The document discusses various issues facing the global energy system, including oil depletion, high oil prices, global warming, energy security, and air quality. It then examines Italy's energy policy and mix, which relies heavily on oil and gas imports. The policy focuses on market liberalization, diversifying energy sources, increasing energy efficiency, and environmental protection. Various renewable energy technologies are also summarized, like hydropower, geothermal, biomass, wind power.
Emc compliance-for-renewable-resource-power-systemsIntertek CE
Renewable resource power systems have unique electromagnetic compatibility characteristics that must be considered. The document discusses various renewable energy sources including biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar, tidal, wave, and wind power. For each energy source, it provides an overview and discusses relevant EMC considerations regarding emissions, susceptibility, and interactions with powerline and wireless communications. Large utility-scale renewable power plants are generally exempt from EMC standards, but internal control systems must meet industrial standards to ensure reliable operation.
Want to learn more? Read our Power and Energy Primer:
http://mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/Resources/Power-and-Energy-Primer/?utm_source=slideshare&utm_medium=slideshare&utm_campaign=slideshare
The document provides an overview of major renewable energy sources including solar, wind, biomass, waste to energy, geothermal, and hydroelectric power. It discusses the technology behind each energy source, growth trends in India, advantages and disadvantages, and leading companies. The future of renewable energy in India is promising with a goal of adding over 135 gigawatts of power generation capacity before 2017 through various renewable sources to meet increasing energy demands in a sustainable manner.
Energy exists in different forms and can be transferred but not created or destroyed. Common energy types include potential, kinetic, chemical, thermal, nuclear, and others. Measurement units include joules, watts, kilowatts, and more. Energy comes from renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass as well as non-renewable fossil fuels and nuclear. Renewable energy sources have environmental impacts related to supply, land use, and effects on wildlife while non-renewables release emissions and nuclear has waste and safety issues. Meeting energy demand requires considering factors like technology, costs, policies, and intermittent renewable sources. Methods to balance supply and demand include load leveling, peak shaving, smart grids, and energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work. There are many different types of energy including mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, sound, chemical, nuclear, thermal, and kinetic energy. Energy sources can be renewable like solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass or non-renewable like coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear. Different types of power stations generate electricity from these energy sources including hydroelectric stations, wind farms, solar farms, and thermal or nuclear plants.
The document summarizes a group's visit to Mithradham Renewable Energy Centre to learn about renewable energy sources. It discusses how the Centre uses solar, wind, and biomass systems as models for sustainable development. The group learned about energy security and the need for renewables due to increasing population. Global warming occurs due to increased greenhouse gases, and can be mitigated by reducing fossil fuel use and promoting renewable alternatives like solar, wind, and hydro power. The excursion highlighted how social, physical and environmental topics are interrelated, and motivated the students to reduce pollution and energy consumption.
TriVis provides engineering and management solutions for power generation clients. They have experience in design, engineering, construction, operations and maintenance for nuclear, petroleum, oil & gas, and other heavy industrial facilities. TriVis can staff various types of power plants, including steam, gas, wind, geothermal, coal, fossil fuel, nuclear, and hydroelectric plants. Nuclear power is described as safe, secure, clean, emission-free, affordable, reliable, and innovative for meeting energy demands. Specific examples are given of boiling water and pressurized water nuclear reactors as well as the Hatch, Farley, and Vogtle nuclear power plants.
Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
Emc compliance-for-renewable-resource-power-systemsIntertek CE
Renewable resource power systems have unique electromagnetic compatibility characteristics that must be considered. The document discusses various renewable energy sources including biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar, tidal, wave, and wind power. For each energy source, it provides an overview and discusses relevant EMC considerations regarding emissions, susceptibility, and interactions with powerline and wireless communications. Large utility-scale renewable power plants are generally exempt from EMC standards, but internal control systems must meet industrial standards to ensure reliable operation.
Want to learn more? Read our Power and Energy Primer:
http://mncee.org/Innovation-Exchange/Resources/Power-and-Energy-Primer/?utm_source=slideshare&utm_medium=slideshare&utm_campaign=slideshare
The document provides an overview of major renewable energy sources including solar, wind, biomass, waste to energy, geothermal, and hydroelectric power. It discusses the technology behind each energy source, growth trends in India, advantages and disadvantages, and leading companies. The future of renewable energy in India is promising with a goal of adding over 135 gigawatts of power generation capacity before 2017 through various renewable sources to meet increasing energy demands in a sustainable manner.
Energy exists in different forms and can be transferred but not created or destroyed. Common energy types include potential, kinetic, chemical, thermal, nuclear, and others. Measurement units include joules, watts, kilowatts, and more. Energy comes from renewable sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass as well as non-renewable fossil fuels and nuclear. Renewable energy sources have environmental impacts related to supply, land use, and effects on wildlife while non-renewables release emissions and nuclear has waste and safety issues. Meeting energy demand requires considering factors like technology, costs, policies, and intermittent renewable sources. Methods to balance supply and demand include load leveling, peak shaving, smart grids, and energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work. There are many different types of energy including mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic, sound, chemical, nuclear, thermal, and kinetic energy. Energy sources can be renewable like solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass or non-renewable like coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear. Different types of power stations generate electricity from these energy sources including hydroelectric stations, wind farms, solar farms, and thermal or nuclear plants.
The document summarizes a group's visit to Mithradham Renewable Energy Centre to learn about renewable energy sources. It discusses how the Centre uses solar, wind, and biomass systems as models for sustainable development. The group learned about energy security and the need for renewables due to increasing population. Global warming occurs due to increased greenhouse gases, and can be mitigated by reducing fossil fuel use and promoting renewable alternatives like solar, wind, and hydro power. The excursion highlighted how social, physical and environmental topics are interrelated, and motivated the students to reduce pollution and energy consumption.
TriVis provides engineering and management solutions for power generation clients. They have experience in design, engineering, construction, operations and maintenance for nuclear, petroleum, oil & gas, and other heavy industrial facilities. TriVis can staff various types of power plants, including steam, gas, wind, geothermal, coal, fossil fuel, nuclear, and hydroelectric plants. Nuclear power is described as safe, secure, clean, emission-free, affordable, reliable, and innovative for meeting energy demands. Specific examples are given of boiling water and pressurized water nuclear reactors as well as the Hatch, Farley, and Vogtle nuclear power plants.
Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
Energy is the capacity to do work and comes in many forms. There are renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Non-renewable sources include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are extracted from the earth and have a slow recreation rate. Renewable sources include hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass, which come from natural resources that replenish. Different types of power stations transform energy sources into usable electricity, like hydropower stations transforming kinetic water energy into electricity through turbines.
The village of Jühnde in Germany implemented a biogas plant fueled by liquid manure and crop silage to become energy self-sufficient and substitute fossil fuels for heat and electricity production. A wood chip boiler supplements the biogas plant during winter months. Biogas is converted to electricity and heat through a combined heat and power plant. Heat is distributed to 145 houses via a district heating grid. The project goal was to cover 100% of the village's electricity needs and nearly all heating demands through local biomass.
Solar technologies- Introduction and BasicsSumiit Mathur
This is an introductory presentation used for training and building awareness towards Solar energy technologies , their uses, comparisons and day to day applications. This presentation is accompanied with a large no. of interactive video tutorials (not included here due to size constraints) to complete the understanding and to make the sessions lively. Contact me on sumitmathur80@gmail.com to know more.
DOE Philippine Power Situationer, S.Almendras 2012noelgamboaylopez
The Philippines has a diversified energy mix, with biomass, oil, coal, natural gas, hydro, geothermal and emerging solar and wind power. In 2010, the primary energy mix was dominated by oil (36.4%), coal (17.3%), biomass (13.1%) and natural gas (7.4%). Power generation was led by geothermal (43.1%), coal (25.7%), natural gas (13.8%) and hydro (9.8%). The Philippines aims to develop its fossil fuel, renewable energy and liquified natural gas resources while promoting energy efficiency and electric vehicles to fuel sustainable transport.
Energy Sec. Jose Rene D. Almendras was the keynote speaker at the April 23, 2012 Energy Forum hosted by the Joint Foreign Chambers. He discussed in detail the Philippines' diversified energy mix and the development plans for energy resources. One of the highlights of his presentation involved a summary of the power situation for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao as of April 2012.
This document provides an overview of small wind electric systems for residential use. It discusses how wind turbines work to convert wind energy into electrical power and the basic components of a small wind system, including the rotor, generator, tower, and other balance of system parts like controllers, batteries, and inverters. The document provides guidance on determining the appropriate size of a wind turbine for a home based on annual energy needs and average wind speeds. It also covers other considerations like zoning restrictions, noise levels, and whether to use a grid-connected or off-grid system.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Bremley W. B. Lyngdoh on nuclear power and CO2 emissions from the nuclear fuel cycle. It discusses how each stage of the fuel cycle, from uranium mining to waste disposal, emits CO2 and other greenhouse gases. While nuclear power is often promoted as a clean energy source, the document argues that it is not truly low-carbon or climate-friendly when accounting for emissions from the entire fuel cycle. It also reviews policies and perspectives on nuclear power from various countries and organizations.
Energy is the capacity to do work and comes in many forms including mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear. There are two main types of energy sources - non-renewable sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas that will eventually run out, and renewable sources like hydropower, solar, wind, and geothermal that are replenished naturally. Power stations generate electricity by transforming energy sources - nuclear power stations use fission, thermal power stations burn fossil fuels, while renewable power stations harness the kinetic energy of moving water, wind or sunlight.
This document discusses energy efficiency and heat transfer. It defines efficiency as useful energy output divided by total energy input. It provides an example where a desk lamp has an input of 100J per second but only outputs 5J per second, giving it an efficiency of 5%. The document also discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources, listing examples like fossil fuels, nuclear, wind, biofuels, and solar energy. It explains how each source captures and converts different forms of energy for useful applications.
Solar energy -the ultimate renewable resourcerahuldawar
Solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. It represents the entire electromagnetic spectrum that reaches Earth, including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves. Solar energy has the advantages of being pollution-free and sustainable, but it is also diffuse and inconsistent, requiring technologies to concentrate and store it. Common solar technologies include heating water and buildings, generating electricity via solar panels, power towers, and parabolic dishes/troughs. While solar is currently more expensive than fossil fuels, its costs are decreasing as technologies advance.
The document discusses renewable energy resources and biomass energy conversion technologies. It covers several topics:
1) Biomass energy conversion can occur through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion is the most common method for converting biomass into heat.
2) Gasification involves heating biomass with a limited oxygen supply to produce a low-heating-value gas. The gas can be used directly or upgraded into fuels like methanol. Integrated gasification combined cycle systems can achieve 40-50% efficiency.
3) Biomass resources that can be used include agricultural waste, forest waste, urban waste, and dedicated energy crops.
This document discusses net-zero homes and their advantages over traditional green buildings. A net-zero home produces as much renewable energy as it consumes through efficiency and solar panels. The home discussed uses solar panels to provide 38% of its energy needs and reduces its carbon footprint by 325 kg/year compared to a standard home. It concludes that net-zero homes can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption over the life of the building through solar power and efficiency measures.
I 6 diversification of res in norway, tommy olsen, tronderenergiInnovation Norway
Norway has abundant renewable energy resources including hydropower and wind power. Hydropower currently provides almost all of Norway's electricity and offers flexibility. Norway has significant untapped potential for onshore and offshore wind power development. TrønderEnergi, a Norwegian energy company, produces over 1,800 GWh of hydropower annually and is increasing its focus on other renewables like onshore and offshore wind through partnerships and investments. These actions help Norway meet its renewable energy and emissions reduction goals while also creating new industrial opportunities.
Is nuclear energy solution to our power problems ?Harsh Gupta
Nuclear energy originates from splitting uranium atoms through fission. At nuclear power plants, fission is used to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines and generate electricity. Construction costs for plants are very high but operating costs have decreased over time. Nuclear power produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years, and accidents like Chernobyl show the risks of contamination. There are also concerns about nuclear materials being used for weapons.
The document discusses a sustainable swimming pool design that uses solar and wind energy to heat the pool and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. The design proposes using solar thermal panels and a wind turbine to heat a concrete thermal store underneath the pool. Air ducts would circulate heated air to maintain the pool temperature. Calculations are provided showing the solar and wind energy potential meet the estimated heating needs. The capital costs are estimated, along with a payback period of 38 years compared to using gas. Both advantages and disadvantages of the renewable system are outlined.
This document discusses sources of energy used in different countries. It examines the types of energy used in each country including electricity from fossil fuels and renewable/nuclear sources. Some key points are that France leads in nuclear power production, Italy and Norway generate significant electricity from renewables, and Norway and Germany export fossil fuels while other nations import them. Lithuania and Italy import electricity while other countries export it.
Burning fossil fuels like mineral oil releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. It also emits sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) that can cause acid rain when released into the air from burning fossil fuels. Acid rain damages forests and ecosystems. The document expresses a personal opinion about these environmental effects of burning fossil fuels.
Energy is the capacity to do work and comes in many forms. There are renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Non-renewable sources include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which are extracted from the earth and have a slow recreation rate. Renewable sources include hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal and biomass, which come from natural resources that replenish. Different types of power stations transform energy sources into usable electricity, like hydropower stations transforming kinetic water energy into electricity through turbines.
The village of Jühnde in Germany implemented a biogas plant fueled by liquid manure and crop silage to become energy self-sufficient and substitute fossil fuels for heat and electricity production. A wood chip boiler supplements the biogas plant during winter months. Biogas is converted to electricity and heat through a combined heat and power plant. Heat is distributed to 145 houses via a district heating grid. The project goal was to cover 100% of the village's electricity needs and nearly all heating demands through local biomass.
Solar technologies- Introduction and BasicsSumiit Mathur
This is an introductory presentation used for training and building awareness towards Solar energy technologies , their uses, comparisons and day to day applications. This presentation is accompanied with a large no. of interactive video tutorials (not included here due to size constraints) to complete the understanding and to make the sessions lively. Contact me on sumitmathur80@gmail.com to know more.
DOE Philippine Power Situationer, S.Almendras 2012noelgamboaylopez
The Philippines has a diversified energy mix, with biomass, oil, coal, natural gas, hydro, geothermal and emerging solar and wind power. In 2010, the primary energy mix was dominated by oil (36.4%), coal (17.3%), biomass (13.1%) and natural gas (7.4%). Power generation was led by geothermal (43.1%), coal (25.7%), natural gas (13.8%) and hydro (9.8%). The Philippines aims to develop its fossil fuel, renewable energy and liquified natural gas resources while promoting energy efficiency and electric vehicles to fuel sustainable transport.
Energy Sec. Jose Rene D. Almendras was the keynote speaker at the April 23, 2012 Energy Forum hosted by the Joint Foreign Chambers. He discussed in detail the Philippines' diversified energy mix and the development plans for energy resources. One of the highlights of his presentation involved a summary of the power situation for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao as of April 2012.
This document provides an overview of small wind electric systems for residential use. It discusses how wind turbines work to convert wind energy into electrical power and the basic components of a small wind system, including the rotor, generator, tower, and other balance of system parts like controllers, batteries, and inverters. The document provides guidance on determining the appropriate size of a wind turbine for a home based on annual energy needs and average wind speeds. It also covers other considerations like zoning restrictions, noise levels, and whether to use a grid-connected or off-grid system.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Bremley W. B. Lyngdoh on nuclear power and CO2 emissions from the nuclear fuel cycle. It discusses how each stage of the fuel cycle, from uranium mining to waste disposal, emits CO2 and other greenhouse gases. While nuclear power is often promoted as a clean energy source, the document argues that it is not truly low-carbon or climate-friendly when accounting for emissions from the entire fuel cycle. It also reviews policies and perspectives on nuclear power from various countries and organizations.
Energy is the capacity to do work and comes in many forms including mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear. There are two main types of energy sources - non-renewable sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas that will eventually run out, and renewable sources like hydropower, solar, wind, and geothermal that are replenished naturally. Power stations generate electricity by transforming energy sources - nuclear power stations use fission, thermal power stations burn fossil fuels, while renewable power stations harness the kinetic energy of moving water, wind or sunlight.
This document discusses energy efficiency and heat transfer. It defines efficiency as useful energy output divided by total energy input. It provides an example where a desk lamp has an input of 100J per second but only outputs 5J per second, giving it an efficiency of 5%. The document also discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources, listing examples like fossil fuels, nuclear, wind, biofuels, and solar energy. It explains how each source captures and converts different forms of energy for useful applications.
Solar energy -the ultimate renewable resourcerahuldawar
Solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. It represents the entire electromagnetic spectrum that reaches Earth, including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves. Solar energy has the advantages of being pollution-free and sustainable, but it is also diffuse and inconsistent, requiring technologies to concentrate and store it. Common solar technologies include heating water and buildings, generating electricity via solar panels, power towers, and parabolic dishes/troughs. While solar is currently more expensive than fossil fuels, its costs are decreasing as technologies advance.
The document discusses renewable energy resources and biomass energy conversion technologies. It covers several topics:
1) Biomass energy conversion can occur through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like gasification and pyrolysis, or biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. Direct combustion is the most common method for converting biomass into heat.
2) Gasification involves heating biomass with a limited oxygen supply to produce a low-heating-value gas. The gas can be used directly or upgraded into fuels like methanol. Integrated gasification combined cycle systems can achieve 40-50% efficiency.
3) Biomass resources that can be used include agricultural waste, forest waste, urban waste, and dedicated energy crops.
This document discusses net-zero homes and their advantages over traditional green buildings. A net-zero home produces as much renewable energy as it consumes through efficiency and solar panels. The home discussed uses solar panels to provide 38% of its energy needs and reduces its carbon footprint by 325 kg/year compared to a standard home. It concludes that net-zero homes can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption over the life of the building through solar power and efficiency measures.
I 6 diversification of res in norway, tommy olsen, tronderenergiInnovation Norway
Norway has abundant renewable energy resources including hydropower and wind power. Hydropower currently provides almost all of Norway's electricity and offers flexibility. Norway has significant untapped potential for onshore and offshore wind power development. TrønderEnergi, a Norwegian energy company, produces over 1,800 GWh of hydropower annually and is increasing its focus on other renewables like onshore and offshore wind through partnerships and investments. These actions help Norway meet its renewable energy and emissions reduction goals while also creating new industrial opportunities.
Is nuclear energy solution to our power problems ?Harsh Gupta
Nuclear energy originates from splitting uranium atoms through fission. At nuclear power plants, fission is used to generate heat and produce steam to power turbines and generate electricity. Construction costs for plants are very high but operating costs have decreased over time. Nuclear power produces radioactive waste that remains dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years, and accidents like Chernobyl show the risks of contamination. There are also concerns about nuclear materials being used for weapons.
The document discusses a sustainable swimming pool design that uses solar and wind energy to heat the pool and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. The design proposes using solar thermal panels and a wind turbine to heat a concrete thermal store underneath the pool. Air ducts would circulate heated air to maintain the pool temperature. Calculations are provided showing the solar and wind energy potential meet the estimated heating needs. The capital costs are estimated, along with a payback period of 38 years compared to using gas. Both advantages and disadvantages of the renewable system are outlined.
This document discusses sources of energy used in different countries. It examines the types of energy used in each country including electricity from fossil fuels and renewable/nuclear sources. Some key points are that France leads in nuclear power production, Italy and Norway generate significant electricity from renewables, and Norway and Germany export fossil fuels while other nations import them. Lithuania and Italy import electricity while other countries export it.
Burning fossil fuels like mineral oil releases large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. It also emits sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) that can cause acid rain when released into the air from burning fossil fuels. Acid rain damages forests and ecosystems. The document expresses a personal opinion about these environmental effects of burning fossil fuels.
The document describes how a small object can harness energy from the sun by charging a battery or powering an electric circuit. It details the process of making the structure, painting it, constructing the electric circuit, and joining all the parts together to allow the device to use solar energy to charge a battery or operate a separate circuit in a way that is environmentally friendly and can be used anywhere.
We plan to protect two locations, Asda and West Quay, as they are strategically located near each other and contain useful supplies like food, water, weapons, and generators. We will lure zombies to West Quay by playing pop music and kill them with knives and other weapons found in the stores. With food supplies to last a week and noise cancelling headphones to protect us if generators fail, we will survive the predicted 7 day zombie apocalypse.
This document summarizes energy policies and trends in several European countries. It shows that costs per kWh and household electricity consumption vary significantly between countries. France, Germany, and Norway have set goals to increase renewable energy sources while reducing fossil fuel and nuclear dependence and lowering emissions for 2020. Other countries aim to boost renewable production and decrease fossil fuel consumption over this period.
This document describes a school project in Romania to build a small hydroelectric wheel to power a shelter. It will capture the kinetic energy of moving water using a water wheel connected to a dynamo to generate electricity. The hydroelectric system provides a low-cost, renewable energy source but may have disadvantages like sedimentation downstream, blocking fish migration, and altering the landscape.
Wifi device equipped with beamswitching antennaMofolo Mor
This document discusses different types of antennas used for Wi-Fi devices, including omnidirectional antennas, directional antennas, sectored antennas, and smart antennas. It focuses on smart antennas, specifically beam-switching antenna configurations, and how a Wi-Fi device can be equipped with a switched beam antenna to improve wireless connectivity and performance.
This document provides an overview of various energy resources, including both renewable and non-renewable sources. It discusses solar, wind, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, and hydroelectric energy. For each resource, it describes the basic process or technology, advantages, and limitations. The document is a prepared by an engineering student as part of a course on electrical energy resources.
1. A steam power station utilizes heat energy produced from burning coal to generate electrical energy. This kind of power station is generally used around the world because of the wealth of fuel (coal), allowing them to generate large amounts of electrical power.
2. Key components of a steam power plant include steam boilers that convert water to high pressure steam, and steam turbines that convert the energy in steam to mechanical energy to power generators and produce electricity.
3. Factors in determining the site of a steam power plant include access to fuel sources like coal mines, availability of water, transportation infrastructure, and proximity to population centers and existing power loads.
This document discusses the importance of steam in the modern world, particularly for electricity production. Approximately 90% of electricity in the US is produced from steam power plants, which generate steam via combustion of fossil fuels or nuclear fission. Steam is valuable because it can be produced anywhere from available heat sources and has properties that allow efficient energy production. Modern steam plants must produce steam efficiently while meeting strict environmental regulations to limit air pollutants. Despite increased energy usage, US air quality has significantly improved in recent decades due to emissions controls on steam power plants.
New Presentation on TPP-3 - Copy.pptx12423195a0304
Thermal power plants generate electricity by converting heat from the combustion of fuels like coal, natural gas, and oil into mechanical energy to power generators. The document provides an overview of thermal power plants in India, including their history, components, types, environmental impacts, and the major thermal power plants located in states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. It discusses the increasing importance of thermal power due to growing energy demands and its role in providing base load power to the electrical grid.
This document discusses various types of renewable energy sources including sunlight, wind, rain, geothermal heat, hydroelectricity, biomass, and others. It provides statistics on current global usage of renewables such as 13% of energy coming from traditional biomass. The document also focuses in more detail on certain renewable technologies for energy generation including wind power, hydroelectric power, solar energy, biofuels, wave power, and geothermal power. It provides examples of each technology and their advantages for sustainable energy production.
Thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of particles in a substance. Thermal energy increases with temperature and mass. Thermal power plants convert heat energy from combustion of fuels like coal into electrical energy. They are major sources of electricity but also pollute the environment. Improving efficiency and using techniques like flue gas heat recovery and dry coal can reduce their environmental impact.
The document provides information on energy conservation and different types of energy. It discusses that energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydro are responsible for a small percentage of carbon dioxide emissions while non-renewable sources like coal are the main cause of global warming. The document also highlights the importance of conserving energy to reduce dependence on imports and make efficient use of limited resources. Various strategies for conserving energy in lighting, air conditioners, motors and through renewable options are presented.
renewable-non-renewable-energy-resources-110308030738-phpapp02.pptxFrancis de Castro
Here are the energy resources identified as renewable or non-renewable:
1. Biomass - Renewable
2. Hydropower - Renewable
3. Oil - Non-renewable
4. Natural Gas - Non-renewable
5. Geothermal Energy - Renewable
6. Coal - Non-renewable
7. Wind energy - Renewable
8. Solar Energy - Renewable
9. Nuclear Energy - Non-renewable
10.Fossil Fuel - Non-renewable
The document argues against building new nuclear power stations for several reasons:
1) It would not significantly reduce carbon emissions or address future energy supply gaps.
2) Investment in nuclear power could block more effective solutions like renewable energy and efficiency.
3) Transporting nuclear waste poses terrorism risks and safety cannot be guaranteed given past disasters.
4) Reprocessing nuclear waste produces dangerous plutonium stockpiles with no clear disposal plans.
5) Nuclear power is extremely costly.
The document provides an overview of thermal power generation. It discusses the need for thermal power, the basic working principles, and classifications by fuel and prime mover. The key steps in the thermal power generation process include heating water to create steam, using the steam to power a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity, and then condensing the steam to be reused. Thermal power plants have advantages of using widely available fuels but have lower efficiency and higher emissions than other generation methods. Improving plant efficiency and reducing emissions are important areas of ongoing research and development.
This document discusses sustainable energy and power sources. It defines renewable energy as energy from natural resources that are replenished within a human lifetime without long-term environmental damage. The major renewable resources described are solar, thermal, wind, tidal, wave, hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal energy. It then provides details on each type of energy source, including their advantages and disadvantages. Energy efficiency technologies are also discussed to improve energy usage.
This document provides an overview of different types of power generating stations and the pollution they cause. It discusses three main types of power stations: thermal, nuclear, and hydroelectric. Thermal power stations, the most common, burn coal to create steam that turns turbines. Nuclear stations use uranium or thorium as fuel in nuclear reactors to heat water. Hydroelectric stations utilize the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water. The document then examines various types of pollution produced by power stations, particularly thermal plants, which emit carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ash, nitrogen oxides, and other particulates. It also explores the impacts of this pollution on air, water, land, ecosystems, human health, and socioeconomics.
This document discusses various new and renewable energy technologies, including fluidized bed technologies for cleaner coal combustion, improved oil burner designs, transportation of natural gas via pipelines, and various non-conventional energy sources like solar, wind, biomass, biofuels, tidal, geothermal, and magneto-hydrodynamic technologies. Key advantages of fluidized bed coal combustion include high efficiency, fuel flexibility, and reduced corrosion. Solar and wind energy are abundant in many regions and can be harnessed through technologies like solar water heating, wind turbines, and energy plantations. Biomass, biofuels, and geothermal energy are also discussed as renewable sources.
1. INDIAN AND GLOBAL ENERGY SCENARIO.pptxRENERGISTICS
Thermal power plants produce electricity by burning fossil fuels like coal. This generates air pollution like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter which can cause health issues. The Raichur Thermal Power Plant in Karnataka pollutes the surrounding air and land, disrupting wildlife habitats. Coal combustion also produces fly ash containing toxic heavy metals that pollute soil and water sources. Thermal plants are major contributors to India's greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
Thermal power plants generate electricity by burning coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. They are a major source of electricity in many countries. In India, thermal power plants make up 75% of electricity generation. Coal is pulverized and burned in a boiler to heat water into steam. The high-pressure steam spins turbines that power generators to produce electricity. The steam is then condensed in a condenser using cooling water from cooling towers before being returned to the boiler as feedwater to repeat the process. While thermal plants provide reliable base-load power, they also produce significant air pollution and carbon emissions.
This document provides information on various renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, hydropower energy, geothermal energy, bio-fuel energy, and hybrid energy. For each energy source, the document lists common uses, advantages, and disadvantages. It was submitted as an assignment on renewable energy sources by Hemant Sharma to their professor Gaurav Agrawal.
The document provides information about the examination scheme, syllabus, and various units for a Systems in Mechanical Engineering course.
The examination scheme includes two phases - Phase I exam covers units 1 and 2 for 30 marks, and Phase II exam covers units 3, 4, 5, and 6 for 70 marks. The syllabus is divided into 6 units covering topics like energy sources and conversion, thermal engineering, vehicles, manufacturing, and mechanisms.
Unit 1 provides an introduction to different energy sources like thermal, chemical, electrical, mechanical, nuclear, and gravitational energy. It also discusses the definitions of energy, power, and the forms and applications of thermal energy primarily in electricity generation.
The document provides an overview of NTPC Limited, the largest power company in India. It discusses NTPC's operations, including its power generation capacity, operational performance, regional spread of power plants, and environmental management efforts. It also describes the basic components and functioning of a thermal power plant, including the steam generator, steam turbine, electric generator, and coal-based electricity generation process. Key details include NTPC having a generating capacity of 34,854 MW from 28 plants, high availability and plant load factors, and leadership in reducing environmental impacts from power generation in India.
This document discusses different types of energy sources and their applications. It describes renewable energy sources like solar, biomass, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy. It also covers non-renewable sources like fossil fuels and nuclear energy. For each energy type, the document provides details on how it works and its advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses applications of renewable and non-renewable energy sources in areas like electricity generation, transportation, manufacturing and more. The conclusion emphasizes that future energy will increasingly come from renewable sources like solar and wind due to improving efficiencies.
This document lists common stereotypes about Austria such as skiing, mountains, friendly people, schnitzel, drinking alcohol, being hospitable, loving food and music, being charming, and being proud of their country. It also mentions famous Austrians like Mozart and Falco as well as references The Sound of Music film and Mozartkugeln candy balls.
The document provides information about Austria and the Gymnasium Kurzwiese secondary school in Eisenstadt, Austria. Austria has a population of 8.7 million people across 9 federal states. Eisenstadt is the capital of Burgenland with a population of 14,241, located near the Hungarian border. Gymnasium Kurzwiese has 1216 students, 51 classrooms, 139 teachers and represents 18 religions and nationalities. The school is currently undergoing construction.
Over the last 3 years, 166,000 asylum seekers arrived in Austria, with the largest groups coming from Syria (30%), Afghanistan (14-15%), and Russia (6-7%). The BFA is responsible for asylum proceedings and can grant or reject asylum applications, while NGOs provide integration support like German lessons and job assistance. Austria's asylum criteria require applicants to prove need for asylum under the Geneva Convention or risk of individual persecution, and if rejected applicants must return home within 2 weeks. While waiting, asylum seekers have limited rights but can receive basic care and public transit tickets, and stay in Austria until a decision made take up to 2 years. Key problems include long processing times, uneven distribution of asylum seek
Norway's national policy on immigration outlines responsibilities and requirements for arriving immigrants. The Norwegian Directorate of Immigration processes applications, operates asylum reception centers, and handles expulsion cases. Immigrants must pass an oral Norwegian and social studies test to apply for permanent residency if younger than 16 or older than 55, or be a skilled worker or family member. While applications are pending, non-permanent residents have temporary work permits and access to healthcare and monthly allowances. Key problems are the high costs of sending back immigrants whose applications are denied and difficulty returning immigrants without proper documentation.
Kenya is a country in East Africa famous for its natural parks and wildlife reserves. It has a diverse climate and geography that supports expansive wildlife. Kenya also has many colorful tribes and is one of Africa's top tourist destinations. The document interviews two colleagues from Kenya who now live in Romania. They moved to be closer to family after their father's death but maintain ties to Kenya and feel it has a better education system, though they have found a better life in Romania.
Somalia has faced decades of conflict and instability since gaining independence in 1960. It was originally formed from British Somaliland and Italian Somalia. After a coup in 1969, Somalia allied with the Soviet Union but failed in its war against Ethiopia in the 1970s. Starting in 1991, clan conflicts and drought led to a humanitarian crisis and widespread starvation. The U.S. and U.N. intervened in 1992 to provide aid, but withdrew in 1995 with the country divided and still at war. Somalia remains fragmented today, with various regions controlled by opposing military factions.
Syria is a republic with Damascus as its capital. It has a population of over 20 million people and its government is currently led by President Bashar al-Assad. The country has experienced over 250,000 deaths and a civil war since 2011 due to anti-government protests. Syria has a diverse population consisting of Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen, Armenians and other ethnic groups. While Arabic is the official language, other languages including Kurdish and Armenian are also spoken. The majority of Syrians are Muslim, while around 10% are Christian. Human rights violations during the ongoing conflict include torture, attacks on civilians, kidnapping and restrictions on freedom of expression.
Chechnya is an autonomous republic in Russia with a population that is 95% Chechen. It has faced many conflicts with Russia over independence since the 1990s, resulting in two devastating wars that destroyed much of its infrastructure. Today, Chechnya is relatively stable under the authoritarian rule of Ramsan Kadyrov, but still faces issues of corruption, human rights violations, and separatist activity.
Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe that borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, and Moldova. It has a population of almost 20 million people, making it the seventh most populous country in the European Union. Some notable castles and landmarks in Romania include Bran Castle, Peles Castle, Hunedoara Castle, Bigar Waterfall, and the Merry Cemetery. Sibiu is a historic city in Transylvania with German influences that is known for its Christmas celebrations. The "Onisifor Ghibu" High School is a prestigious theoretical high school in Romania that has been designated as a European School four times, with about 1,000 students and 70 staff
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Migration is a complex process influenced by many economic, political, and social factors. Romania's immigration policies have evolved in alignment with both European Union legislation and its own national priorities. The number of immigrants in Romania has increased significantly since joining the EU, with most coming from Moldova, China, and Turkey to reunite with family, study, or find work. Key government agencies coordinate the integration of immigrants and management of asylum processes according to national strategies that balance humanitarian responsibilities with resources.
Over 220 asylum seekers were initially placed in a gym in Penzberg in 2015 during a large wave of refugees coming to Germany. Currently there are around 130 asylum seekers and refugees housed in a newly constructed asylum home as well as some living in flats and communities. The city and volunteers have established several programs to help the asylum seekers including a bike repair garage that provides work and inexpensive repairs, a community center that closed in 2016 but may reopen, German language courses, and a godparenthood program where volunteers provide personal support. Other projects aim to foster intercultural exchange through activities like hiking trips and public festivals.
The document discusses supports available for immigrants in the Nouvelle Aquitaine and Langon regions of France. Services offered include help with administrative procedures, French classes, job search assistance, and social and cultural integration activities. Local organizations provide these services free of charge to help immigrants settle into their new communities.
This document outlines several organizations that provide support to immigrants in Burgenland, Austria. Caritas, Diakonie, and Samariter Bund provide services like legal assistance, German language courses, emergency services, and integration projects to help immigrants establish homes and integrate into their new communities. Local churches also offer support through emergency housing, food, legal advice, and integration projects. Other initiatives like Verein Region Neusiedler See hilft provide help with legal issues, while Pannonische Tafel is an important community space where immigrants can cook, do laundry, and socialize. According to those working with refugees, supporting immigration provides cultural and economic benefits, though some locals express fears around security, cultural clashes
This document provides information about Austria and the Gymnasium Kurzwiese secondary school in Eisenstadt, Austria. Austria has a population of 8.7 million people across 9 federal states. Eisenstadt is the capital of Burgenland and has a population of 14,241 people, with a main attraction being Esterhazy Castle. The Gymnasium Kurzwiese has 1154 students taught in 50 classrooms by 121 teachers representing 12 religions and 22 nationalities, with some classrooms located in an old building and others in a new building currently under construction.
This document discusses several national symbols of Austria including Joseph Haydn, Manner chocolate, and the Austrian flag. It also describes typical social events like balls in Burgenland during winter where girls wear white gowns and boys wear suits. Several iconic aspects of Austrian culture are also mentioned like skiing, Dirndl dresses, mountains, lakes, and famous dishes like Wiener Schnitzel and Kaiserschmarrn. Lake Neusiedl, the largest steppe lake in Europe located near Eisenstadt, is highlighted for swimming, sailing and viewing wildlife.
This document summarizes several national symbols of Germany:
1) The German flag consists of three horizontal bands of black, red, and gold which has been used since 1949.
2) The national anthem is based on the "Lied der Deutschen" and praises unity, rights, freedom and happiness for the German fatherland.
3) The German Eagle has been used as the national symbol for over 580 years, depicting a head turned right with open wings and red beak/talons representing courage and liberty.
This document discusses several national symbols of Norway including the Norwegian flag, national anthem, and traditional clothing known as bunad. It also mentions the Royal Family, currency, and famous Norwegian painters and composers such as Edvard Munch, Henrik Ibsen, and Edvard Grieg. The document poses questions about the content of the national anthem, the name of a famous Norwegian composer, and landscape formations called fjords that are waterways between mountains mixed with salt and freshwater.
The document provides information about several aspects of Romanian culture and history. It discusses Romania's coat of arms which symbolizes the country's historical regions. It then describes Romania's national flag which originated from merging the flags of Wallachia and Moldova. It also notes that "Awaken thee, Romanian!" has been the national anthem since 1990, with lyrics written during the 1848 Revolution. Additionally, it provides brief biographies of notable Romanians like the poet Mihai Eminescu, sculptor Constantin Brancusi, gymnast Nadia Comaneci, and highlights Romania's diverse architectural styles including wooden churches and fortified towns from the medieval period.
Values are qualities that are important to people and help maintain good relationships and social harmony. A value survey interviewed adults and teenagers of different generations in Austria to determine the most important values. The most important value according to the survey was human dignity. Special value courses are offered for asylum seekers to teach principles of living together in Austrian society, such as human rights, democracy, language skills, health and economic systems. The courses aim to help asylum seekers integrate and live respectfully in their new communities.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
Energy policies italia
1.
2. ENERGY SYSTEM: NEW DRIVING FORCE
High oil
price
Oil Global
depletion SUSTAINABILITY warming
Energy
Air quality
security
3. OIL DEPLECTION
Before oil is exhausted, it will reach a pruduction peak;
this peak can be described as the highest pruduction level in
the history of oil, then a structural decline will start;
it is important to determine the period in which this peaking
will occur, in order to implement mitigating measures;
Predicting the exact timing of peak is a difficoult task due to
the lack of reliable data.
6. GLOBAL WARMING
Global Warming is a global issue that
involves everything and everyone.
One major effect is that natural
disasters will worsen for example as
The main reason for global warming hurricanes and droughts will become
is something that is called the deadly. If people don't react soon and
Greenhouse effect, which is when a take action the world will suffer.
gas called CO2 or also known as
carbon dioxide is released into the
atmosphere and with which the sun’s
rays inevitably cause the Earth to
warm up.
7. ENERGY SECURITY
A degree of self-sufficiency in energy production is seen as
essential to mantain economic and social stability as well as future
prosperity.
8. AIR QUALITY
Air quality is defined as an indication of
the condition of air relative to the
requirements of one or more biotic species Air quality indices (AQI) are numbers
and/or to any human need or purpose. used by government agencies to
characterize the quality of the air at a
given location.
9. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
market liberalisation;
diversification of energy sources;
transfer of power to the regional authorities;
energy security;
energy efficency;
environmental protection.
10. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
The Italian energy mix majorly relies on oil and gas imports.
Oil utilization is gradually decreasing, while gas and renewable energies
are registering a trend of growth.
Shares in energy production %
Oil 43.1
Gas 36
Solid fuel 8.6
Renewables 6.8
Electricity (imports) 5.5
11. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
Final energy uses registered an increase in line with the GDP increase but with
different trends in the different sectors. The transport sector, in particular, showed a
relevant trend of increase.
Sector %
Industry 28
Sector 30
Residential/services 32.1
Others 9.9
12. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
The Italian power generation and industry sector is pretty unique compared to those of
most industrialised countries.
This is due to the following characteristics:
electricity demand is growing very strongly despite a weak level of economic activity;
this is due to the increase in electricity consumption in the residential and industrial sector
from the current relatively low levels.
Italy has a high dependency on natural gas and fuel oil; these two fuels have the
disadvantage of having prices linked to those of crude oil, which has increased
dramatically in the last three years.
Italy has a very high dependency on electricity imports with respect to other
industrialised countries, with a share of 14% of gross electricity consumption coming from
abroad.
Italy has a low level of consumption of coal and the complete absence of nuclear.
13. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
1981- Law 308/82 The first National Energy Plan was elaborated-
address the issues of energy efficiency and renewable energies and basis for future public
regulations and financial incentives.
1988- A second National Energy Plan was elaborated-
five objectives for the year 2000:
1.implementation of policies of energy saving and rational use of energy;
2. protection of environmental and human health;
3.development of energy sources;
4. utilization of mixed energy sources and different geopolitical supplies;
5. improvement of competitivness of the production systems.
1999- Italy adopted the European Commission’s White paper on renewbles-
This document gave the state of art of R.E.technologies and indicated policies, strategies
and production targets up to 2008-2012 for each type of sources.
14. THE ITALIAN ENERGY POLICY
Currently, support for renewble energy is based on:
1. Green certificates for energy production.
2. national and regional financial contribution.
3. Fiscal incentives.
4. RECS and certification
16. The hydroelectric power plant converts the Through works of water supply, canals and tunnels branch water is then
hydraulic energy of a watercourse, natural or piped into tanks and loaded, through penstocks, turbines through the
artificial, into electricity. inlet valves (safety) and regulating the flow (distributors) according to
the application for 'energy.
On arrival at the place of
employment, before being
used, the energy passes
back into a transformer that
this time, raises the current
density and lowers the
voltage so as to make it
suitable for domestic use.
The electricity thus obtained must be transformed to be The alternator is directly connected to the
transmitted over long distances. turbine which is installed in accordance with a
Therefore, before being conveyed to transmission lines, provision for vertical or horizontal axis. It is
the electricity passes through the transformer, which basically a rotating electrical machine capable
lowers the intensity of the current produced by the of transforming mechanical energy into
alternator, however, by raising the voltage to thousands of electrical energy received from the turbine
volts.
18. A geothermal power plant consists of an area
where the presence of hot fluids has been
Geothermal energy uses the Earth's internal heat, generated in part detected, with depths varying from 60 to
during the formation of the planet and in part by the decay of 3000 meters from which the vapor present at
radioactive isotopes in the mantle. high temperatures (150-250 °) is extracted by
drilling and then conveyed in a pipeline
The energy possessed by water, allowed to expand in a turbine coupled
The transformation of geothermal energy into to a generator, it is first converted into mechanical energy and then into
electricity can be obtained with different electricity. The exhausted steam is piped to the condenser, where it is
technologies depending on the temperature and converted to water at high temperature, which passes into the cooling
pressure of the hydrothermal system tower, where it is cooled and injected underground.
20. Biomass is a collection of materials of plant origin, waste from
agriculture, livestock, or reused in suitable timber industry power stations to
produce electricity.
21. GASIFICATION
Is a process where the fuel is partially
oxidised and the product is a fuel gas
consisting of CO, CO2, H2, CH4, H2O
PYROLISIS and N2. This fuel gas can be utilized in COMBUSTION
Consists in the an engine, gas turbine or boiler for heat where all the carbon
heating up of the fuel and power production. in the fuel is totally
in the absence of transformed into
oxygen. carbon dioxide and
The product from where the only
this process is product is heat. The
charcoal, pyrolysis heat from the
oil and a fuel gas. combustion process
The pyrolysis oil can can be used directly
be utilized as a fuel or for power
for vehicles or for production.
power production via
engine or gas
turbines.
23. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of
energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity.
The total amount of economically extractable power available from the
wind is considerably more than present human power use from all sources.
Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuel, is plentiful, widely
distributed, clean, and produces no greenhouse emissions.
26. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into
electricity, either directly using
photovoltaic(PV), or indirectly using
concentrated solar (CSP).
Concentrated solar power systems use lenses
or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large
area of sunlight into a small beam.
Photovoltaics convert light into electric current
using photoelectricity.
27. PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
The photovoltaic effect is the creation of a
voltage (or a corresponding electric current) in
a material upon exposure to light. Though the
photovoltaic effect is directly related to the
photoelectric effect, the two processes are
different and should be distinguished In the
photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from
a material's surface upon exposure to radiation
of sufficient energy. The photovoltaic effect is
different in that the generated electrons are
transferred between different bands (i.e., from
the valence to conduction bands) within the
material, resulting in the buildup of a voltage
between two electrodes.
28. SOLAR CELLS
Solar cells produce direct current electricity
from sun light, which can be used to power
equipment or to recharge a battery.
The first practical application of photovoltaics
was to power orbiting satellites and other
spacecraft, but today the majority of
photovoltaic modules are used for grid
connected power generation. In this case an
inverter is required to convert the DC to AC.
29. SOLAR PANELS
Photovoltaic panels based on crystalline silicon
modules are being partially replaced in the
market by panels that employ thin-film solar
cells amorphous Si, microcrystalline Si), which
are rapidly growing and are expected to
account for 31 percent of the global installed
power by 2013.
Other developments include casting wafers
instead of sawing-concentrator
modules, 'Sliver' cells, and continuous printing
processes. Due to economies of scale solar
panels get less costly as people use and buy
more — as manufacturers increase production
to meet demands, the cost and price is expected
to drop in the years to come.
32. HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
•PV modules and wind turbines are now widely used in developed
countries to produce electrical power in locations where it might be
inconvenient or expensive to use conventional grid supplies, while other
homeowners who choose the renewable energy sources prefer to connect
their energy system to the grid as a huge ‘battery’ for someconvenient
grid-tied situation.
• However, when electricity grids are non-existent or rudimentary, all
forms of energy can prove very expensive. In such cases, solar and wind
energy can be highly competitive.
• The fact that natural energy resources are intermittent and storage
batteries are expensive, has led to the utilization of so-called hybrid
renewable energy systems.
33. HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
As both wind and solar energy sources are inconsistent and non-stable.
Hybridizing solar and wind power sources together with storage batteries
to cover the periods of time without sun or wind provides a stable form of
power generation.
A wind turbine is a device that
converts kinetic energy from
the wind into mechanical
Photovoltaic or PV cells, known commonly energy. If the mechanical
as solar cells, convert the energy from energy is used to produce
sunlight into DC electricity. electricity (DC), the device
PVs offer added advantages over other may be called a wind generator
renewable energy sources in that they give or wind charger. If the
off no noise and require insignificant mechanical energy is used to
maintenance. drive machinery, such as for
grinding grain or pumping
water, the device is called a
wiindmill or wind punp.
34. HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Wind-turbines and PV cells provide
DC but most industrial uses of
electricity require AC power.
A semiconductor-based device
known as a power inverter is used
to convert the DC to AC.