slides related to water pollution resources in Pakistan

1. WATER POLLUTION RESOURCES
OF PAKISTAN

2. Water resources of Pakistan
• Water resources are resources of water that are potentially useful for
humans.
• Types of water resources:
Natural resources:
It includes rivers, rainfall, lakes, streams, ponds, glaciers and wells etc.
Artificial resources:
It includes surface water from rainfall and rivers which is required for
irrigation and is stored in dams and reservoirs for other uses.

3. Consumption pattern of water in Pakistan

4. WATER POLLUTION:
• Water pollution is the release of
substances into water body through direct
or indirect discharge that makes water
unsafe for human use and disrupts aquatic
ecosystems.
• Released substances may be:
Toxic industrial waste (plastic and metallic
substances)
Trash or disease causing microbes
Released energy in form of heat and
radiations

5. Water pollution resources of Pakistan
In Pakistan, major sources of water pollution are:
• Pesticides and fertilizers
• Chemical and industrial waste
• Domestic sewage
• Natural causes
• Animal waste
• Thermal pollution
• Petroleum pollution

6. Pesticides and fertilizers:
• One of major source of water pollution in
Pakistan is excess use of pesticides in the
agricultural fields.
• Excess nitrogen and phosphorus contained
pesticides are applied in the field, they are not
completely absorbed in the soil.
• When the rainfalls, the water from agricultural
fields containing nitrogen and phosphorous
mixes with water bodies and ground water and
cause eutrophication in water bodies
• Chemical fertilizer also cause water pollution
due to presence of nutrients.

7. Chemical and industrial waste
• Petrochemicals, paper and pulp, food processing,
tanneries, refineries, textile and sugar
industries are major industrial contributors to
wastewater pollution in Pakistan.
• The types of industrial waste generated includes
cafeteria garbage, dirt and gravel, metals, trash,
oil, solvents, chemicals, weed grass and trees,
wood and similar wastes.
• Industrial waste - which may be solid, liquid or
gases held in containers.

8. Chemical and industrial waste
• Industrial waste may be hazardous or non-hazardous.
• Hazardous waste includes certain commercial
products such as cleaning fluids, paints or pesticides
discarded by commercial establishments or
individuals.
• Non-hazardous industrial wastes are those that do
not meet the EPA's definition of hazardous waste and
are not municipal waste.
• Pakistan generates approximately 49.6 million tons
of solid waste per year, which has been increasing
more than 2.4 percent annually.

9. Waste generated by various industries
Waste generator Waste types
Chemical manufactures Acids , bases, organic compounds
Printing industry Heavy metal solution, waste ink solvents
Petroleum industry Waste water containing benzene and other
hydrocarbons
Leather products manufacturing Toluene and benzene
Electronic industry Computer printer circuit board, waste
batteries
Metal manufacturing Sludge containing heavy metals waste, paint
waste
Food industry Carbohydrates, proteins, organic and
inorganic salts, oils

10. Domestic sewage
• Domestic sewage contains a wide variety of dissolved
and suspended pollutants
• Main organic materials are food, vegetable wastes
chemical soaps and washing powders, etc.
• Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-
causing bacteria, which can travel on any waste.
• The various detergents and washing powders that we
use contains phosphates and are source of water
pollution.

11. Natural causes
• Water pollution can be caused by sand and silt from
natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and
volcanoes, as well as animal waste and algae.
• Natural Disasters
• Hurricanes, floods and earthquakes can cause sand
and silt to get into bodies of water, which causes a
lower oxygen concentration and can suffocate the
fish.
• Animal Waste
• Rain and floods can cause animal waste to run into
rivers and streams, which pollutes the water.

12. Thermal pollution
• Heat is considered to be a water pollutant because
it decreases the capacity of water to hold
dissolved oxygen.
• A major source of heat is the practice of
discharging cooling water from power plants into
river.
• The discharged water may be as much as 15 °C
warmer than the naturally occurring water. The
rise in water temperatures because of global
warming can also be considered a form of thermal
pollution.

13. Petroleum pollution
• Petroleum pollution occurs when oil from
roads and parking lots is carried in
surface runoff into water bodies.
• Oil spills may originate in natural
or anthropogenic causes.
• Oil that seeps from the bottom of oceans
(12%) which enters the marine environment
is natural cause of pollution.
• Accidental oil spills are also a source of
water pollution.
• Ships that travel along the oceans, storage of
oil contribute as a cause to water pollution.

14. Impacts of water pollution
Some major impacts of water pollution are:
• Disease :
Drinking of polluted water cause various disease even death occur.
Some common diseases that occurs through polluted water are:
Disease Cause of disease
Cholera Vibrio chlorae
Malaria Mosquito Anopheles
Lead poisoning Presence of lead in water

15. Disease caused by polluted water
Fluorosis Presence of fluoride in drinking water
Hepatitis A Caused by hepatitis A virus
Typhoid fever Caused by polluted water
Trachoma Caused by drinking of unhygienic water
Polyomavirus Caused by polluted water
Arsenicosis Presence of arsenic in water

16. Destruction of ecosystem
• Agricultural fertilizer and industrial
chemicals in water are easily
accumulated by fish and cause death
of fishes.
• Due to increase in global warming
and thermal pollution temperature of
water is also increasing that directly
harms the aquatic animals due to
which aquatic ecosystems are
destroyed.

17. Effects on plants
• Water pollution also effects plants badly
• The chemical and toxic properties of water
not only effects the growth of plant but also
effects the process of photosynthesis in
plants.
• The use of wastewater, surface water and
contaminated water cause crop
contamination and also cause disease in
consumer and farm workers
• Loss of soil fertility takes place due to
deposition of harmful chemicals in soil

18. Current situation of water pollution in Pakistan
• In Pakistan, poor water quality is one of the
main environmental and health-related concerns.
• Both surface and groundwater in the country are
polluted with microorganisms and various toxic
compounds.
• About 20% of whole population of Pakistan has
access to safe drinking while 80% of population
is force to use unsafe drinking water.
• About 20-40% hospital beds are filled by the
patients suffering from water-borne disease and
60% of infant death is caused by water
infection.

19. Drinking water quality and contamination status in Pakistan

20. How to prevent water pollution
• Conservation of water by turning off the tap when not in use.
• Sewage water treatment before releasing it in the water bodies.
• Preventive measures should be taken against the release of
chemicals in the water from domestic sources.
• Practicing limited use of detergent, soap, water-soluble chemicals.
• Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, etc.
and application of green manure in agriculture.
• Plant trees and bushes along the roads and water bodies.