1) Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas while attempting to establish a new trade route to Asia for Spain, unintentionally discovering lands unknown to Europeans.
2) Indigenous populations in pre-Columbian Latin America varied greatly and were classified as sedentary, semi-sedentary, or non-sedentary based on their lifestyles and social structures.
3) After conquest, sedentary groups faced exploitation of their labor for mining and agriculture to benefit the Spanish crown, resulting in a dramatic decline in indigenous populations over subsequent centuries.
The document discusses the reasons for the lack of Black population in Argentina compared to other Latin American countries. It argues that in the 19th century, scientific racism promoted the idea that societies needed to "whiten" in order to develop. This led Argentina to favor European immigration over its local Black population. As a result, many Black Argentines chose to identify as white to avoid discrimination. Over time, through cultural assimilation and intermarriage, most Black Argentines were absorbed into the wider white society. This "whitening" was more successful in Argentina than other countries, contributing to it having the smallest Afro-descendant population in Latin America today.
The Trans-Atlantic slave trade negatively impacted West Africa in multiple ways:
1. It impaired West Africa's economic growth by depleting its human resources and disrupting African trading groups as people were captured and sold into slavery.
2. It decreased democracy and increased absolutism in political systems as corrupt leaders provided slaves to Europeans in exchange for goods.
3. It led to the erosion of cultural practices as young people who knew the cultures were taken away and slaves in new lands were forbidden from practicing their own cultures. Over time, this resulted in the loss of cultural diversity.
The indigenous people of the Americas had complex societies prior to European contact, but their populations and cultures were devastated by diseases brought by colonizers and the disruption of their ways of life. Native leaders like Opechancanough tried to maintain their people's traditions and autonomy in the face of English colonization efforts. Similarly, Diego Vasicuio and other priests worked to preserve indigenous religious beliefs despite Spanish attempts to convert native Mexicans to Catholicism. Over time, some native groups were able to establish trading relationships with colonists, though many lost their lands and many were enslaved or killed as European colonial powers exploited the Americas.
This document summarizes the history of Mexico and Mexican Americans from prehistory to the present. Key events include Spanish conquest in the 15th-16th centuries led by figures like Christopher Columbus and Hernan Cortes; Mexican independence from Spain in 1821; the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 and subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; the Mexican Revolution from 1910-1920; large waves of Mexican immigration to the U.S. in the early 20th century; and the Chicano civil rights movement of the 1960s-70s advocating for equality and cultural pride. It examines the experiences of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans over time through wars, economic difficulties, discrimination, and empowerment movements
This document provides an overview of a paper analyzing the Bracero Program from 1942-1964 through primary sources. The paper examines the working and living conditions of Mexican migrant workers in the program, who were excluded from New Deal labor protections. It also explores how the workers exhibited agency and their impact on Mexican-American immigration patterns. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of oral histories and documents from the Bracero History Archive that will be analyzed to address these topics. It also reviews the existing historiography on how Braceros have been portrayed and how this paper aims to take a balanced approach.
Black mexico timesraceuniversity of new mexico press r ssuser454af01
This document summarizes a chapter about free black labor in late colonial Mexico. It discusses two free black men, Vicente Medina and Lucio Antonio Rodriguez, who faced legal issues despite holding jobs. It then provides statistics on the occupations of over 11,000 free black males in Mexico in the 1780s-1790s, with over half working in agriculture. The document examines the economic opportunities and challenges faced by free blacks in Mexico during this time period.
Contributions of south american to civilizationReyesErica1
Latin American contributions to civilizations include agriculture, Christianity, and engineering achievements. South America introduced many important food crops to the world like potatoes, tomatoes, and cocoa. It is now a major agricultural exporter, producing over half the world's coffee. The continent also became strongly Catholic due to Spanish and Portuguese colonization. Clergy have historically championed social causes like indigenous rights and opposing political oppression. Notable engineering feats include the Panama Canal, completed in 1914 to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
1) Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas while attempting to establish a new trade route to Asia for Spain, unintentionally discovering lands unknown to Europeans.
2) Indigenous populations in pre-Columbian Latin America varied greatly and were classified as sedentary, semi-sedentary, or non-sedentary based on their lifestyles and social structures.
3) After conquest, sedentary groups faced exploitation of their labor for mining and agriculture to benefit the Spanish crown, resulting in a dramatic decline in indigenous populations over subsequent centuries.
The document discusses the reasons for the lack of Black population in Argentina compared to other Latin American countries. It argues that in the 19th century, scientific racism promoted the idea that societies needed to "whiten" in order to develop. This led Argentina to favor European immigration over its local Black population. As a result, many Black Argentines chose to identify as white to avoid discrimination. Over time, through cultural assimilation and intermarriage, most Black Argentines were absorbed into the wider white society. This "whitening" was more successful in Argentina than other countries, contributing to it having the smallest Afro-descendant population in Latin America today.
The Trans-Atlantic slave trade negatively impacted West Africa in multiple ways:
1. It impaired West Africa's economic growth by depleting its human resources and disrupting African trading groups as people were captured and sold into slavery.
2. It decreased democracy and increased absolutism in political systems as corrupt leaders provided slaves to Europeans in exchange for goods.
3. It led to the erosion of cultural practices as young people who knew the cultures were taken away and slaves in new lands were forbidden from practicing their own cultures. Over time, this resulted in the loss of cultural diversity.
The indigenous people of the Americas had complex societies prior to European contact, but their populations and cultures were devastated by diseases brought by colonizers and the disruption of their ways of life. Native leaders like Opechancanough tried to maintain their people's traditions and autonomy in the face of English colonization efforts. Similarly, Diego Vasicuio and other priests worked to preserve indigenous religious beliefs despite Spanish attempts to convert native Mexicans to Catholicism. Over time, some native groups were able to establish trading relationships with colonists, though many lost their lands and many were enslaved or killed as European colonial powers exploited the Americas.
This document summarizes the history of Mexico and Mexican Americans from prehistory to the present. Key events include Spanish conquest in the 15th-16th centuries led by figures like Christopher Columbus and Hernan Cortes; Mexican independence from Spain in 1821; the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 and subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; the Mexican Revolution from 1910-1920; large waves of Mexican immigration to the U.S. in the early 20th century; and the Chicano civil rights movement of the 1960s-70s advocating for equality and cultural pride. It examines the experiences of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans over time through wars, economic difficulties, discrimination, and empowerment movements
This document provides an overview of a paper analyzing the Bracero Program from 1942-1964 through primary sources. The paper examines the working and living conditions of Mexican migrant workers in the program, who were excluded from New Deal labor protections. It also explores how the workers exhibited agency and their impact on Mexican-American immigration patterns. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of oral histories and documents from the Bracero History Archive that will be analyzed to address these topics. It also reviews the existing historiography on how Braceros have been portrayed and how this paper aims to take a balanced approach.
Black mexico timesraceuniversity of new mexico press r ssuser454af01
This document summarizes a chapter about free black labor in late colonial Mexico. It discusses two free black men, Vicente Medina and Lucio Antonio Rodriguez, who faced legal issues despite holding jobs. It then provides statistics on the occupations of over 11,000 free black males in Mexico in the 1780s-1790s, with over half working in agriculture. The document examines the economic opportunities and challenges faced by free blacks in Mexico during this time period.
Contributions of south american to civilizationReyesErica1
Latin American contributions to civilizations include agriculture, Christianity, and engineering achievements. South America introduced many important food crops to the world like potatoes, tomatoes, and cocoa. It is now a major agricultural exporter, producing over half the world's coffee. The continent also became strongly Catholic due to Spanish and Portuguese colonization. Clergy have historically championed social causes like indigenous rights and opposing political oppression. Notable engineering feats include the Panama Canal, completed in 1914 to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
This document provides an introduction to a reading guide project comparing immigration in the early 1900s as depicted in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle to modern immigration trends. It notes similarities between challenges faced by the fictional immigrant character Jurgis and today's immigrants, such as low wages and inadequate housing making it difficult to earn a living, as well as disproportionate exposure to disease. While immigrants in The Jungle faced tuberculosis and poisoning, today COVID-19 affects meatpacking workers. The document outlines how immigration patterns have shifted over time but many challenges remain the same.
Central Mexico is surrounded by the Sierra Madre mountains. The Aztecs divided their society into nobles and commoners and believed sacrifices were needed to please the gods. Mayans were located in present-day Guatemala, Honduras, and the Yucatan Peninsula. Their society was divided into priests and peasants and populations were small due to harsh rainforest conditions. Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, believing he had reached India, which led Spain and Portugal to battle for land in the New World.
The document discusses how colonization led to cultural blending in Latin America and the Caribbean. When Europeans colonized the region, they subdued the native populations and introduced African slaves. Over time, these ethnic groups intermarried and developed unique blended cultures. Their languages, customs and beliefs integrated, resulting in diverse societies today with influences from European, African and indigenous roots.
The Maya and Aztec civilizations developed advanced cultures in Mexico, building pyramids and temples. The Maya invented hieroglyphics and advanced calendars. The Aztecs built the large city of Tenochtitlan and had a broad empire supported by tribute payments. In the early 1500s, the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes defeated the Aztec Empire and established Mexico City on its ruins. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 after leaders like Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos led rebellions. Later conflicts with the United States resulted in Mexico losing territory in the Mexican-American War. The Mexican Revolution in the early 1900s was led by Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa to
Mexicanos by manuel e gonzalez power pointkayteeb61
This document provides a summary of each chapter in the book "Mexicanos by Manuel E Gonzalez" which discusses the history of Mexicans in the United States from prehistory to the present. Some key points covered include the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs in the 1500s, the Mexican-American war of 1848 which ceded Mexican territory to the US, the period of heavy Mexican immigration from 1900-1930 known as the "Great Migration," the rise of the Chicano movement in the 1960s-70s advocating for civil rights, and recent trends of the growing Mexican population in the US now exceeding 47 million people.
The document provides information about Latin American history, including:
- Key figures in the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires by Spain, such as Cortes, Montezuma, Pizarro, and Atahualpa.
- Details about the Aztec and Inca civilizations prior to European contact, their major accomplishments, and factors that led to their decline with the arrival of the Spanish.
- Effects of the Columbian Exchange, including the introduction of diseases that killed most indigenous people in the Americas as well as the spread of crops and livestock between the Old World and New World.
- Influence of African slavery in developing Latin America and the triangular slave trade between Africa,
Interesting and amazing facts about mexicostevendiana
This document provides 58 interesting facts about Mexico. Some key points include: Mexico introduced foods like chocolate, corn and chilies to the world; Mexico City is built on an ancient Aztec city and is sinking due to pumping of underground water; the Aztecs practiced human sacrifice of thousands of victims per year and their descendants still speak Nahuatl; Mexico has a diverse population descended from many indigenous civilizations as well as Spanish colonizers. Mexico has many UNESCO World Heritage sites reflecting its rich cultural history.
The document summarizes key aspects of Mexico, including its history, geography, demographics, culture, and climate. Some of the main points covered are:
- Mexico was home to advanced civilizations like the Maya, Olmec, Toltec, and Aztec before the Spanish arrival in 1519.
- It gained independence from Spain in 1821 but lost northern territory to the US. The PRI party dominated politics for much of the 20th century.
- The population is around 95 million, with most having mixed European-Amerindian descent. Spanish and indigenous languages are widely spoken.
- Catholicism blended with pre-Hispanic religions is the dominant faith. Cultural heritage draws from both Spanish and
The document discusses the Columbian Exchange that occurred between Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492. Key aspects of the exchange included:
1) The introduction and spread of new domesticated animals, plants, and crops between the continents, such as Europeans bringing horses, cattle, and wheat to the Americas and adopting crops native to the Americas like maize, potatoes, and tomatoes.
2) The devastating impact of diseases brought from Europe, which killed 90-95% of the Native American population due to lack of immunity, resulting in severe depopulation of indigenous societies across the Americas.
3) The long-term effects on global populations, trade, and cuis
This document provides a summary of Mexican history from the arrival of the Spaniards in Mexico to recent trends among the Mexican population in the United States. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, mass Mexican immigration to the US in the early 20th century, and the rise of the Chicano movement fighting for civil rights. More recently, it discusses the growth of the Mexican population and culture in the US as well as ongoing issues around immigration and socioeconomic status.
The document provides summaries of different groups that were impacted by European colonization of North and South America between the 15th-18th centuries. It discusses the Aztec empire that was conquered by the Spanish, the Iroquois people who faced hardship from settlers and wars, Jesuit missionaries who converted Huron natives but faced attacks, an indigenous Brazilian woman who was enslaved, the use of indigenous slave labor in the Spanish economy, the role of the Catholic Church in converting and controlling indigenous people, the transport of enslaved Africans to colonies, and the capture and conditions faced by African slaves from different tribes.
The document summarizes key events and people in Mexican history. It first discusses the pre-colonial history of Spain and Native Americans in Mexico. It then covers Mexico gaining independence from Spain in 1821. It describes the great migration of Mexicans to the United States in search of better opportunities and their experiences with exploitation and discrimination. It also outlines the Chicano movement of the 1960s-70s that promoted civil rights and a new cultural identity for Mexican Americans. The document concludes by listing some important Mexican figures like actors Maria Felix and Pedro Infante, tennis player Pancho Gonzalez, and civil rights leader Dr. Hector Garcia.
During the Cold War in Latin America, many countries experienced "dirty wars" where military dictatorships took control and violently suppressed dissent to eliminate perceived communist threats. While Mexico maintained civilian rule, it engaged in similar repression through tactics like massacres of student protesters and disappearances of dissidents. Attempts to prosecute perpetrators in Mexico and other countries like Guatemala and El Salvador have faced resistance, with few cases ever making it to court. The document analyzes how even under civilian government, Mexico experienced a "dirty war" pattern of violence comparable to other Latin American nations during this volatile period of history.
Today's world is the product of immense migrations - through invasions or small groups - that have contributed to the enrichment of the human species, in genetic and cultural terms. To speak of homelands and nation-states is nonsense that suits some. Symbolically, we are all Lucy's grandchildren.
Summary
1 - Immigrants and emigrants, all natives of the planet
2 - Native population and resident foreigners
Race and Social Order of Spanish Conquestmgbishop615
The document discusses how European colonization of the Americas led to mixing of cultures and the creation of new races and social classes. African slaves were brought by European powers to serve as laborers, but their numbers grew and they took on a wide range of roles, challenging European social hierarchies. Offspring of relationships between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous Americans resulted in new racial classifications like mestizos, mulattos, and moriscos. European colonists struggled to maintain rigid social structures in this environment. Critiques of Spanish mistreatment of indigenous peoples emerged from figures like Bartolomé de las Casas.
The document provides an introduction to the history of Latin America, beginning with European colonization in the 15th century. It discusses some shared characteristics and differing traits among Latin American countries. The introduction also examines perspectives on explaining Latin America's development, from racial determinism to dependency theory. Finally, it previews some of the key topics covered in the first chapter, including the patterns of indigenous life pre-colonization, the motivations for European exploration and colonization, and the consequences of the European encounter across Latin America.
Native Americans and Africans are impacted by European exploration and expansion
The world is changed by European exploration and colonization of the Americas
Chapter 2 provides an overview of colonial rule in Latin America from the 16th to 18th centuries. It discusses how European powers like Spain and Portugal extracted resources through mining and sugar plantations, shaping the economic and political structures of their colonies. It also examines how Europeans exercised dominant control over the region while new Latin American identities emerged through processes of cultural blending, or transculturation, between indigenous and European religious and social traditions. Racial mixing between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples also created new mixed-race populations and challenged colonial caste systems.
The document provides an overview of early cultures in North and South America prior to European contact. It discusses the indigenous peoples that migrated to the Americas, and the civilizations that developed across Mesoamerica and the Andes Mountains, including the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca Empires. It then covers the arrival of Europeans through figures like Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro, and the devastating impacts of disease and conquest on native populations. Finally, it examines the establishment of colonial settlements by European powers across the Americas in the 15th-16th centuries.
The document provides a summary of each chapter in the book "Mexicanos: The History of Mexicans in the United States" which traces the history of Mexicans and Mexican Americans from ancient times to the present. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico, settlement of the Southwest United States, periods of immigration, the rise of civil rights movements, increasing population growth and political influence, and challenges faced by Mexican communities in the US.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the American Revolution, including England taxing the colonies to pay off war debts without colonial representation, protests like the Boston Tea Party, and the Intolerable Acts in response. This led to tensions increasing between colonists and British soldiers until shots were fired at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts on April 19, 1775, traditionally marking the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
The document discusses Iberian society and ways prior to the colonization of the Americas. Key aspects include:
1) Iberian society was stratified but fluid, consisting of nobles, professionals, merchants, artisans, peasants. Cities were political and economic centers, though many Iberians lived rurally.
2) When colonizing the Americas, Iberians brought aspects of their social structure including notions of nobility, patriarchy, and slavery. The encomienda system sought to extract native labor and tribute through existing indigenous hierarchies.
3) Initial Spanish settlements in the Caribbean, like Santo Domingo, transplanted Iberian society but struggled without large gold deposits. Sugar and
This document provides an introduction to a reading guide project comparing immigration in the early 1900s as depicted in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle to modern immigration trends. It notes similarities between challenges faced by the fictional immigrant character Jurgis and today's immigrants, such as low wages and inadequate housing making it difficult to earn a living, as well as disproportionate exposure to disease. While immigrants in The Jungle faced tuberculosis and poisoning, today COVID-19 affects meatpacking workers. The document outlines how immigration patterns have shifted over time but many challenges remain the same.
Central Mexico is surrounded by the Sierra Madre mountains. The Aztecs divided their society into nobles and commoners and believed sacrifices were needed to please the gods. Mayans were located in present-day Guatemala, Honduras, and the Yucatan Peninsula. Their society was divided into priests and peasants and populations were small due to harsh rainforest conditions. Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, believing he had reached India, which led Spain and Portugal to battle for land in the New World.
The document discusses how colonization led to cultural blending in Latin America and the Caribbean. When Europeans colonized the region, they subdued the native populations and introduced African slaves. Over time, these ethnic groups intermarried and developed unique blended cultures. Their languages, customs and beliefs integrated, resulting in diverse societies today with influences from European, African and indigenous roots.
The Maya and Aztec civilizations developed advanced cultures in Mexico, building pyramids and temples. The Maya invented hieroglyphics and advanced calendars. The Aztecs built the large city of Tenochtitlan and had a broad empire supported by tribute payments. In the early 1500s, the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes defeated the Aztec Empire and established Mexico City on its ruins. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 after leaders like Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos led rebellions. Later conflicts with the United States resulted in Mexico losing territory in the Mexican-American War. The Mexican Revolution in the early 1900s was led by Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa to
Mexicanos by manuel e gonzalez power pointkayteeb61
This document provides a summary of each chapter in the book "Mexicanos by Manuel E Gonzalez" which discusses the history of Mexicans in the United States from prehistory to the present. Some key points covered include the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs in the 1500s, the Mexican-American war of 1848 which ceded Mexican territory to the US, the period of heavy Mexican immigration from 1900-1930 known as the "Great Migration," the rise of the Chicano movement in the 1960s-70s advocating for civil rights, and recent trends of the growing Mexican population in the US now exceeding 47 million people.
The document provides information about Latin American history, including:
- Key figures in the conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires by Spain, such as Cortes, Montezuma, Pizarro, and Atahualpa.
- Details about the Aztec and Inca civilizations prior to European contact, their major accomplishments, and factors that led to their decline with the arrival of the Spanish.
- Effects of the Columbian Exchange, including the introduction of diseases that killed most indigenous people in the Americas as well as the spread of crops and livestock between the Old World and New World.
- Influence of African slavery in developing Latin America and the triangular slave trade between Africa,
Interesting and amazing facts about mexicostevendiana
This document provides 58 interesting facts about Mexico. Some key points include: Mexico introduced foods like chocolate, corn and chilies to the world; Mexico City is built on an ancient Aztec city and is sinking due to pumping of underground water; the Aztecs practiced human sacrifice of thousands of victims per year and their descendants still speak Nahuatl; Mexico has a diverse population descended from many indigenous civilizations as well as Spanish colonizers. Mexico has many UNESCO World Heritage sites reflecting its rich cultural history.
The document summarizes key aspects of Mexico, including its history, geography, demographics, culture, and climate. Some of the main points covered are:
- Mexico was home to advanced civilizations like the Maya, Olmec, Toltec, and Aztec before the Spanish arrival in 1519.
- It gained independence from Spain in 1821 but lost northern territory to the US. The PRI party dominated politics for much of the 20th century.
- The population is around 95 million, with most having mixed European-Amerindian descent. Spanish and indigenous languages are widely spoken.
- Catholicism blended with pre-Hispanic religions is the dominant faith. Cultural heritage draws from both Spanish and
The document discusses the Columbian Exchange that occurred between Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492. Key aspects of the exchange included:
1) The introduction and spread of new domesticated animals, plants, and crops between the continents, such as Europeans bringing horses, cattle, and wheat to the Americas and adopting crops native to the Americas like maize, potatoes, and tomatoes.
2) The devastating impact of diseases brought from Europe, which killed 90-95% of the Native American population due to lack of immunity, resulting in severe depopulation of indigenous societies across the Americas.
3) The long-term effects on global populations, trade, and cuis
This document provides a summary of Mexican history from the arrival of the Spaniards in Mexico to recent trends among the Mexican population in the United States. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, mass Mexican immigration to the US in the early 20th century, and the rise of the Chicano movement fighting for civil rights. More recently, it discusses the growth of the Mexican population and culture in the US as well as ongoing issues around immigration and socioeconomic status.
The document provides summaries of different groups that were impacted by European colonization of North and South America between the 15th-18th centuries. It discusses the Aztec empire that was conquered by the Spanish, the Iroquois people who faced hardship from settlers and wars, Jesuit missionaries who converted Huron natives but faced attacks, an indigenous Brazilian woman who was enslaved, the use of indigenous slave labor in the Spanish economy, the role of the Catholic Church in converting and controlling indigenous people, the transport of enslaved Africans to colonies, and the capture and conditions faced by African slaves from different tribes.
The document summarizes key events and people in Mexican history. It first discusses the pre-colonial history of Spain and Native Americans in Mexico. It then covers Mexico gaining independence from Spain in 1821. It describes the great migration of Mexicans to the United States in search of better opportunities and their experiences with exploitation and discrimination. It also outlines the Chicano movement of the 1960s-70s that promoted civil rights and a new cultural identity for Mexican Americans. The document concludes by listing some important Mexican figures like actors Maria Felix and Pedro Infante, tennis player Pancho Gonzalez, and civil rights leader Dr. Hector Garcia.
During the Cold War in Latin America, many countries experienced "dirty wars" where military dictatorships took control and violently suppressed dissent to eliminate perceived communist threats. While Mexico maintained civilian rule, it engaged in similar repression through tactics like massacres of student protesters and disappearances of dissidents. Attempts to prosecute perpetrators in Mexico and other countries like Guatemala and El Salvador have faced resistance, with few cases ever making it to court. The document analyzes how even under civilian government, Mexico experienced a "dirty war" pattern of violence comparable to other Latin American nations during this volatile period of history.
Today's world is the product of immense migrations - through invasions or small groups - that have contributed to the enrichment of the human species, in genetic and cultural terms. To speak of homelands and nation-states is nonsense that suits some. Symbolically, we are all Lucy's grandchildren.
Summary
1 - Immigrants and emigrants, all natives of the planet
2 - Native population and resident foreigners
Race and Social Order of Spanish Conquestmgbishop615
The document discusses how European colonization of the Americas led to mixing of cultures and the creation of new races and social classes. African slaves were brought by European powers to serve as laborers, but their numbers grew and they took on a wide range of roles, challenging European social hierarchies. Offspring of relationships between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous Americans resulted in new racial classifications like mestizos, mulattos, and moriscos. European colonists struggled to maintain rigid social structures in this environment. Critiques of Spanish mistreatment of indigenous peoples emerged from figures like Bartolomé de las Casas.
The document provides an introduction to the history of Latin America, beginning with European colonization in the 15th century. It discusses some shared characteristics and differing traits among Latin American countries. The introduction also examines perspectives on explaining Latin America's development, from racial determinism to dependency theory. Finally, it previews some of the key topics covered in the first chapter, including the patterns of indigenous life pre-colonization, the motivations for European exploration and colonization, and the consequences of the European encounter across Latin America.
Native Americans and Africans are impacted by European exploration and expansion
The world is changed by European exploration and colonization of the Americas
Chapter 2 provides an overview of colonial rule in Latin America from the 16th to 18th centuries. It discusses how European powers like Spain and Portugal extracted resources through mining and sugar plantations, shaping the economic and political structures of their colonies. It also examines how Europeans exercised dominant control over the region while new Latin American identities emerged through processes of cultural blending, or transculturation, between indigenous and European religious and social traditions. Racial mixing between Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples also created new mixed-race populations and challenged colonial caste systems.
The document provides an overview of early cultures in North and South America prior to European contact. It discusses the indigenous peoples that migrated to the Americas, and the civilizations that developed across Mesoamerica and the Andes Mountains, including the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca Empires. It then covers the arrival of Europeans through figures like Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro, and the devastating impacts of disease and conquest on native populations. Finally, it examines the establishment of colonial settlements by European powers across the Americas in the 15th-16th centuries.
The document provides a summary of each chapter in the book "Mexicanos: The History of Mexicans in the United States" which traces the history of Mexicans and Mexican Americans from ancient times to the present. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico, settlement of the Southwest United States, periods of immigration, the rise of civil rights movements, increasing population growth and political influence, and challenges faced by Mexican communities in the US.
The document summarizes the events leading up to the American Revolution, including England taxing the colonies to pay off war debts without colonial representation, protests like the Boston Tea Party, and the Intolerable Acts in response. This led to tensions increasing between colonists and British soldiers until shots were fired at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts on April 19, 1775, traditionally marking the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
The document discusses Iberian society and ways prior to the colonization of the Americas. Key aspects include:
1) Iberian society was stratified but fluid, consisting of nobles, professionals, merchants, artisans, peasants. Cities were political and economic centers, though many Iberians lived rurally.
2) When colonizing the Americas, Iberians brought aspects of their social structure including notions of nobility, patriarchy, and slavery. The encomienda system sought to extract native labor and tribute through existing indigenous hierarchies.
3) Initial Spanish settlements in the Caribbean, like Santo Domingo, transplanted Iberian society but struggled without large gold deposits. Sugar and
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers and explorers who brought much of the Americas under Spanish control following Columbus' discovery. Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico with just 500 men, defeating them at their capital Tenochtitlan after a smallpox epidemic weakened them. Francisco Pizarro similarly conquered the vast Inca Empire in Peru, capturing its emperor Atahualpa and looting its gold before destroying the empire. Both conquests had immense impacts, destroying native civilizations and establishing Spanish rule.
1 2,3,4 Europ Conquest And Colonizationbrandyberlin
Five European nations established colonies in the Americas during the early modern period: Spain, Portugal, France, Britain, and the Netherlands. Spain conquered large empires in Central and South America through conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarro. Britain established colonies along the eastern seaboard for economic and religious reasons, including the Plymouth and Jamestown settlements. France focused on fur trading in Canada and adopted local customs. The colonization had massive consequences, including the deaths of most indigenous peoples from disease and violence, the introduction of crops and animals through the Columbian Exchange, and the rise of the transatlantic slave trade.
The Spanish conquest of the Philippines began in 1565 when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was appointed the first governor-general by King Philip II of Spain. Legazpi established Manila as the capital and defeated Rajah Suliman, whose forces had previously ruled Manila. Through the use of strategies like the "sword and cross" representing religion and force, establishing central communities called reducciones, and the ritual blood compact, the Spanish were able to begin asserting control over the islands and native populations. Over time they established systems of tribute, taxation, and forced labor to extract resources and consolidate their colonial rule.
Spanish Conquest in America and Competing in North America 58033000
Spain and Portugal were the first European nations to colonize the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. Christopher Columbus' voyages for Spain in 1492 led to Spanish conquest and colonization of the Caribbean islands. Explorers like Hernan Cortes then conquered powerful civilizations like the Aztecs and Incas for Spain, establishing the first Spanish colonies in Mexico and South America. Other European powers like England, France, and the Netherlands soon established their own colonies in North America through the 17th century, competing for territory and resources. This led to conflicts between the colonial powers and also disrupted indigenous populations through warfare and disease.
El documento describe el sistema de castas en la Nueva España. Se formaron más de 153 castas a partir de las mezclas entre los cuatro grupos principales: españoles, criollos, indígenas y negros. Cada casta tenía diferentes privilegios o desventajas dependiendo de su lugar en la jerarquía. Algunas castas incluyeron mestizos, mulatos, coyotes y otros. El sistema de castas reflejó y perpetuó las desigualdades sociales.
Este documento describe la compleja estructura social que se formó en la Nueva España debido a las mezclas raciales entre españoles, indígenas y negros. Se detalla la clasificación de las diferentes "castas" que surgieron y cómo eran representadas en pinturas del siglo XVIII, con el fin de catalogar e identificar los nuevos grupos étnicos. Si bien estas uniones no eran aceptadas socialmente, reflejaban la realidad de la colonia.
The document discusses the major European explorers between the 15th and 17th centuries, their motivations for exploration which included religion, trade, and acquiring wealth, and the technological advances like improved ships and navigational instruments that enabled these voyages. It also outlines some of the consequences of exploration, such as the Columbian Exchange and establishment of colonies in the Americas that had profound environmental, economic, and social impacts. Major explorers mentioned include Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Balboa, and Magellan whose voyages expanded European knowledge and trade networks around the globe.
El documento describe la estructura social compleja de la Nueva España, que incluía diversos grupos étnicos y sus mezclas. Los principales grupos eran los mestizos (descendientes de españoles e indios), los indígenas, los españoles peninsulares, los negros esclavos y los criollos (hijos de españoles nacidos en Nueva España). También había muchas "castas" que describían las mezclas entre estos grupos, como castizos, mulatos y zambos. Cada grupo tenía funciones social
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
1. Race and Culture in the Americas Online Presentation Week Four Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation in Colonial America (1492-1821)
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6. Native Communities: The Encomienda From Meredith Scott’s The Encomienda “ The encomienda system is deeply entrenched in the history and culture of South and Central America, and is one of the most damaging institutions that the Spanish colonists implemented in the New World. The system came to signify the oppression and exploitation of Native Americans, although its originators did not set out with such intent.” http://www.platiquemos-letstalk.com/Comments/FlogIndian.gif Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation
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9. In Mexico, the population may have been as high as 20 million in 1519, but it collapsed to a little over two million in 1605. While these numbers are only estimates, it is clear that there was a striking demographic collapse of the native population in the first century after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Source: http://www.medscape.com/content/2002/00/43/21/432138/art-eid432138.fig1.gif Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Native Communities Cocoliztli is the Nahuatl word for pestilence and both word and concept appeared in the native language only after the arrival of the Spaniards. Cocoliztli probably describes a form of hemorrhagic fever that was new to Central Mexico after the conquest, though the exact diagnosis remains unknown
10. Online Reading Source: http://www.ssc.uwo.ca/geography/faculty/luckman/trl/images/Mega.jpg Native Communities Read Chapter one from David Cook’s Born to Die Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation
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13. Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration Madeira Islands Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Source: http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/madeira.htm
14. Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Source: http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/azores.htm Azores
15. Azores, Madeira, and Portugal Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration
16. Canary Islands Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation
17. Cape Verde Islands Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/cape_verde_pol_2004.jpg Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation Africans, Slavery, and Forced Migration
25. Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation For translation see next slide.
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27. Mestizos and Their Friends Some estimates place the total number of castas in use in colonial Mexico at sixty or more. The table in the following slide describes some of the most common castas . As can be seen even in this abbreviated list, many of the castas overlap and contradict one another. The system of castas was never fully codified. Different terminologies grew up in different regions, among different ethnic groups, and among different occupations. Many researchers have found that often a change in classifying official (priest, government clerk, etc.) resulted in an abrupt shift in the system of racial classification used. Source: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/colonial/casta-mulata.jpg Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation
28. Mestizos and Their Friends A Description of the Most Common Castas Caste Origin or Meaning Ethnic Makeup Spanish/Criollo A Criollo was a Spaniard born in the colonies Two "white" Spanish Parents * or one Spanish parent and one Castizo parent Mestizo Literally, a person of "mixed" ethnic heritage Offspring of one (white) Spanish parent and one Indian parent Castizo From the word "casta" or caste Offspring of one Spanish parent and one Mestizo parent Mulatto A reference to the interbreeding of horses and donkeys. People believed Mulattos would be sterile. Offspring of one Spanish parent and one African/Black parent Morisco From Spanish moro , "Moor" Offspring of one Mulatto parent and one Spanish parent Albino From albino: total or partial absence of pigmentation Offspring of one Morisco parent and one Spanish parent Ahi te estas Mexican localism: "stay where you are" Offspring of one Mulatto parent and one Coyote parent Coyote From Nahuatl: coyotl, "coyote" Offspring of either one Mestizo parent and one Indian parent Lobo From Latin lupus, "wolf" Offspring of: Black/African and Indian; Mulatto and Indian Torna-atras and Mulatto; or several others Zambo From Latin strambus : "bowlegged" Offspring of one Black or Mulatto parent and one Indian parent Torna-atras "turn back," a throw back to the African/Black "race" Offspring of one Spanish parent and one Albino parent, one Lobo parent and one Indian parent, or one Mestizo parent and one Mulatto parent
29. Mestizos and Their Friends In the following series of fourteen slides, you will view a particular set of 18th century painting of las castas . The painter is unknown, but paintings are known to date from the very late 1700s. The 18th Century tradition of Casta paintings has received little attention. Casta paintings generally appear in groups of sixteen portraits that trace the complex racial mixing or mestizaje of the people of New Spain. Each painting depicts a couple along with one or two children. Typically an inscription is present describing the ethno racial make-up of the mother, the father, and the child or children. Source: http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/obras/10441.htm Race and Culture in the Americas Race, Class, Gender, and Miscegenation