Endorphin is a peptide hormone produced naturally in the brain and pituitary gland that functions as the body's natural analgesic. It binds to the same opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord and nerve endings as exogenous opioids like morphine. High concentrations of endorphins produce feelings of euphoria and pain suppression, while low concentrations are associated with increased anxiety and pain awareness. Research into the endogenous opioid system and different types of endorphins like beta-endorphin may help develop non-addictive pain treatments that target opioid receptors without dangerous side effects.
Opiod analgesics used in Dentistry by Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi
(MDS) Facial Cosmetic Surgeon
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon
Dental Surgeon & Implantologist
Hair Transplant Surgeon (Germany)
Consulting Surgeon in Kolhapur, Sangli, Pune & Mumbai (India)
&
founder of
Face Art International Super speciality
at Kolhapur (India)
This 12-slide slide set created with PowerPoint presents an introduction into the pharmacology of opioid analgesics in order to provide a basic background to facilitate later understanding of more detailed pharmacology of opioid analgesics. Topics covered include: opioid receptors, their signaling mechanisms and responses; and pharmacological effects of opioid receptor ligands. This introduction to the topic of opioid analgesics would be appropriate for intermediate level learners. Contributed by Christopher Fowler, Umeå University, Sweden.
JD Group is a 21st century visionary real estate developer, envisions creating quality housing and commercial projects offering state-of-the-art futuristic & innovative designs. With an aim to achieve complete satisfaction of each & every stakeholder, Group is focused to develop state-of-the-art real estate landmarks.
The Group is committed for the creation of real estate developments that incorporate the use of the latest technologies, partnership with world-renowned architects and the motivation of human potential to reach new heights.
Having experience of over a decade in nurturing trust, JD Group is heading towards redefining the way real estate is perceived.
Opiod analgesics used in Dentistry by Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi
(MDS) Facial Cosmetic Surgeon
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon
Dental Surgeon & Implantologist
Hair Transplant Surgeon (Germany)
Consulting Surgeon in Kolhapur, Sangli, Pune & Mumbai (India)
&
founder of
Face Art International Super speciality
at Kolhapur (India)
This 12-slide slide set created with PowerPoint presents an introduction into the pharmacology of opioid analgesics in order to provide a basic background to facilitate later understanding of more detailed pharmacology of opioid analgesics. Topics covered include: opioid receptors, their signaling mechanisms and responses; and pharmacological effects of opioid receptor ligands. This introduction to the topic of opioid analgesics would be appropriate for intermediate level learners. Contributed by Christopher Fowler, Umeå University, Sweden.
JD Group is a 21st century visionary real estate developer, envisions creating quality housing and commercial projects offering state-of-the-art futuristic & innovative designs. With an aim to achieve complete satisfaction of each & every stakeholder, Group is focused to develop state-of-the-art real estate landmarks.
The Group is committed for the creation of real estate developments that incorporate the use of the latest technologies, partnership with world-renowned architects and the motivation of human potential to reach new heights.
Having experience of over a decade in nurturing trust, JD Group is heading towards redefining the way real estate is perceived.
Arpa 2005 2.1 2.39 capilli all 16 arpa_05_atmosferaPino Ciampolillo
Il dottore Anzà, responsabile del “servizio 3 tutela dell'inquinamento atmosferico" del Dipartimento regionale Territorio e Ambiente della Regione siciliana, lamenta di subire un danno alla sua reputazione e all’ immagine ad opera del convenuto Ciampolillo Giuseppe il quale, a nome del “Comitato Cittadino Isola Pulita” dedito a campagne per la tutela dell'ambiente e della salute nel comune di Isola delle Femmine, sarebbe autore di una campagna di diffamazione condotta attraverso alcuni siti Internet.
Il ricorrente produce perciò cinque allegati a riprova di tali affermazioni.
Il primo ed il secondo degli allegati riporta la “richiesta di intervento a tutela della salute pubblica” contenuto all'interno di un blog ( un sito web, generalmente gestito da una persona o da un ente, in cui l'autore, detto “blogger”, pubblica più o meno periodicamente, come in una sorta di diario online, i propri pensieri, opinioni, riflessioni, considerazioni ed altro, assieme, eventualmente, ad altre tipologie di materiale elettronico come immagini o video) in cui si denuncia all'opinione pubblica ed all'assessore regionale al Territorio e Ambiente della regione Sicilia, Rossana Interlandi, e al dirigente generale del Dipartimento Territorio Ambiente arch. Pietro Tolomemeo, in particolare, la anomala richiesta di modifica delle autorizzazioni alle emissioni in atmosfera da parte della società Italcementi che ha un impianto nel comune di Isola delle Femmine.
Nel suo articolo, il convenuto Giuseppe Ciampolillo prende in esame lo svolgimento della conferenza di servizi convocata e presieduta dal dottore Anzà il 4 luglio 2007, indetta ai sensi dell'articolo 269 del decreto legislativo n. 152/2006, ed avente ad oggetto la richiesta di autorizzazione (modificativa di quelle già in atto) alle emissioni in atmosfera da parte della ditta Italcementi: cosa che destava allarme in tanti cittadini ed al citato comitato isola pulita per la manifesta intenzione della Italcementi di fare uso del pet-coke, trasportandolo all'interno del suo stabilimento dopo averlo fatto transitare lungo il tessuto urbano, pur essendo noto che il pet-coke è sostanza pericolosa e dannosa alla salute (il pet-coke e' l'ultimo prodotto delle attivita' di trasformazione del petrolio e viene considerato lo scarto dello scarto dell'oro nero tanto da guadagnarsi il nome di "feccia del petrolio". Per la sua composizione, comprendente oltre ad IPA (in particolare benzopirene) e metalli pesanti come nichel, cromo e vanadio, va movimentato con cura per evitare di sollevare polveri respirabili. Il trattamento consistente in carico, scarico e deposito del pet-coke deve seguire le regole dettate dal decreto del Ministero della Sanita' 28 aprile 1997 concernente il trasporto di sostanze pericolose).
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/2014/01/audizione-assessore-lo-bello-dr-capilli.html
During the World War I ,II over fifty countries in the world today have been inherited a legacy of antipersonnel
landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) which represents a major threat to lives, and
hinders reconstruction and development efforts. Landmines have specific properties that make it harder to
detect .Therefore; these properties lead landmine detectors to become more complex. Many examples can
be found to address the increasing complexity of Landmines detection; unfortunately, these new techniques
are high of cost and need experts to deal with it. Many developing countries face financial difficulties to get
advanced technologies for detection landmines such as Robotic systems, this due to their high cost, use and
maintenance difficulties which makes them unaffordable to these countries. The safety of operators,
transportability, ease of maintenance and operation are the most factors that must take into consideration
to improve the applicability and effectiveness of landmines tracking systems.The aim of the study is to
proposed architecture of Intelligent Wireless Landmines Tracking System (IWLTS) with new decision
model based on fuzzy logic.To find an affordable, light and easy to use alternative which meet users’ needs
to protect and warn them from the risk of landmines during practice their lives, we suggested the design
and development of Fuzzy Inference Model for IWLTS using Smart Phone.Fuzzy model require three step
which are definitions of Linguistic Variable and fuzzy sets, determine fuzzy rules and the process of Fuzzy
Inference.Designed Fuzzy Inference Model gives both: Landmine risk value in percentage and alert to
avoid that risk.
The World Wide Web is booming and radically vibrant due to the well established standards and widely accountable framework which guarantees the interoperability at various levels of the application and the society as a whole. So far, the web has been functioning at the random rate on the basis of the human intervention and some manual processing but the next generation web which the researchers called semantic web, edging for automatic processing and machine-level understanding. The well set notion, Semantic Web would be turn possible if only there exists the further levels of interoperability prevails among the applications and networks. In achieving this interoperability and greater functionality among the applications, the W3C standardization has already released the well defined standards such as RDF/RDF Schema and OWL. Using XML as a tool for semantic interoperability has not achieved anything effective and failed to bring the interconnection at the larger level. This leads to the further inclusion of inference layer at the top of the web architecture and its paves the way for proposing the common design for encoding the ontology representation languages in the data models such as RDF/RDFS. In this research article, we have given the clear implication of semantic web research roots and its ontological background process which may help to augment the sheer understanding of named entities in the web.
This slide deck give detail presentation on Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory & Anti-pyretic drugs |Narcotic analgesics | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID'S)
For all Five video lecture series of this topic click:
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZtDY4oTVu7zPXlvY2gqiZY
- For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Endorphin
1. Transcript
• 1. ENDORPHIN : A NATURAL ANALGESIC AND PLEASANT HORMONE BY: NEHA
JAIN M.Phil.Bioscience
• 2. 2 Endorphins "endogenous morphine" Beta-endorphin the best in pain relief Endorphins
production is hereditary, and due to this, its production level varies from one person to
another. High concentrations of endorphins in the brain produce a sense of euphoria,
enhance pleasure, and suppress pain, both emotionally and physically. Low concentrations
of endorphins in the brain people feel anxious and they are also more aware of pain.
• 3. OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION 1) History 2) What is Endorphin 3) Types of
Endorphin 4) Control of Secretion 5) Transport and distribution 6) Receptors of endorphin
7) Binding: endorphin and receptor 8) Function as analgesic 9) Mode of action 10)Can we
get endorphin ? 11)Abnormalities of endorphin receptors 12)Receptors used by exogenous
opioid (morphine) 13)what is drug addiction ? 14)Can Methadone Fix to endorphin
Receptors? 15)Future of endorphin’s and other’s receptors
• 4. HISTORY In 1970’s that many research allowed us to understand how the exogenous
opioid drugs work by studying the “endogenous opioid system”. In 1973, H. Solomon
Snyder and Johns hopkins discovered the “endogenous opioid system”. Researchers also
determined the existence of opiate binding sites in the brain through the use of radioligand
binding assays. In 1974, Rabi Simantov and Solomon H. Snyder isolated endogenous
opioid from the brain of a calf , and term is given "endorphin" (i.e. Endogenous morphine).
In 1975, an endogenous opiate-like factor called enkephalin was found and shortly after this
two more classes of endogenous opiate peptides were isolated, the dynophorins and the
“endorphins”.
• 5. WHAT IS ENDORPHIN? A peptide hormone named Endorphin produced in the brain and
anterior pituitary. Endorphin inhibits pain perception. It is popularly called Body’s natural
analgesic or opiate. Endorphin is produced at the time of physical or emotional stress, such
as labor of child birth. Endorphin binds to the same receptors that binds exogenous opiates.
“Endorphin Affect Your Mood And Emotions And May Be Responsible For Your Body
Feeling Pleasure Even Euphoria For Your Body Feeling Pleasure”
• 6. alpha (α) endorphin - beta (β) endorphin Most powerful gamma (γ) endorphin - sigma (σ)
endorphin - TYPES OF ENDORPHIN Human body produces at least 20 different
endorphins ( benefits and uses are investigating) Special types are as follows: (made all by
16 to 31 amino acids )
• 7. β -ENDORPHIN • β -Endorphin is peptide hormones (consist of chains of amino acids)
----NH2 / NH3 + COOH • β -Endorphin is a 31 amino acid polypeptide • SEQUENCE: Ac -
Tyr - Gly - Gly - Phe - Met - Thr - Ser - Glu - Lys - Ser - Gln - Thr - Pro - Leu - Val - Thr -
Leu - Phe - Lys - Asn - Ala - Ile - Ile - Lys - Asn - Ala – His - Lys - Lys - Gly - Gln – OH • β-
endorphin is released by pituitary (into blood ) and hypothalamus ( into the spinal cord and
brain ) • β-endorphin is a cleavage product of pro- opiomelanocortin (POMC)
• 8. Hypothalamus Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) Anterior Pituitary Pro-
Opiomelanocortin (POMC) Endorphin Hormone (EP) Central Nervous System
Environmental Cue “Stressor” ( pain) •Step 1: Cue perceived by CNS •Step 2: Signal sent to
hypothalamus (in brain) •Step 3: Hypothalamus secretes CRF (peptide), travels to pituitary
•Step 4: CRF causes protein pro-Opiomelanocortin hormone (POMC) to be cleaved, releases
Beta lipotropin •Step 5: lipotropin gets convert into Endorphin. •Step 6: Endorphin binds to
the nerve fiber. Brain Beta-lipotropin
• 9. ENDORPHIN HORMONE : AS CLEAVAGE PRODUCT pro-opiomelanocortin
polypeptide (POMC) ACTH b-lipotropin g-MSH g-lipotropina-MSH CLIP b-endorphin b-
MSH MET-enk
• 10. RECEPTORS OF ENDORPHIN • All of the endorphins bind to the opioid receptors in
2. the brain. • These analgesia- producing receptors are located in your brain, spinal cord, and
other nerve endings. Mu ( ) Receptor Analgesic (most important ) Delta( ) Receptor
Analgesic (predominantly ) Kappa () Receptor Analgesic (hyper- analgesic )
• 11. TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION β-endorphin is released by : 1. Pituitary (into
blood ) and 2. Hypothalamus ( into the spinal cord and brain ) Beta endorphin containing
nerve fibres spread widely from neurones in the hypothalamus, to make inhibitory contacts
with target neurones to reduce pain. Free hormones are rapidly eliminated from circulation
through kidney or liver. Hypothalamus
• 12. An Easy Way to Think of Receptors and Endorphins binding • Is to think of the
substance as a key and the receptor as a lock. • When the substance binds to the receptor it
opens the lock. • This in turn sends another signal or causes the release of a substance. •
When a lot of signals are sent a function happens like the release of a hormone.
• 13. BINDING OF ENDORPHIN & RECEPTOR Portion of molecule Where ligand binds
Is called binding site. If the molecule Is a receptor (like in a cell membrane) the binding
site is called receptor site. The purpose of binding to target tissue is to elicit a response by
the target cell.
• 14. FUNCTION AS ANALGESIC Pain impulse feel Pain impulse stop
• 15. Before endorphin release After endorphin release FUNCTION AS ANALGESIC PAIN
IMPULSE STOP BY ENDORPHIN : MECHANISM hypothalamus
• 16. FUNCTION AS ANALGESIC PAIN IMPULSE STOP : BY ENDORPHIN
• 17. MODE OF ACTION The mu receptor is the strongest binding site of the body’s natural
pain killer, the class of opioid peptides called the endorphin. The mu receptor is a G-protein
linked receptor. When endorphin binds to the delta receptor is induces a conformational
change that causes the activation of a specific G-protein. This G-protein inhibits the
membrane bound enzyme adenylate cyclase and prevents the synthesis of cAMP. The
transmission of the pain signal requires cAMP to act as a secondary messenger, and so
inhibition of this enzyme blocks the signal . (Pain-relieving effect by blocking the release of
substance P) Adenylcyclase Endorphin ATP cAMP AMP
• 18. 18 Calcium channels closed Potassium channels open K+ AC Gi [cAMP] Calciumentry
blocked [Ca2+] Decreased release of neurotransmitters Endorphin Receptor 2. Directaction
on K channels (alpha & beta subunit) Net effects: K+ conductance hyperpolarize neurons
Ca+ conductance neurotransmitter release 1. Couple to Gi & Go protein (neuronal
excitability) Pain reduced MODE OF ACTION
• 19. CAN WE GET ENDORPHIN ? Yes we can get : BY Chili Runner’s high Exercise
Music Laughing Meditation Acupuncture
• 20. ABNORMALITIES OF ENDORPHIN RECEPTORS However with some people :
When the lock (receptor) is damaged. No matter how much Endorphins may be near the
receptor because it does not function right the lock can not be opened. By Genetics/Birth
Defect A person can be born with defective receptors. This can make an individual more
susceptible to addiction By Exogenous drug And using opiates - not for pain - but when the
brain is flooded over and over again – the receptors stop working normally.
• 21. ENDORPHIN RECEPTORS USED BY EXOGENOUS OPIOID (Morphine) Morphine
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulfur Oxygen Natural endorphin (a) Structures of endorphin
and morphine. Natural endorphin Endorphin receptors Morphine Brain cell (b) Binding to
endorphin receptors
• 22. ENDORPHIN MORPHINE Endogenous opioid. Exogenous opioid Powerful analgesic
18 to 500 times than morphine (Β-endorphin is 80 times) Less analgesic than endorphin
similar Molecular structure & Different chemical properties. It also Non-addictive Addictive
Does not cause addiction Side-effects : euphoria/ dysphoria, constipation, respiratory
depression, nausea/ vomiting etc. Receptors are : mu, kappa, delta Receptors are : mu,
kappa, sigma Metabolized quickly Metabolized slowly HOW DOES POTENCY DIFFER?
3. • 23. WHAT IS DRUG ADDICTION ? In the normal course Opiate Receptors and
Endorphins are kept in balance with one another. When the brain is flooded with exogenous
opiates, (heroin a morphine derivative) it mimic of endorphins so system gets confused. It
thinks it is making too many endorphins and shuts that down, But it still has all this excess
(heroin) and thinks that it also needs to make more receptors. Heroin addiction
• 24. What Happens Next…. • As more Opiate Receptors are made you need more heroin to
get the same effect so you use more. • And more receptors are made to accommodate the
extra what the brain thinks is endorphins. • For decreasing this effect- You need more
substance to get the same effect.
• 25. Can Methadone Fix to endorphin Receptors? • Methadone does normalize the damage
caused by drug use(heroin). • Synthetic. Long half-life Used to reduce withdrawal symptoms
of heroin addicts • And there is some evidence that for persons who have not used drugs
very long that methadone will stop the damage they are doing and over time can normalize
the system. • But this is a small minority – 30%. 72-84 hr (Slow excretion) Half-life > 24 hr
Half-life > 12 hr Methadone Heroin 2 hr ( fast excretion)
• 26. FUTURE OF ENDORPHIN’S AND OTHER’S RECEPTORS • The future of Opioid
Analgesics seems to be linked to the study of the Kappa Receptor. The kappa receptor
induces analgesia without the dangerous and unwanted side effects that the mu and delta
receptors are associated with. • However there are not any selectively strong agonists to this
receptor as of now. • Another area of research important to the future of opioid analgesics is
the study of the endogenous opioid peptides.
• 27. FUTURE OF ENDORPHIN’S AND OTHER’S RECEPTORS • Because these peptides
are endogenous, on metabolic degradation (unlike opiates) they break down to amino acids.
Hence, the metabolites are nontoxic and to not cause kidney and liver damage • Also,
because they are made from amino acid residues, a large number of analogs can be
synthesized from a few basic building blocks and simple modifications may be attempted to
develop analogs with a desired biological effect .
• 28. SUMMARY • Endorphin is best analgesic endogenous opioid. • For future research
endorphin receptors are very important.