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Essential Vocabulary and Concepts
Battista Agnese, World Map (1544)
The Americas, or “The New World”
Pictorial Map of
the Americas
(c. 1930)
After visiting the Canary Islands and the Bahamas, during his first voyage in
1492 Christopher Columbus landed at Hispaniola. He mistakenly believed he’d
discovered the subcontinent of India, and proceeded to establish the first
European colonies in the New World. Contrary to popular myth, Columbus never made
it to the shores of the United States, though he did explore much of the
Caribbean.
Map of Hispaniola, 1565
Hispaniola is now two different countries, Haiti and
Dominican Republic. Spaniards brought African slaves to
the island as early as 1501. The island was also colonized
by the French. The island still – these many hundred of
years later – bears the history of colonization in its
language, culture, food, and traditions.
Columbus’s interaction with the Taino-Arawak peoples was fraught. He
kidnapped several native peoples, and returned to Spain with them.
Europeans brought diseases with them, which were responsible for decimating
native populations. Colonizers subjected native peoples in the New World to
conditions no better than slavery, and did not recognize that the land was
already occupied.
Colonization
Colonization
Indigenous Peoples
Genocide
 Though the concept of genocide was initiated in the mid-20th
century by Raphael Lemkin, acts of genocidal violence against
indigenous groups frequently occurred in the Americas, Australia,
Africa and Asia with the expansion of various European colonial
powers such as the Spanish and British empires, and the
subsequent establishment of nation states on indigenous
territory.
 According to Lemkin, colonization was in itself “intrinsically
genocidal.”
 Genocide, according to Lemkin, is a two-stage process. In the
first stage the indigenous population’s way of life is destroyed.
In the second stage, the newcomers impose their way of life on
the minority group.
 Imperial and colonial forms of genocide are enacted in two main
ways, either through the deliberate clearing of territories of
their original inhabitants in order to make them exploitable for
purposes of resource extraction or colonial settlements, or
through enlisting indigenous peoples as forced laborers in
colonial or imperialist projects of resource extraction.
Genocide
 The UN definition, which is used in international law, is
narrower than Lemkin's, and states that genocide is “any
of the following acts committed with intent to destroy,
in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or
religious group, as such:
 (a) Killing members of the group;
 (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members
of the group;
 (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of
life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part;
 (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births
within the group;
 (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to
another group.
Contact Zones: social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and
grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical
relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their
aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world
today.
Cultural Exchange & Hybridity: the creation of
new transcultural forms within the contact
zone produced by colonization.

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Engl 205 introductory lecture version ii

  • 3. The Americas, or “The New World”
  • 4. Pictorial Map of the Americas (c. 1930)
  • 5. After visiting the Canary Islands and the Bahamas, during his first voyage in 1492 Christopher Columbus landed at Hispaniola. He mistakenly believed he’d discovered the subcontinent of India, and proceeded to establish the first European colonies in the New World. Contrary to popular myth, Columbus never made it to the shores of the United States, though he did explore much of the Caribbean.
  • 6.
  • 8. Hispaniola is now two different countries, Haiti and Dominican Republic. Spaniards brought African slaves to the island as early as 1501. The island was also colonized by the French. The island still – these many hundred of years later – bears the history of colonization in its language, culture, food, and traditions.
  • 9. Columbus’s interaction with the Taino-Arawak peoples was fraught. He kidnapped several native peoples, and returned to Spain with them. Europeans brought diseases with them, which were responsible for decimating native populations. Colonizers subjected native peoples in the New World to conditions no better than slavery, and did not recognize that the land was already occupied.
  • 11.
  • 14.
  • 15. Genocide  Though the concept of genocide was initiated in the mid-20th century by Raphael Lemkin, acts of genocidal violence against indigenous groups frequently occurred in the Americas, Australia, Africa and Asia with the expansion of various European colonial powers such as the Spanish and British empires, and the subsequent establishment of nation states on indigenous territory.  According to Lemkin, colonization was in itself “intrinsically genocidal.”  Genocide, according to Lemkin, is a two-stage process. In the first stage the indigenous population’s way of life is destroyed. In the second stage, the newcomers impose their way of life on the minority group.  Imperial and colonial forms of genocide are enacted in two main ways, either through the deliberate clearing of territories of their original inhabitants in order to make them exploitable for purposes of resource extraction or colonial settlements, or through enlisting indigenous peoples as forced laborers in colonial or imperialist projects of resource extraction.
  • 16. Genocide  The UN definition, which is used in international law, is narrower than Lemkin's, and states that genocide is “any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:  (a) Killing members of the group;  (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;  (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;  (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;  (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
  • 17. Contact Zones: social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world today.
  • 18. Cultural Exchange & Hybridity: the creation of new transcultural forms within the contact zone produced by colonization.