This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on energy plantations given by Indu Kale. The presentation covers topics such as the definition of energy plantations, their role in agroforestry and energy production, advantages of energy plantations, types of energy plantations including fuelwood, firewood and biofuel plantations. It also discusses high density short rotation forestry, case studies on fuelwood consumption and forest degradation, the national biofuel policy, suitable species for different regions, and concludes with recommendations for energy plantations.
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
This presentation includes, Single-locus self-incompatibility- {Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) and Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)},2-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility, Heteromorphic self-incompatibility,Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI) and Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).
FSC 503: Biodiversity and conservation of fruit crops
Collection: Tapping of genetic diversity from various sources and assembling at one place is called germplasm collection.
Evaluation: It deals with the assessing the agronomic potential of an accession including quality parameters and response to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
Documentation:Germplasm conservation, in its various stages, includes a range of activities for which information is required or from which information is derived. This may refer to species, their sites of origin, or activities or stages of conservation. The action of recording, organizing, and analyzing conservation data is known as documentation.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Improved chulhas are scientifically designed, environmental friendly cookstoves with a thermal efficiency of about 20 per cent or more as compared to 5% to 10% efficiency of traditional chulhas.
Biomass used intelligently to recover its energy content while disposing waste safely is a solution to climate change challenge and alternate to fossil fuel utilization.
Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another, due to the release into the environment of substances acting as germination or growth inhibitors.
Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
This presentation includes, Single-locus self-incompatibility- {Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) and Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)},2-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility, Heteromorphic self-incompatibility,Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI) and Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).
FSC 503: Biodiversity and conservation of fruit crops
Collection: Tapping of genetic diversity from various sources and assembling at one place is called germplasm collection.
Evaluation: It deals with the assessing the agronomic potential of an accession including quality parameters and response to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
Documentation:Germplasm conservation, in its various stages, includes a range of activities for which information is required or from which information is derived. This may refer to species, their sites of origin, or activities or stages of conservation. The action of recording, organizing, and analyzing conservation data is known as documentation.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Improved chulhas are scientifically designed, environmental friendly cookstoves with a thermal efficiency of about 20 per cent or more as compared to 5% to 10% efficiency of traditional chulhas.
Biomass used intelligently to recover its energy content while disposing waste safely is a solution to climate change challenge and alternate to fossil fuel utilization.
Introduction on Fuel wood
Types of Fuel woods
Sources of Fuel wood
Uses of Fuel wood
Global scenario of fuel wood as a source of energy
National scenario of fuel wood as a source of energy
Fuel wood Linkage to biodiversity
Effects of using fuel woods in Climate change
Effect of fuel wood on Health
Effect of fuel wood on Environment
Biomass for fuel use may be derived from fuelwood and other sources in India. This was a by-product of other primary activities like agriculture, forestry, trees outside forests and food processing. Barriers need to be overcome to develop a sustainable bioenergy system.
Energy sources in rural areas can be supplemented by woody, non-woody agro -residue, and degradable aquatic biomass. Process inputs can give small industries supplying biofuels.
ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE BIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTION IN UGANDA THROUGH PRACTICAL I...RECSONETWORKRECSONET
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A Presentation by Issa Katwesige, Principal Forest Officer Forest Sector Support Department, Ministry of Water and Environment , at Esella Hotel October 07, 2020
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Organized by Environmental Alert in partnership with financial support from Norad within the framework of the project titled, ‘Increasing access to sustainable and renewable energy alternatives in the AlbertineGraben’ that is implemented by WWF-Uganda Country Office.”
Conventional energy and non conventional sources of energy in indiaswapoo371
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Agroforestry has a high potential for simultaneously satisfying three important objectives viz., protecting and also stabilizing the ecosystems; producing a high level of output of economic goods; and improving the income and basic materials to the rural population. It has helped in the rehabilitation of the degraded lands on the one hand and has increased farm productivity on the other. At present, agroforestry meets almost half of the demand for fuelwood, 2/3 of the small timber, approx. 70-80 per cent wood for plywood, 60 per cent raw material for paper pulp and approx. 9-11 per cent of the green fodder requirement of livestock, besides meeting the subsistence needs of the households for food, fruit, fiber, medicine etc.
Napier Grass or Giant King Grass is conceived as an viable alternative and long-term solution for biomass power plants.
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1. INDIRAGANDHI KRISHI VISHWA VIDYALAYA
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
IGKV, RAIPUR
SEMINAR ON
ENERGY PLANTATIONS
BY:
INDU KALE
M.SC FORESTRY SEM-2
ID. NO 20200477
2. PRESENTATION PROFILE
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Agroforestry in energy
production
• Advantages of energy
plantations
• Types of EP
• Fuelwood plantation
• Firewood plantation
• Biofuel plantation
• Case studies
• High density short rotation
species
• Advantages of HDSC
• Disadvantages of HDSC
• Choice of Species
• Conclusion
• Reference
3. ABSTRACT
• Energy plantations are the plantations which are raised purposefully for fuelwood,
firewood and bio-fuel and plays a prominent role to fulfill the requirements of rural
and semi-urban areas. It includes the contribution of fuelwood in household energy
consumption and it's sources of supply estimated per capita as well as consumption
of domestic energy, impact of fuelwood collection on depletion of forests resources
also been examined and estimations are provided. It also provides a synoptic view of
various programmes undertaken by government to meet fuelwood needs of country.
The review of consumption aspects has found that traditional fuel such as fuelwood,
cow dung cake, crop residue still dominates domestic energy use in rural India and
accounts to about 90% of total. Agroforestry will play an important role for energy
production which could be strongly recommended and to be adopted.
Keywords: Fuel wood, Firewood, Bio-fuel, Agroforestry, Forests, Domestic energy
4. ENERGY PLANTATIONS?
• The term energy is derived from Greek word “ energia” means
activity or operation
• The common definition of energy is the ability or capacity to do
work.
• Definition: Energy plantations are the plantations in which fast
growing selected species of trees and woody shrubs specifically
meant for providing fuel or firewood either for heating or power
generation are raised
• An energy plantation is one that is grown purely for plant material for
their fuel than for fiber content
5. • India is home to more than 240 million households out of which about
100 million households are still deprived of LPG as cooking fuel and
have to rely on firewood, coal, dung – cakes etc., As primary source of
cooking.
• The percentage of population using fuelwood is higher in rural areas
(67.3%) than only 14% in urban and semi urban areas (NSSO, 2012)
• The annual fuel wood consumption by 854 million people in India is
216.4 million tonnes per year (FSI 2011). And 27% of fuel wood has
been collected from government owned forests
6. • Use of fuelwood is increasing day by day in India.
• The source of energy for domestic and commercial use in rural
and semi urban areas is largely fuel wood which contributes to
more than 90% of GHG emissions from forestry sector in India
(Sharma, 2017).
• The unsustainable harvest of fuelwood is major driver of forest
degradation and impacting adversely more than 30 million
hectares of forests.
7. • Agroforestry plays an important role in the production of fuel wood and energy
biomass as woody plants and shrubs constitute the main source of fire and other
sources of biomass energy
Role of Agroforestry in energy production:
• Wood fuels for direct combustion
• Pyrolytic conversion products
• Produce gas from wood or charcoal fuel wood
• Ethanol from fermentation of high carbohydrate fruits and other tree parts
• Methanol from destructive distillation
8. ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY PLANTATION:
Emit little or no sulphur and less nitrogen dioxide than fossil fuel
Helps in rehabilitation of degraded lands
Provide rural employment growing energy crops creates a “carbon sink”
which includes storing carbon underground through the tree root system
Dependable & renewable source of energy along with afforestation of
marginal lands & employment generation.
Aesthetic value, windbreak and shelterbelts.
Fodder, NTFP etc.
Energy plantations are both ecologically as well as sociologically
much sounder investments
9. ENERGY PLANTATIONS INCLUDE:
• Fuelwood plantation
• Firewood plantation
• Biofuel plantation/ energy from biomass
• High density short rotation forestry / silviculture energy
farms
10. FUELWOOD PLANTATIONS:
Definition:
Wood in rough form obtained from the trunk and branches of trees to
be used for fuel purposes such as cooking, heating or power
generation (Devendra Pandey)
Fuelwood is produced from natural forests, plantations, trees
outside forests and other woody lands
The value of wood as a fuel depends mainly on its combustibility,
its heating power or calorific value
12. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR FUEL WOOD SPECIES:
High calorific values, high wood density and burns without smoke.
Tree species should be fast growing with high photosynthetic efficiency which
result in high yields.
Tree species should have coppicing and pollarding ability.
Higher demand
To tolerate incidence of pest and diseases.
Should coppice well
Ability to withstand drought condition
Ability to fix nitrogen
Should have multiple use in nature
13. FUELWOODIN FIVE-YEAR DEVELOPMENTAL PLAN
• As the demand of fuelwood is increasing, the planning commission of India
started a rural fuelwood plantation scheme during the sixth five-year plan
(1980-1985)
• Its thrust was to produce fuelwood in 157 chronically fuel-deficient districts of the
country against about 460 districts existing at that time.
• The aim was to make this essential commodity available to rural people near their
habitats
• The total cost of the scheme was INR 499 million, equivalent to US$45 million
• The scheme has continued since then, with modifications, as the fuelwood and
fodder scheme
14. • The number of fuelwood-deficient districts covered increased to 229 (out of
590 districts) in the eighth five-year plan (1992-1997) with a budget of INR
1542 million (equivalent to US$51 million).
• The number of districts covered under the programme has been increased to
241 in the ninth five-year plan (1997-2002).
• The monitoring mechanism for this programme is similar to that of the
afforestation programme.
• A comparative analysis using the estimates of FSI’s study conducted in 2011
(FSR 2011) shows that the fuelwood consumption in terms of per capita per
year at the national level has reduced from 294.28 kg/capita/year in 2011 to
278.21 kg/capita/year in 2019 which is a reduction of 5.46%.
• This is due to introduction of Ujjwala scheme by government
16. CASE STUDIES
WOOD BALANCE STUDY OF ANDHRA PRADESH:
Research work conducted by institute of wood sciences and technology
(ICFRE), Bangalore
The study used both primary and secondary data for estimating the consumption
of wood in Andhra Pradesh
The study estimated per capita consumption of fuelwood at 180 kg for rural
areas and 33 kg for urban areas. In 1978/9, the national council of applied
economic research (NCAER), new Delhi had estimated per capita consumption
to be 179 kg for rural areas, and 115 kg by urbanites in Andhra Pradesh
Source: fuelwood studies in India:
myths and reality by Devendra Pandey
17. DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF FUELWOOD IN KARNATAKA
The Indian institute of management (IIM), Bangalore, undertook the study in
1986/7 at the request of Karnataka forest department, mainly to address the
supply and demand balance of fuelwood in Karnataka state and also to examine
the question of whether fuelwood demand can lead to deforestation. The
study also made a demand forecast for future
18. PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS FORMS OF FUEL IN THE HOUSEHOLD SECTOR
IN KARNATAKA
Source: Fuelwood studies in India: Myths
and Reality by Devendra Pandey
Form of fuel Rural areas Urban areas Total
Fuelwood
i) Logs
ii)Twigs, logs
&tops
80.2
5.2
75.0
49.0
42.0
7.0
70.3
16.5
53.9
Dung cake
Kerosene
LPG
Crop residue
Charcoal
1.3
12.1
5.5
0.4
0.22
1.4
25
24
---
0.6
1.3
16.0
11.2
0.32
0.33
Total 100 100 100
19. FIREWOOD:
Definition:
Firewood is any wooden material that is gathered and used as fuel. Generally
firewood is not highly processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or
branch form, compared to other form of wood fuel like pellets or chips. Firewood
can be seasoned or unseasoned( FAO)
Characteristics:
• High calorific value that burns without toxic fumes/sparks.
• It should posses other than providing fuelwood.
• Wider adaptability.
• Require little care and management.
• Have special characteristics i.e., Nitrogen fixing ability, rapid growth, coppicing
ability etc.
20.
21. CASE STUDIES: FIREWOOD CONSUMPTION AND FOREST DEGRADATION IN
HIMALAYAN STATES: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH GAPS
Snapshot of Indian Himalayan states:
States Share of
geographi
cal area
in Indian
Himalaya
n states
Share of
rural
househol
ds using
firewood
as fuel for
cooking
Populatio
n density
to all
Indian
density
ratio
Share of
area
covered
under
forest to
total land
area
% change
in forest
cover
since
2013
Arunacha
l Pradesh
0.16 0.85 0.04 0.80 -0.11%
Assam 0.03 0.81 1.05 0.35 -0.17%
Himachal
Pradesh
0.10 0.64 0.34 0.26 0.09%
Jammu &
Kashmir
0.42 0.74 0.31 0.10 1.96%
Manipur 0.04 0.82 0.30 0.76 0.02%
22. States Share of
geograp
hical
area in
Indian
Himalay
an
states
Share of
rural
househol
ds using
firewood
as fuel for
cooking
Populatio
n density
to all
Indian
density
ratio
Share of
area
covered
under
forest to
total land
area
% change
in forest
cover
since
2013
Meghalaya 0.04 0.94 0.32 0.77 -0.41%
Mizoram 0.04 0.81 0.13 0.89 -1.63%
Nagaland 0.03 0.92 0.37 0.78 -0.60%
Sikkim 0.01 0.71 0.23 0.47 -0.03%
Tripura 0.02 0.93 0.94 2.51 -0.21%
Uttarakhan
d
0.10 0.63 0.49 0.45 -1.11%
W. Bengal 0.01 0.39 2.78 5.71 0.14%
23. NATIONAL BIOFUEL POLICY
• The goal of the policy is to ensure the ready availability of biofuels to meet demand
and proposed an indicative target of 20% blending of biofuels, both for bio-diesel and
bio-ethanol, by 2017.
• Silent features of the policy are:
• Biofuels plantations are to be raised on degraded or wastelands that are not suited to
agriculture to avoid conflict fuel/ food
• Cultivation / plantation of non-edible oil seeds to produce bio-diesel will be
encouraged through a minimum support price.
• Research, development and demonstration will be supported to cover different
aspects of feedstock production and processing of biofuels,
24. SOME OF THE COMMON BIOFUEL SPECIES ARE:
Milletia pinnata
Simarouba glauca
Azadirachta indica
Calophyllum inophyllum
Madhuca longiolia
Madhuca indica
Jatropha curcus
25. BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF SOME INDIGENOUS TREES
SPECIES MEAN ANNUAL
YIELD
CALORIFIC VALUE
Acacia nilotica 22.84 4880-4950 k cal/kg
Acacia tortilis 23.90 4400 k cal /kg
Albizia lebbek 17.15 5200 k cal/kg
Prosopis juliflora 29.62 5000-5500 k cal/kg
26. CASE STUDY: BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA AS TRANSPORT FUEL- A CASE
STUDY OF UP STATE, INDIA
Waste land plantation with Jatropha
Source: journal of scientific and industrial
research Vol 66, may 2007
Sl.
no
Year UPSRT
C diesel
demand
million l
Private
diesel
transport
demand
million l
Total
diesel
demand
million l
B20
Mill
ion l
Planted
area
*1000
ha
Availabilit
y of waste
land *
1000ha
Biodies
el
potentia
l million
l
1 2006 26 2152 2178 453 330 --- ---
2 2008 28 2337 2365 472 344 --- ---
3 2012 33 2524 2557 508 372 1418 956
4 2016 38 2726 2764 552 404 --- ---
5 2020 43 2944 2987 596 436 --- ---
27. HIGHDENSITYSHORT ROTATIONPLANTATIONS
• Short-rotation forestry is defined as the silvicultural practice under which
high-density, sustainable plantations of fast-growing tree species
produce woody biomass on agricultural land or on fertile but degraded
forest land.
• Trees are grown either as single stems or as coppice systems, with a
rotation period of less than 10 years and with an annual woody
production of at least 10 tonnes of dry matter or 25 m3 per hectare.
28. ADVANTAGES OF HDSC
• Provides a source of income to farmers
• Increase in soil organic matter content and soil fertility
• Opportunities to produce renewable biomass for local heat and power
generation
• Supporting local economy by establishing local biomass supply chains
• Supporting sustainable rural development by reducing dependency upon fossil
fuels
29. DIS-ADVANTAGES OF HDSC
• Large area required, implementation only in rural areas
• Requires high capital costs
• Requires expert management
• Might pose risks for soil and water quality
35. COMMON SPECIES USED IN ENERGY PLANTATIONS WITH THEIR
RESPECTIVE CALORIFIC VALUE AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Sl. No Species Specific gravity Calorific value
K cal/ kg
1 Acacia auriculiformis 0.60-0.78 4800-4900
2 Acacia catechu 1.00 5142-5244
3 Acacia dealbata 0.70-0.85 3500-4000
4 Acacia leucophloea 0.78 4899-4886
5 Acacia mearnsii 0.70-0.85 3500-4000
6 Acacia nilotica 0.67-0.68 4800-4950
7 Albizia lebbek 0.55-0.64 5163-5166
8 Albizia procera 0.68 4870-4865
9 Albizia odoratissima 0.73 5131-5266
10 Alnus nepalensis 0.32-0.37 4600
11 Aegle marmelos 0.91 4600
38. CONCLUSION
• Current production of wood fuel from plantations makes only a small contribution
to energy requirement, although it is very important in some localities and
countries. Plantations currently supply 5 percent of wood fuel production and
wood fuel are about 15 percent of total energy used by the developing countries.
Fuelwood alone accounts for about 60% of the total fuel in the rural areas. In urban
areas, the consumption pattern is changing fast due to increased availability of
commercial fuel (LPG, kerosene, and electricity). During 1983 -1999, the
consumption of traditional fuel declined from 49% to 24% and LPG connection to
households increased from 10% to 44%. Traditional plantations have been the least
successful method of supplying energy to the rural households.Therefore
Agroforestry systems which can includes woodlots on farms or communal lands
raise the production of fuel and firewood thus meeting the demands of local people
and Afforestation techniques are to be encouraged
39. REFERENCES
• Chundawat , B.S. and Gautam, S.K. 1993.Textbook of Agroforestry. CBS Publishers & Distributors,
Delhi, 188P.
• Chauhan, R. D., Sharma, M. P., Saini, R. P. and Singal, S. K. 2007. Biodiesel from Jatropha as
transport fuel- a case study of UP state, India. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 66: 394-
398
• Pandey, D. 2002.Fuelwood studies in India: myths and reality, Center For International Forestry
Research, Indonesia.94p.
• Bramhachari,D. 2021. Firewood consumption and forest degradation in Himalayan states: a review of
research gaps. The Energy and Resource Institute.8p.
• FAO, 2001. Plantation and wood energy. Report based on the work of D.J. Mead. Forest plantation
thematic papers, working paper 5, Forest Resource Development Service, Forest Resource Division,
FAO, Rome.
• FSI 2019. India State of Forest Report , 2019. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,
Government of India.
• Sharma J.V 2017. Roadmap for achieving additional 2.5-3 billion tons carbon sequestration from
forestry sector by 2030, The Energy and Resource Institute, TERI, New Delhi. 12p
