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Engineering ethics
- 1. UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM BaskaranS Bannari Amman Institute of Technology 03/11/2017 Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 2. General objective: GO: Understanding themoral values that ought to guide engineering profession or practice Resolving moral issues in engineering Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 3. Specific objective: SO: Scope ofEngineering Ethics(Senses) Variety of moral issues Types of inquiry Moral autonomy Kohlburg’s theory Gilligan’s theory Consensus Controversy Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 4. EVOCATION: Fig1: Electric shockdue to defective product Fig2:Broken bridge due to poor construction Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 5. What is meantby Engineering Ethics????? Engineering Ethics → Engineering ethics is the field of applied ethics and system of moral principles that apply to the practice of engineering → Compromising the safety beyond the level of acceptable risk leads to disaster Ex:Bhopal gas disaster Senses Normative:Correct way of doing something Descriptive: Actual way it was done Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 6. Two approaches toEngg Ethics Micro Ethics Every day problems of Engi- neers life and Engineers office Macro Ethics Social problems that often ig- nored until a disaster happened Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 7. Types of inquiry: Inquiry Aninquiry is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem. Types Normative inquiries Conceptual inquiries Factual inquiries Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 8. Types of inquiry: Normative inquiries 1.Itis about what ought to be and what is good, based on moral values. Ex:Whose values are primary in tak- ing a moral de- cision, employee, public or govt? Conceptual inquiries 1.Clarify the mean- ing of concepts or ideas orprinciples that are expressed by words or byquestions and statements.Ex: (a) What is meant by safety? (b) How is it related to risk? (c) What is a bribe? Factual inquiries 1.These help to provide facts for understanding and finding solutions to value based issues 2.These are in- quiries used to uncover infor- mation using scientific tech- niques Ex:a.What are short-term and long-term effects of drinking water being polluted? Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 9. Moral autonomy What isautonomy? Skill and habit of thinking rationally about ethical issues on the basis of moral concern. Apply this moral thinking to situations that arise in professional engineering practice Moral autonomy is at the heart of engineering ethics. Example From childhood: Neglected children result in sociopath Sociopath: Lack of sense of moral concern and guilt Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 10. So lets considera case You found a your employer is using harmful substance to process the goods they produce Your supervisor is asking you to dilute that substance in nearby river You know it is toxic and it may kill or cause diesease What would you do? Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 11. So lets considera case You found a your employer is using harmful substance to process the goods they produce Your supervisor is asking you to dilute that substance in nearby river You know it is toxic and it may kill or cause diesease What would you do? You could say to yourself, I ill get along with this for now and find a new job next month Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 12. So lets considera case You found a your employer is using harmful substance to process the goods they produce Your supervisor is asking you to dilute that substance in nearby river You know it is toxic and it may kill or cause diesease What would you do? You could say to yourself, I ill get along with this for now and find a new job next month or You can report this to environmental agency Dilemma: a choice between two equally unfavorable or disagree- able alternatives. For the above said case as per ethical problem solving you should find a solution which gives mutual benefit Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 13. Kohlberg’s theory:An Introductionto the Stages of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg: Who Is He? Lawrence Kohlberg was, for many years, a professor at Har- vard University. He became famous for his work there beginning in the early 1970s. He started as a developmental psychologist and then moved to the field of moral education. He was particularly well-known for his theory of moral de- velopment which he popularized through research studies conducted at Harvard’s Center for Moral Education. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 14. Kohlberg’s theory: This theoryis a stage theory. In other words, everyone goes through the stages sequentially without skipping any stage. However, movement through these stages are not natural, that is people do not automatically move from one stage to the next as they mature. In stage development, movement occurs when a person notices inadequacies in his or her present way of coping with a given moral dilemma. According to stage theory, people cannot understand moral reasoning more than one stage ahead of their own. For example, a person in Stage 1 can understand Stage 2 rea- soning but nothing beyond that. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 15. Stages of MoralDevelopment Figure: Stages Of Moral Development Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 16. Example of Kohlbergtheory:Moral Dilemma A woman was near death from a unique kind of cancer. There is a drug that might save her. The drug costs $4,000 per dosage. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together about $2,000 He asked the doctor scientist who discovered the drug for a discount or that he let him pay later. But the doctor scientist refused. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 17. Stage 1 Stage One(obedience): Heinz should not steal the medicine, because otherwise he will be put in prison. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 18. Stage 2 Stage Two(self-interest): Heinz should steal the medicine, be- cause he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 19. Stage 3 Stage Three(conformity): Heinz should steal the medicine, be- cause his wife expects it. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 20. Stage 4 Stage Four(law-and-order): Heinz should not steal the medicine, because the law prohibits stealing. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 21. Stage 5 Stage five(human rights): Heinz should steal the medicine because saving his wife is more important than obeying the law. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 22. Stage 6 Stage six(universal human ethics): Heinz should steal the medicine, because saving a human life is a more fundamental value than respecting the property of an- other person. (People rarely, if ever, reach stage 6 of Kohlberg’s model) Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 23. Gilligan Theory: Carol Gilligan Bornin 1936 Student of Lawrence Kohlberg Has taught at Harvard University, University of Cambridge, and New York University. She currently teaches at the Uni- versity of Cambridge Focused most of her studies on gender-related develop- ment She developed her own theory because in her opinion she beleved womens moral development is not same as men Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 24. Stages Figure: Gilligans theorystages of development Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 25. Review Questions 1.Is therea difference in orientation in moral decision making between the two genders as Carol Gilligan suggests 2.When given moral dilemmas, do both groups of children, male and female, follow Lawrence Kohlbergs stages of development? 3.Are females more inclined to choose care over justice and males justice over care? Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 26. Consider this case: Case Joeis a fourteen-year-old boy who wanted to go to camp very much. His father promised him he could go if he saved up the money for it himself. So Joe worked hard at his paper route and saved up the forty dollars it cost to go to camp, and a lit- tle more besides. But just before camp was going to start, his father changed his mind. Some of his friends decided to go on a special fishing trip, and Joe’s father was short of the money it would cost. So he told Joe to give him the money he had saved from the paper route. Joe didn’t want to give up going to camp, so he thinks of refusing to give his father the money. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 27. Dad Dilemma Should Joerefuse to give his father the money? Why or why not? Does the father have the right to tell Joe to give him the money? Why or why not? Does giving the money have anything to do with being a good son? Why or why not? Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 28. Consensus decision-making Consensus Consensus decisionmaking is a group decision making in which group members agrees to support a decision in the best interest of the whole. Consensus may be defined professionally as an accept- able resolution, one that can be supported, even if not the ”favourite” of each individual. Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM
- 29. Controversy Controversy Controversy is thestate of prolonged public dispute or debate, usually concerniing a matter of conflicting opinion Example Border issues, Political issues, Scientific theories etc Baskaran S UNIT-II ENGINEERING ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM