on to the
whole product. The effects for all ingredients are considered as the product is
formulated.
7. Toxicologists compare the expected exposure to the expected effect during both
product manufacture and use. How will workers be exposed in the plant? What is the
intended use of the product? Is it to be diluted? Undiluted? Used daily in the home?
Weekly in the workplace? Toxicologists also consider the expected effect of an
unintended exposure. What is the potential hazard, for example, if a child drinks a
product directly from the bottle?
If this human safety evaluation indicates an unacceptable risk, it may be possible to
make the risk smaller by changing the manufacturing process; reformulating to reduce
or eliminate an ingredient contributing to the toxic effect; or using labelling or a
child-resistant closure. If the risk cannot be reduced, the product will not be marketed.
Even though manufacturers formulate cleaning products to ensure that they are safe or
have very low risk, human health effects can still result from unintended exposure. To
warn consumers about a specific hazard, household cleaning products carry
cautionary labelling whenever necessary. For consumers, this is one of the most
important features of the label.
Federal regulations govern how precautionary statements related to human safety are
used on household cleaning product labels. The regulations require that statements
follow a standard format.
Along with the safety evaluation process and cautionary labelling, a consumer
education program on the proper use, storage and disposal of cleaning products
supports the human safety efforts of the soap and detergent industry. In addition, the
industry works closely with poison control centres to assure that, should an accidental
exposure occur, treatment information is available to health care providers. Together,
these activities enable consumers to use cleaning products with confidence in both
their safety and performance.
8. Most household cleaning products are formulated to be used with water and “go down
the drain” into wastewater treatment systems (municipal sewage treatment plants or
septic tank systems). To assure that products are safe for the environment,
manufacturers evaluate the impacts of product ingredients in wastewater treatment
systems, streams, rivers, lakes and estuaries. Scientific principles that are widely
recognized by the technical and regulatory communities are used to assess the risk to
the environment of these impacts.
Environmental risk assessment considers the exposure concentrations and effects of
individual ingredients. Two sets of information are used in these assessments. One set
enables industry scientists to predict the concentration of the ingredient from all
sources, including cleaning products, at various locations in the environment (the
predicted exposure concentration). The other set is used to find the highest
concentration of the ingredient at which no harm will occur to animals, plants or
microorganisms living in the environment (the no-effect concentration). Comparing
the predicted exposure concentration and the no-effect concentration enables
scientists to determine whether the use of an ingredient is safe for the environment.
The planned use of a cleaning product ingredient is acceptable if the predicted
exposure concentration is lower than the concentration that would harm animals,
plants or microorganisms.
This information applies to ingredients processed through household septic tank
systems as well as municipal treatment plants. Two basic steps occur in the treatment
of wastewater in both systems. The first step, called primary treatment, consists of the
removal of solid material, such as grit or grease, from the wastewater by physical
means, like settling and flotation in tanks.
9. The second step, called secondary treatment, removes the dissolved material by
biological means, like consumption by microorganisms. It is in the secondary
treatment stage where the most important process in reducing the exposure
concentration of detergent ingredients occurs. This is called biodegradation.
Biodegradation describes how organic (carbon-containing) detergent ingredients, like
surfactants, enzymes and fragrances, are broken down into carbon dioxide, water and
minerals by the action of microorganisms such as bacteria. At this stage,
biodegradation reduces the amount of detergent ingredients discharged into the
environment to levels that do not present a risk to fish or other aquatic life. Any small
amounts of chemicals which are not biodegraded or removed during sewage treatment
are diluted in surface waters, soil and the ocean. They continue to biodegrade or be
removed from water by attaching to solids, a process known as adsorption.
Some inorganic (not carbon-containing) detergent ingredients, such as phosphates,
zeolites and some dyes, also attach to solids, and are further treated during processing
of the biosolids (sludge) produced in primary and secondary treatment. Biosolids are
often used as fertilizers and soil conditioners.
Because of modern treatment methods, only an insignificant amount of the ingredients
used to clean clothes, dishes, home and workplace surfaces actually reaches the
environment. And that amount is at such levels as to not cause any adverse effects.