1. The document discusses engine friction and lubrication systems. It describes the main sources of frictional losses in engines as direct frictional losses, pumping losses, power losses to drive components like the scavenging pump, and power losses to drive auxiliary components.
2. It then discusses the different types of lubrication systems used in engines - mist, wet sump, and dry sump systems. The wet sump system, which is most common, has variations like the splash, splash and pressure, and pressure feed systems.
3. Key factors that affect mechanical friction are also summarized, such as engine design parameters, speed, load, temperature, oil viscosity, and the lubrication system used.
Large bore engines refer to engines with larger cylinder diameters. These engines have certain geometric advantages like reduced heat transfer and higher efficiency due to a smaller surface area exposed to combustion gases. There are two main types - large bore natural gas engines and large bore diesel engines. In some large bore engines, the piston is connected to the crankshaft via a piston rod and crosshead bearing rather than a direct connecting rod. Piston rings play an important role in sealing the combustion chamber and managing heat transfer and lubrication. Large bore engines find applications in marine propulsion systems and power plants.
The document provides information about different types of braking systems used in vehicles. It discusses drum brakes and disc brakes, describing their main components and how they work. It also covers different classification criteria for brakes, including purpose, location, construction, and actuation method. Under actuation method, it briefly explains mechanical, hydraulic, electric, vacuum, and air brakes. For each main type, it provides one to two sentences on their basic working principle.
1) Crosshead engines connect the piston to the crankshaft using a crosshead and crosshead pin, allowing for very long strokes. Trunk engines directly connect the piston to the connecting rod.
2) The crosshead design takes side thrust off the piston and liner, allows for better oil distribution, and simplifies piston construction. Trunk pistons have extended skirts to absorb side thrust.
3) Tie bolts are needed to resist the firing forces that try to separate the cylinder block, frames, and bedplate during combustion.
This document provides information on piston, rings, and connecting rod components and their purpose and function. It discusses piston and rod construction, inspection procedures, piston ring installation and operation, and connecting rod reconditioning. Key terms related to these components are also defined.
The lubrication system reduces friction, wear, and heat in engine parts. Oil is pumped under pressure to bearings and flows through channels to lubricate moving components like the crankshaft, pistons, and valves. Additives are included to improve properties like viscosity and detergency. Systems range from simple splash lubrication to more advanced wet and dry sump systems with scavenge pumps. The oil filter removes impurities and gear-type pumps are commonly used to pressurize oil for circulation. Proper lubrication is essential for engine performance and longevity.
The document discusses lubrication systems for engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication as reducing friction, protecting from wear, removing impurities, forming seals, and serving as a coolant. The main lubrication systems are mist, wet sump, and dry sump. Mist lubrication uses oil mixed with fuel for 2-stroke engines. Wet sump systems include splash and circulating pumps or pressure systems. Properties of lubricants that are important include viscosity, flash point, pour point, and additives that improve properties.
Pistons, rings, and connecting rods are essential components that transfer force between the combustion chamber and crankshaft. Pistons seal the combustion chamber and are attached to connecting rods. Pistons are constructed of cast or forged aluminum alloys and operate at high speeds, transferring force twice per crankshaft revolution. Piston rings include compression rings that seal the combustion chamber from the cylinder wall and an oil control ring that separates oil from the combustion gases. Proper piston, ring, and connecting rod assembly and maintenance are critical for engine performance and efficiency.
The document describes the lubrication system of a unit construction engine. It has a forced lubrication system with an oil pump that supplies oil to main components through three passages. The oil lubricates the crankshaft, pistons and gears before draining into the sump. The gearbox is splash lubricated by oil thrown from the rotating crankshaft and collected from the flywheel chamber. The primary drive case is also lubricated by oil entering from the crankcase through openings.
Large bore engines refer to engines with larger cylinder diameters. These engines have certain geometric advantages like reduced heat transfer and higher efficiency due to a smaller surface area exposed to combustion gases. There are two main types - large bore natural gas engines and large bore diesel engines. In some large bore engines, the piston is connected to the crankshaft via a piston rod and crosshead bearing rather than a direct connecting rod. Piston rings play an important role in sealing the combustion chamber and managing heat transfer and lubrication. Large bore engines find applications in marine propulsion systems and power plants.
The document provides information about different types of braking systems used in vehicles. It discusses drum brakes and disc brakes, describing their main components and how they work. It also covers different classification criteria for brakes, including purpose, location, construction, and actuation method. Under actuation method, it briefly explains mechanical, hydraulic, electric, vacuum, and air brakes. For each main type, it provides one to two sentences on their basic working principle.
1) Crosshead engines connect the piston to the crankshaft using a crosshead and crosshead pin, allowing for very long strokes. Trunk engines directly connect the piston to the connecting rod.
2) The crosshead design takes side thrust off the piston and liner, allows for better oil distribution, and simplifies piston construction. Trunk pistons have extended skirts to absorb side thrust.
3) Tie bolts are needed to resist the firing forces that try to separate the cylinder block, frames, and bedplate during combustion.
This document provides information on piston, rings, and connecting rod components and their purpose and function. It discusses piston and rod construction, inspection procedures, piston ring installation and operation, and connecting rod reconditioning. Key terms related to these components are also defined.
The lubrication system reduces friction, wear, and heat in engine parts. Oil is pumped under pressure to bearings and flows through channels to lubricate moving components like the crankshaft, pistons, and valves. Additives are included to improve properties like viscosity and detergency. Systems range from simple splash lubrication to more advanced wet and dry sump systems with scavenge pumps. The oil filter removes impurities and gear-type pumps are commonly used to pressurize oil for circulation. Proper lubrication is essential for engine performance and longevity.
The document discusses lubrication systems for engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication as reducing friction, protecting from wear, removing impurities, forming seals, and serving as a coolant. The main lubrication systems are mist, wet sump, and dry sump. Mist lubrication uses oil mixed with fuel for 2-stroke engines. Wet sump systems include splash and circulating pumps or pressure systems. Properties of lubricants that are important include viscosity, flash point, pour point, and additives that improve properties.
Pistons, rings, and connecting rods are essential components that transfer force between the combustion chamber and crankshaft. Pistons seal the combustion chamber and are attached to connecting rods. Pistons are constructed of cast or forged aluminum alloys and operate at high speeds, transferring force twice per crankshaft revolution. Piston rings include compression rings that seal the combustion chamber from the cylinder wall and an oil control ring that separates oil from the combustion gases. Proper piston, ring, and connecting rod assembly and maintenance are critical for engine performance and efficiency.
The document describes the lubrication system of a unit construction engine. It has a forced lubrication system with an oil pump that supplies oil to main components through three passages. The oil lubricates the crankshaft, pistons and gears before draining into the sump. The gearbox is splash lubricated by oil thrown from the rotating crankshaft and collected from the flywheel chamber. The primary drive case is also lubricated by oil entering from the crankcase through openings.
Engine lubrication begins with oil pulled from the sump through a filter, then distributed throughout the engine via passageways to components like bearings and pistons. Lubricants contain additives like detergents that suspend harmful deposits in the oil to prevent damage. A multi-grade oil uses viscosity index improvers that allow it to flow easily at cold temperatures but maintain thickness at higher engine temperatures. Regular maintenance like oil changes is necessary to prevent additive depletion and lubrication breakdown from contamination, overheating, or long drain intervals.
This chapter discusses drum brakes, including their components, operation of non-servo and dual-servo drum brakes, advantages and disadvantages of drum brakes, and automatic brake adjusters. Drum brakes use shoes that press against the inside of a drum to create friction and slow the vehicle. Non-servo brakes apply each shoe individually while dual-servo brakes use one shoe to help apply the other, increasing braking force. Automatic adjusters compensate for brake pad wear to maintain proper clearance between pads and drum.
Diesel engines have two main categories of parts: structural parts and running parts. Structural parts like the bedplate, frame, cylinder block, and cylinder head support the running parts and provide passages for cooling, lubrication, and more. Running parts like the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft convert the combustion energy into rotational motion. Diesel engines also have systems to supply air and fuel, remove exhaust, provide lubrication and cooling, and turbocharge the air. Key specifications include the cylinder bore, stroke, engine speed, and maximum continuous rating.
The document describes the mechanical components and specifications of three Toyota engine models: the 4A-FE, 3S-GTE, and 5S-FE engines. It provides details on the cylinder head, camshafts, pistons, crankshaft, cylinder block, and other internal engine components. It also includes a troubleshooting guide that lists possible causes and remedies for common engine problems like hard starting, rough idling, hesitation, and overheating.
The document provides information on preparing an engine block for assembly, including:
1) Describes the types of materials used to manufacture engine blocks and the machining operations required such as boring cylinders.
2) Lists the steps to prepare a block which include aligning main bearing saddles, machining the deck surface, and cylinder boring/honing.
3) Discusses engine block components like cooling passages and how blocks are manufactured through casting and machining processes.
This document discusses finite element analysis conducted on a piston skirt to analyze deformation and stress distribution. It provides background on pistons and their features. The analysis used finite element modeling to break the piston skirt into small elements and calculate deformation and stress across the piston skirt under load. The modeling process and considerations for finite element analysis are also outlined.
The document describes various engine parts, including their composition, function, and construction. It discusses cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, bearings, and propeller gearing. The key components work together to convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotating motion that drives the propeller.
The document discusses the key components that make up the bottom end of an engine, including the engine block, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, rings, and bearings. It describes the materials, functions, and terminology associated with each part. The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion to power the vehicle. Pistons harness the energy of combustion and transfer force to the crankshaft via connecting rods. Precise clearances and alignments are needed for proper engine operation and longevity.
The document discusses the lubrication system of an engine. It describes the main components of a lubrication system including the oil pump, oil pan, oil filter, galleries, and PCV valve. It explains the purposes of lubrication like reducing friction, sealing, cooling, and cleaning. It also covers viscosity grades, gear oil ratings, and different lubrication systems like wet sump, dry sump, and mist lubrication.
The document discusses automotive braking systems. It describes how braking systems work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy through friction between braking components. The main types of braking systems are disc brakes and drum brakes. Key components of braking systems include calipers, rotors, pads, master cylinders, lines, and wheel cylinders. The hydraulic system pressurizes brake fluid to activate the brakes when the pedal is depressed.
The document summarizes key aspects of piston design and function, including:
- Pistons transmit pressure and heat and must withstand mechanical and thermal loads. They are classified by design and come in trunk, crosshead, and plain styles.
- The crown resists high temperatures and pressures. Skirts guide movement and transmit heat to coolant. Rings seal combustion gases, conduct heat, and scrape oil.
- Compression rings prevent gas leakage using an elastic fit within grooves. Multiple rings are used depending on engine speed. Oil rings scrape remaining oil from the cylinder wall. Proper ring clearances and assembly order are important for performance.
The document provides information on pistons used in internal combustion engines. It discusses the parts of a piston including the crown, ring lands, ring groove and skirt. It describes the functions of pistons to transmit force, form a seal and guide the connecting rod. Desirable piston characteristics and different piston head shapes are outlined. Various piston types like offset pin, cam ground, oil cooled and tapered pistons are explained. Common piston failures modes such as scuffing, burning, dry running and pin boss damage are summarized. The document discusses piston materials including cast iron, aluminum and hypereutectic alloys and proposes future piston designs with reduced skirt lengths.
Connecting rod presentation
Presented by Shain,Hai Nam,Kienn doo
This slide share is presented only by undergraduate students so some of the slides are just copying from some websites and are not belonged.Purpose is only to share Knowledge.Hope u guys love it.
A piston is a cylindrical component that slides back and forth in the engine cylinder. It has a head at the top that is subjected to heat and pressure, and a skirt at the bottom. Piston features include ring grooves that hold piston rings to seal against the cylinder wall. Pistons must withstand pressure and heat while maintaining proper clearance in the cylinder. They are usually made of aluminum alloys and have features like struts and a cam ground shape to control expansion under operating conditions.
The document discusses piston and piston rings used in engines. It describes the functions of pistons which include power transmission, sealing, heat dissipation, and controlling charge exchange. It then discusses the various loads on pistons from mechanical forces like gas pressure and inertia, as well as thermal loads. The requirements for pistons are also outlined, including material properties for strength, thermal resistance, and friction reduction. Finally, it describes different piston types for gasoline, diesel, and two-stroke engines.
The document describes various parts of internal combustion engines including pistons, crankshafts, bearings, and balancer shafts. It explains that pistons have skirts, pins, rings and a slightly oval top when cold to allow for expansion. Crankshafts are connected to pistons using connecting rods and have journals, counterweights, holes and grooves for oil circulation. Balancer shafts help reduce engine vibration and noise.
This Presentation is on the internship being done in the Hyundai Company and personal observation been made. This presentation covers in detail about the Engine and it components,Braking System, Air Conditioning System and Steering System.
The document provides information about suspension systems and steering systems in automobiles. It contains questions and answers related to suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, and axles. It also discusses steering geometry, types of steering gears, and steering mechanisms like Ackerman and Davis steering systems. The key points are:
1. The document discusses common suspension components like leaf springs, coil springs, shock absorbers, and how they work to provide a comfortable ride while maintaining vehicle control.
2. It addresses steering systems and their purpose to provide directional stability. Different types of steering gears and their functions are explained.
3. Steering mechanisms like Ackerman and Davis are summarized, with Davis steering using sliding
Tribological Aspects of Internal Combustion EngineIRJET Journal
This document discusses tribological aspects of internal combustion engines. It begins by defining tribology as the study of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, wear, and lubrication. It then discusses the various sources of friction losses in engines, including direct friction between components, pumping losses, blowby losses, and power used to drive accessories. Wear in engines can result from abrasion, adhesion, fatigue and other mechanisms. Effective lubrication is needed to minimize friction and wear between moving engine parts. The key functions of engine lubricants are discussed as well as different lubrication systems used in engines. The document concludes that minimizing friction through effective lubrication is important for optimizing engine performance and reducing wear on components.
Heat engines convert thermal energy from fuel combustion into mechanical energy. There are various types of heat engines classified based on combustion method, fuel used, ignition type, and operating cycle. The internal combustion engine burns fuel inside the engine cylinder, converting the thermal energy to pressure which moves the piston. Common heat engines include diesel engines, petrol engines, and gas engines. The four-stroke cycle engine completes its cycle over four strokes and two revolutions, while the two-stroke cycle engine completes its cycle in two strokes over one revolution.
Diesel Engine Lubrication and Lube Oil Contamination ControlMd. Moynul Islam
This presentation is intended share knowledge specially about Diesel Engine Lubrication and How the Lube Oil get Contaminated and How to Control Contamination to protect Engine Components from damaging. Still the presentation is under development. Expecting suggestions/recommendations from viewers for further up gradation of this presentation.
Study of automobile engine friction and reduction trends Shubham Bhasin
This document summarizes a study on automobile engine friction and lubricant additives' role in reducing friction. It discusses the main components that contribute to engine friction, including the ring pack, connecting rod, and valvetrain systems. It also examines trends in friction and wear reduction through mechanical design, coatings, and lubricant additives. Lubricant additives can impact friction in different regimes by modifying viscosity or forming low-shear surface layers. Emerging engine technologies will require new lubricant formulations that control deposits while maintaining fuel efficiency and wear prevention.
Engine lubrication begins with oil pulled from the sump through a filter, then distributed throughout the engine via passageways to components like bearings and pistons. Lubricants contain additives like detergents that suspend harmful deposits in the oil to prevent damage. A multi-grade oil uses viscosity index improvers that allow it to flow easily at cold temperatures but maintain thickness at higher engine temperatures. Regular maintenance like oil changes is necessary to prevent additive depletion and lubrication breakdown from contamination, overheating, or long drain intervals.
This chapter discusses drum brakes, including their components, operation of non-servo and dual-servo drum brakes, advantages and disadvantages of drum brakes, and automatic brake adjusters. Drum brakes use shoes that press against the inside of a drum to create friction and slow the vehicle. Non-servo brakes apply each shoe individually while dual-servo brakes use one shoe to help apply the other, increasing braking force. Automatic adjusters compensate for brake pad wear to maintain proper clearance between pads and drum.
Diesel engines have two main categories of parts: structural parts and running parts. Structural parts like the bedplate, frame, cylinder block, and cylinder head support the running parts and provide passages for cooling, lubrication, and more. Running parts like the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft convert the combustion energy into rotational motion. Diesel engines also have systems to supply air and fuel, remove exhaust, provide lubrication and cooling, and turbocharge the air. Key specifications include the cylinder bore, stroke, engine speed, and maximum continuous rating.
The document describes the mechanical components and specifications of three Toyota engine models: the 4A-FE, 3S-GTE, and 5S-FE engines. It provides details on the cylinder head, camshafts, pistons, crankshaft, cylinder block, and other internal engine components. It also includes a troubleshooting guide that lists possible causes and remedies for common engine problems like hard starting, rough idling, hesitation, and overheating.
The document provides information on preparing an engine block for assembly, including:
1) Describes the types of materials used to manufacture engine blocks and the machining operations required such as boring cylinders.
2) Lists the steps to prepare a block which include aligning main bearing saddles, machining the deck surface, and cylinder boring/honing.
3) Discusses engine block components like cooling passages and how blocks are manufactured through casting and machining processes.
This document discusses finite element analysis conducted on a piston skirt to analyze deformation and stress distribution. It provides background on pistons and their features. The analysis used finite element modeling to break the piston skirt into small elements and calculate deformation and stress across the piston skirt under load. The modeling process and considerations for finite element analysis are also outlined.
The document describes various engine parts, including their composition, function, and construction. It discusses cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, bearings, and propeller gearing. The key components work together to convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotating motion that drives the propeller.
The document discusses the key components that make up the bottom end of an engine, including the engine block, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, rings, and bearings. It describes the materials, functions, and terminology associated with each part. The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion to power the vehicle. Pistons harness the energy of combustion and transfer force to the crankshaft via connecting rods. Precise clearances and alignments are needed for proper engine operation and longevity.
The document discusses the lubrication system of an engine. It describes the main components of a lubrication system including the oil pump, oil pan, oil filter, galleries, and PCV valve. It explains the purposes of lubrication like reducing friction, sealing, cooling, and cleaning. It also covers viscosity grades, gear oil ratings, and different lubrication systems like wet sump, dry sump, and mist lubrication.
The document discusses automotive braking systems. It describes how braking systems work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy through friction between braking components. The main types of braking systems are disc brakes and drum brakes. Key components of braking systems include calipers, rotors, pads, master cylinders, lines, and wheel cylinders. The hydraulic system pressurizes brake fluid to activate the brakes when the pedal is depressed.
The document summarizes key aspects of piston design and function, including:
- Pistons transmit pressure and heat and must withstand mechanical and thermal loads. They are classified by design and come in trunk, crosshead, and plain styles.
- The crown resists high temperatures and pressures. Skirts guide movement and transmit heat to coolant. Rings seal combustion gases, conduct heat, and scrape oil.
- Compression rings prevent gas leakage using an elastic fit within grooves. Multiple rings are used depending on engine speed. Oil rings scrape remaining oil from the cylinder wall. Proper ring clearances and assembly order are important for performance.
The document provides information on pistons used in internal combustion engines. It discusses the parts of a piston including the crown, ring lands, ring groove and skirt. It describes the functions of pistons to transmit force, form a seal and guide the connecting rod. Desirable piston characteristics and different piston head shapes are outlined. Various piston types like offset pin, cam ground, oil cooled and tapered pistons are explained. Common piston failures modes such as scuffing, burning, dry running and pin boss damage are summarized. The document discusses piston materials including cast iron, aluminum and hypereutectic alloys and proposes future piston designs with reduced skirt lengths.
Connecting rod presentation
Presented by Shain,Hai Nam,Kienn doo
This slide share is presented only by undergraduate students so some of the slides are just copying from some websites and are not belonged.Purpose is only to share Knowledge.Hope u guys love it.
A piston is a cylindrical component that slides back and forth in the engine cylinder. It has a head at the top that is subjected to heat and pressure, and a skirt at the bottom. Piston features include ring grooves that hold piston rings to seal against the cylinder wall. Pistons must withstand pressure and heat while maintaining proper clearance in the cylinder. They are usually made of aluminum alloys and have features like struts and a cam ground shape to control expansion under operating conditions.
The document discusses piston and piston rings used in engines. It describes the functions of pistons which include power transmission, sealing, heat dissipation, and controlling charge exchange. It then discusses the various loads on pistons from mechanical forces like gas pressure and inertia, as well as thermal loads. The requirements for pistons are also outlined, including material properties for strength, thermal resistance, and friction reduction. Finally, it describes different piston types for gasoline, diesel, and two-stroke engines.
The document describes various parts of internal combustion engines including pistons, crankshafts, bearings, and balancer shafts. It explains that pistons have skirts, pins, rings and a slightly oval top when cold to allow for expansion. Crankshafts are connected to pistons using connecting rods and have journals, counterweights, holes and grooves for oil circulation. Balancer shafts help reduce engine vibration and noise.
This Presentation is on the internship being done in the Hyundai Company and personal observation been made. This presentation covers in detail about the Engine and it components,Braking System, Air Conditioning System and Steering System.
The document provides information about suspension systems and steering systems in automobiles. It contains questions and answers related to suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, and axles. It also discusses steering geometry, types of steering gears, and steering mechanisms like Ackerman and Davis steering systems. The key points are:
1. The document discusses common suspension components like leaf springs, coil springs, shock absorbers, and how they work to provide a comfortable ride while maintaining vehicle control.
2. It addresses steering systems and their purpose to provide directional stability. Different types of steering gears and their functions are explained.
3. Steering mechanisms like Ackerman and Davis are summarized, with Davis steering using sliding
Tribological Aspects of Internal Combustion EngineIRJET Journal
This document discusses tribological aspects of internal combustion engines. It begins by defining tribology as the study of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, wear, and lubrication. It then discusses the various sources of friction losses in engines, including direct friction between components, pumping losses, blowby losses, and power used to drive accessories. Wear in engines can result from abrasion, adhesion, fatigue and other mechanisms. Effective lubrication is needed to minimize friction and wear between moving engine parts. The key functions of engine lubricants are discussed as well as different lubrication systems used in engines. The document concludes that minimizing friction through effective lubrication is important for optimizing engine performance and reducing wear on components.
Heat engines convert thermal energy from fuel combustion into mechanical energy. There are various types of heat engines classified based on combustion method, fuel used, ignition type, and operating cycle. The internal combustion engine burns fuel inside the engine cylinder, converting the thermal energy to pressure which moves the piston. Common heat engines include diesel engines, petrol engines, and gas engines. The four-stroke cycle engine completes its cycle over four strokes and two revolutions, while the two-stroke cycle engine completes its cycle in two strokes over one revolution.
Diesel Engine Lubrication and Lube Oil Contamination ControlMd. Moynul Islam
This presentation is intended share knowledge specially about Diesel Engine Lubrication and How the Lube Oil get Contaminated and How to Control Contamination to protect Engine Components from damaging. Still the presentation is under development. Expecting suggestions/recommendations from viewers for further up gradation of this presentation.
Study of automobile engine friction and reduction trends Shubham Bhasin
This document summarizes a study on automobile engine friction and lubricant additives' role in reducing friction. It discusses the main components that contribute to engine friction, including the ring pack, connecting rod, and valvetrain systems. It also examines trends in friction and wear reduction through mechanical design, coatings, and lubricant additives. Lubricant additives can impact friction in different regimes by modifying viscosity or forming low-shear surface layers. Emerging engine technologies will require new lubricant formulations that control deposits while maintaining fuel efficiency and wear prevention.
This document discusses lubrication systems for engines. It introduces different types of mechanical losses that contribute to engine friction like direct frictional losses, pumping losses, power losses from driving auxiliary components. It describes factors affecting friction like engine design, piston rings, speed and load. The functions of lubrication are outlined as reducing friction and wear, providing sealing, cooling and cleaning surfaces. Finally, it briefly introduces different lubrication systems used in engines like mist, wet sump and dry sump lubrication.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines an internal combustion engine as one where combustion of fuel occurs within the engine cylinder. It then provides details on the key components of an internal combustion engine, including the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, flywheel, camshaft, intake and exhaust manifolds. Internal combustion engines are classified as either four-stroke or two-stroke depending on the number of revolutions of the crankshaft needed to complete one cycle.
This document discusses bearings and lubrication. It defines bearings as any support in direct contact with a moving machine part that is designed to minimize friction. The main types of bearings are described as anti-friction bearings, which provide rolling contact, and plain bearings, which have sliding contact. Anti-friction bearings like ball and roller bearings are advantageous because they have lower starting friction than plain bearings. Plain bearings can use materials like bronze and are simpler but have higher wear. Proper lubrication is also discussed, including different lubrication systems like oil misting which has advantages like lower temperatures and positive pressure prevention of contamination.
This document discusses cooling and lubrication of engines. It describes how cooling systems prevent overheating by dissipating heat from combustion. Liquid cooling is more effective than air cooling but also more complex. Lubrication reduces friction and wear between moving parts by maintaining an oil film. Different lubrication systems are used to circulate oil through engines. Both cooling and lubrication are necessary to maximize engine performance and lifespan.
cooling and lubrication of engine reportjyotigangar
The document discusses cooling and lubrication systems for internal combustion engines. It describes various lubrication systems including splash, pressure feed, and dry sump systems. It also discusses properties of lubricants and additives. Regarding cooling systems, it describes the need for cooling, characteristics of efficient systems, and types of systems including liquid cooled, air cooled, thermosyphon, and forced circulation systems. The key components and functioning of these various lubrication and cooling systems are explained.
The document discusses engine lubrication systems and oil pumps. It explains how oil pumps work to circulate engine oil through lubrication passages to components like main bearings, cam bearings, and valve train parts. It describes the factors that influence oil pressure, like oil viscosity and pump capacity. It also covers checking oil pumps for wear and setting maximum pressure with relief valves.
The lubrication system reduces friction between moving engine parts to prevent wear, heat generation, and power loss. Lubrication oil forms a thin film between surfaces to minimize direct contact and noise. It also has cooling, sealing, and cleaning effects. Common lubrication systems include petro-oil mixing, splash lubrication using scoops, and forced feed/pressure lubrication using pumps to directly supply crankshafts, rods, and other parts. Proper lubricant selection and routine maintenance like oil changes are needed to keep the system functioning optimally.
This document discusses the tribological aspects of automotive engine components. It covers topics such as the introduction to tribology, factors affecting tribological performance, lubrication regimes, importance of engine tribology, tribological approaches for automotive components, frictional losses in components, lubrication regimes in components, and lubricant additive technologies. The key engine components discussed are piston rings, engine bearings, valve train, and cam followers. The document explains the lubrication challenges with these components and potential methods to reduce friction and wear such as surface coatings, oil additives, and design modifications.
The document provides information on the basics of internal combustion (IC) engines. It discusses the differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, the sequence of operations in an IC engine cycle, valve timing diagrams for petrol and diesel engines, and comparisons of petrol and diesel engines. It also covers topics like scavenging, ignition systems, supercharging, lubrication, governing, carburetors, spark plugs, detonation, and octane ratings of fuels for spark ignition engines.
The document discusses the purpose and components of engine lubrication systems. It describes three main types of lubrication systems - wet sump, dry sump, and mist lubrication. Wet sump systems are most common and utilize an oil pan and pump to circulate oil through the engine. Dry sump systems separate the oil reservoir from the engine using external tanks and pumps. Mist lubrication mixes oil with fuel for two-stroke engines. The properties, types, additives, and viscosity ratings of engine lubricating oils are also outlined.
Different types of gear & maintenance By Md. Raijul IslamMd Raijul Islam
This document provides information about different types of gears and gear maintenance. It begins with an introduction to gears, their functions, and key characteristics. It then describes various types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and others. The document discusses good maintenance practices for gears such as regular inspection and cleaning oil filters. It also outlines different modes of potential gear failure including wear, scoring, pitting, and abrasive wear and their causes and remedies.
Different types of gear & maintenance By Md. Raijul IslamMd Raijul Islam
This document provides an overview of different types of gears and maintenance practices for gear drives. It discusses various gear types including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears. It also describes common gear failures such as wear, scoring, pitting, and abrasive and corrosive wear. Proper maintenance like routine inspection, cleaning oil filters, and ensuring proper lubrication can prevent failures and extend the life of gear drives. Regular maintenance and preventing overloading of gears are emphasized for optimal gear performance.
This document provides a summary of a mechanical engineering document on automobile engineering. It includes 2 mark and 11 mark questions and answers on topics related to internal combustion engines. Some key details include:
- Components of engines like the cylinder block, cylinder head, crankcase, pistons and more are listed.
- The major types of automobiles based on fuel used are defined.
- Drive types like front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive are classified.
- Differences between SI and CI engines are outlined regarding fuel, compression ratio, operating cycle and efficiency.
- Four-stroke and two-stroke engines are explained with diagrams showing engine components and cycles.
Components & Systems of IC Engine lec-3 fmp211.pptxEr.A. Sivarajan
The document summarizes the key components of an internal combustion engine, including:
1. The cylinder, cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, piston rings, piston pin, connecting rod, crankshaft, flywheel, crankcase, camshaft, and timing gear.
2. It describes the different systems of an IC engine, including the fuel supply system, lubrication system, ignition system, cooling system, and governor system.
3. It provides details on the lubrication system, specifically the types of lubricants and engine lubrication systems like petroil, splash, pressure, semi-pressure, dry sump, and wet sump systems.
The document discusses the purpose and components of an engine lubrication system. It describes how lubrication reduces friction, seals piston rings, cleans the engine, cools components, reduces noise, absorbs shocks and contaminants. It explains the different lubrication systems used in two-stroke and four-stroke engines, including mist, wet sump, and dry sump systems. It also covers the properties and types of lubricating oils, including their viscosity grades, flash points, and additives.
1) Proper engine lubrication is important to prevent friction and wear between moving parts. It is essential to use the correct type and weight of oil and regularly change it as recommended.
2) There are three main types of engine lubrication systems - circulating splash, internal force feed and splash, and full internal force feed. Modern engines primarily use the full internal force feed system.
3) Engine oil serves several critical functions including reducing friction, sealing cylinders, removing heat, cleansing the engine, and absorbing shocks. Proper lubrication helps engines run smoothly and prolongs their lifespan.
This document discusses different types of lubrication used in mechanical systems. It describes boundary lubrication as metal-to-metal contact that occurs during startup. Hydrostatic lubrication uses an external pressure source to separate surfaces with a lubricant film. Hydrodynamic lubrication fully separates surfaces using hydraulic forces generated by fluid viscosity as surfaces move. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication involves rolling contact that elastically deforms surfaces to lubricate them. Mixed lubrication is a combination of boundary and hydrodynamic lubrication, where asperities still contact but surfaces are mostly separated. The Stribeck curve illustrates the relationship between friction and the lubrication regime from boundary to hydrodynamic.
The document summarizes the lubrication system of an internal combustion (IC) engine. It discusses the purposes of lubrication which are to reduce wear, reduce friction, provide cooling, create a seal, and clean the engine. It describes the splash and forced feed lubrication systems. The splash system uses splashing oil to lubricate while the forced feed system uses an oil pump to directly pump oil to parts. Key components of the forced feed system include the oil pump, oil filter, crankcase breather, and relief valve.
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1. Engine Friction and Lubrication
System
By : Yitagesu Tesfaye
student at Debre Berhan University
Mechanical Engineering Department
2. Introduction
Friction generally refers to forces acting between surfaces in relative
motion.
In engines frictional losses are mainly due to sliding as well as rotating parts.
Usually engine friction is expressed in terms of frictional power (𝑓𝑝).
Frictional loss is mainly attributed to the following mechanical losses.
I. Direct frictional losses
II. pumping losses
III. power loss to drive the components to charge and scavenge
IV. power loss to drive other auxiliary components
3. I. Direct frictional losses
It is the power absorbed due to the relative motion of different bearing surfaces such as piston rings,
main bearings, cam shaft bearings etc.
II. Pumping losses
The pumping loss is the net power spent by the engine (piston) on the working medium
(gases) during intake and exhaust strokes.
In the case of two-stroke this is negligible since the incoming fresh mixture is used to scavenge the
exhaust gases.
III. power loss to drive the components to charge and
scavenge
This loss is considered as negative friction loss.
(For example supercharged and turbocharged for four stroke engines takes power from
the engine output.)
In case of two-stroke engines with a scavenging Pump the power to drive the pump is
supplied by the engine.
4. IV. power loss to drive other auxiliary-
components
A good percentage of the generated power output is spent to drive auxiliaries such as water pump ,lubricating oil pump, fuel pump, cooling fan,
generator etc. This is considered a loss because the presence of each of these components reduces the net output of the engine.
Mechanical Efficiency
Mechanical losses can be written in terms of mean effective pressure that is frictional torque divided by engine displacement volume per unit time.
Therefore, frictional mean effective pressure, 𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑝 can be expressed as
𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑝 + 𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑝 + 𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑝 + 𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑝
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑝𝑒𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑝 = 𝑚𝑒𝑝 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
A knowledge of engine friction is essential for calculating the mechanical efficiency of the engine.
Remember: mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake power to indicated power.
5. Mechanical Friction
mainly mechanical friction may have six classes. Which are the following
1. Fluid-film or Hydrodynamic friction
It is associated with the phenomenon when a complete film of lubricant exists between the two bearing surfaces.
In this case the friction force entirely depends on the lubricant viscosity.
This type of friction is the main mechanical friction loss in the engine.
2. Partial-film Friction
When rubbing (metal) surfaces are not sufficiently lubricated, there is a contact between the rubbing surfaces in some regions.
During normal engine operation there is almost no metallic contact except
between the compression (top) piston ring and cylinder walls.
This is mainly at the end of each stroke where the piston velocity is nearly zero.
During starting of the engine, the journal bearings operate in partial-film friction
Thus partial-film friction contributes very little to total engine friction and hence, it may be neglected.
6. 3. Rolling friction
The rolling friction is due to rolling motion between the two surfaces. Ball and roller bearings and tappet
rollers are subjected to rolling friction.
This friction is partly due to local rubbing from distortion under local and partly due to continues calming of
roller.
Rolling friction coefficient is lower than journal bearing friction coefficient during starting and initial running
engine because the oil viscosity is high and moreover, partial friction exists in journal bearing during starting
where engine uses plain journal bearings on the crankshaft.
Rolling friction is negligible compared to total friction.
4. Dry Friction
Even when an engine is not operated for a long time there is little possibility for direct metal to metal
contact.
It is safely neglected while considering engine friction.
5. Journal Bearing friction
A circular cylindrical shaft called journal rotates against a cylindrical surface called the bearing.
Journal bearings are called partial when the bearing surface is less than full circumference.
Engine journal bearing operates under load which varies in magnitude and direction with time.
7. 6. Friction due to Piston Motion
Friction due to the motion of piston can be divided into
i. viscous friction to piston
ii. non-viscous friction due to piston ring
The non-viscous piston ring friction can be further subdivided into
i. friction due to tension.
ii. friction due to gas pressure behind the ring.
Average oil film thickness between the piston and the cylinder wall varies with load and speed.
piston friction also depends upon the viscosity of the oil and the temperature at the various points on
the piston.
Piston rings are categorized into compression rings and oil rings
8.
9.
10. Factors affecting the mechanical friction
Various factors affect mechanical friction.
A. Engine Design
The design parameters which influence the friction Losses are:
I. Stroke-bore Ratio: Lower stroke-bore ratio may tend to slightly decrease the 𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑝. It is
mainly due to less frictional area in case of lower stroke to bore ratio.
II. Effect of engine size: Larger engines have more frictional surface, therefore requires high
lubrication.
III. Piston rings: Reducing the number of piston rings and reducing the contacting surface of
the ring with cylinder wall reduces the friction.
IV. Compression Ratio: the 𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑝 increases with increase in compression ratio.
V. Journal Bearings: Reducing journal diameter/ diametrical clearance ratio in journal
bearing reduces the 𝑓𝑚𝑒𝑝.
B. Engine Speed
Friction increases rapidly with increasing speed.
C. Engine Load
Increasing the load increases the maximum pressure in the cylinder which results in slight increase in friction
values.
11. D. Cooling Water Temperature
A rise in cooling water temperature slightly reduces engine friction by reducing oil viscosity.
Friction losses are high during starting since temperature of water and oil are low and viscosity is high.
E. Oil Viscosity
viscosity and friction loss are (directly) proportional to each other.
The viscosity can be reduced by increasing the temperature of the oil.
But beyond a certain value of oil temperature, failure of local film may occur resulting in partial fluid film
friction or even metal to metal contact which is very harmful to the engine.
F. LUBRICATION
FUNCTIONS OF THE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Lubrication: is essential to reduce friction and wear between the components in an
engine.
COOLING: The lubricating oil carries away the heat from the component, which is lubricated.
CLEANING: The engine oil has an ability to clean all the engine components, which are in contact
with it.
Sealing: The engine oil helps the piston rings to form a tight seal between the rings and the
cylinder walls.
12.
13. Lubrication System
The function of a lubrication system is to provide sufficient quantity of cool, filtered oil to give
positive and adequate lubrication to all the moving parts of an engine.
The various lubrication system used in IC engines are classified as
I. mist lubrication system
II. wet sump lubrication system
III. dry sump lubrication system
I. Mist Lubrication System
It is Used in 2 Stroke engines. The oil is mixed in the fuel by 2 to 3% in the fuel tank. The oil
and the fuel mixture is inducted through the carburetor. The gasoline is vaporized and the
oil in its form of mist goes to the cylinder walls.
Advantage
Simplicity and low cost
No oil pump or filters are required
14. II. Wet Sump Lubrication System
In the wet sump system, the bottom of the crankcase contains an oil pan or sump
from which the lubricating oi1 is pumped to various engine components by a
pump .After lubricating these parts, the oil flows back to the sump by gravity.
Again it is picked up by a pump and recirculated through the engine lubricating
system. There are three varieties in the wet sump lubrication system. They are:
a) Splash system
b) Splash and pressure system
c) Pressure feed system
15.
16. a) Splash system
Used in light duty , slow speed engines(<205 rpm)
Lubricating oil is stored at the bottom of engine crankcase and maintained at a
predetermined level.
The oil is drawn by the pump and delivered through a distributing pipe into the
splash trough located under the big end of all the connecting rods.
These troughs are provided with overflows and oil in the trough is therefore kept at
a constant level.
A splasher or dipper is provided under each connecting rod cap which dips into oil
in the trough at every revolution of the crankshaft and the oil is splashed all over
the interior of crankcase, into the pistons and onto the exposed portion of cylinder
walls.
The oil dripping from the cylinder is collected in the sump where it is cooled by the
air flowing around. The cooled oil is then recirculated.
17.
18. b. Splash and pressure lubrication system
The lubricating oil is supplied under pressure to main and camshaft bearings.
Oil is also supplied under pressure to pipes which direct a stream of oil against the
dippers on the big end connecting rod bearing cup and thus the crankpin bearings are
lubricated by the splash or spray of oil thrown up by the dipper.
C. Pressure feed lubrication system
Lubricating oil is drawn in from the sump and forced to all the main bearings of the
crankshaft through distributing channels.
Drilled passages are used to lubricate connecting rod bearings.
19.
20.
21. III. Dry sump lubrication system
The supply of oil is carried in an external tank.
An oil pump draws oil from the supply tank and circulates it under pressure to the various
bearings of the engine.
Oil dripping from the cylinders and bearings into the sump is removed by a scavenging pump which
in turn the oil is passed through a filter, and is fed back to the supply tank. Thus, oil is prevented
from accumulating in the base of the engine.
The capacity of the scavenging pump is always greater than the oil pump.
In this system a filter with a bypass valve is placed in between the scavenge pump and the supply
tank.
If the filter is clogged, the pressure relief valve opens permitting oil to by-pass the filter and
reaches the supply tank.
A separate oil cooler with either water or air as the cooling medium, is usually provided in the dry
sump system to remove heat from the oil.
22.
23. Lubrication oil requirements
Should not react with the lubricating surfaces
A low pour point to allow flow of the lubricant at low temperatures to the
oil pump
No tendency to form deposits by reacting with the air, water, fuel or the
product of combustion
Cleaning ability
Non foaming characteristics
Non – toxic and inflammable
Low cost
24. Properties of lubricating oil
Viscosity: Viscosity is a measure of oil’s resistance to flow. It must be compatible with the load and
speed of the engine. A low viscosity oil is thin and flows easily whereas, a high viscosity oil is thick and
flows slowly.
Viscosity Index: it is the measure of how much the viscosity of an oil changes with
temperature. Viscosity number is set by SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers).
• Single viscosity oils SAE 5W, SAE 10W (Winter) and
SAE 20, SAE30 … (Summer)
• Multiple viscosity oils SAE 10W-30. This means that the oil is
same as SAE 10W when cold and SAE30 when hot.
• The higher the number the higher the
viscosity(thickness) of oil
25. Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor: Displaces water from metal surfaces,
to prevent corrosion.
Foaming Resistance: Rotating crankshaft tends to cause bubbles (Foam) in the oil and bubbles in
oil will reduce the effectiveness of oil to lubricate.
Stability: The ability of oil to resist oxidation that would yield acids, lacquers and sludge is called
stability.
Flash and Fire Points
Cloud and Pour Points
Oiliness or Film Strength
Corrosiveness
Detergency