This document provides an introduction to the integrative medical approach of Endobiogeny. It discusses the objectives and components of Endobiogeny, which include a detailed patient history, physical exam, classical labs/imaging, and Biology of Functions assessment to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative state of the human organism. Endobiogeny aims to understand disease and health through an integrated analysis of physiological and endocrine relationships and functions. The document provides examples of how Endobiogeny analyzes clinical conditions like Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome through this integrative lens.
This is a summary of the big research article of the same name that was published in two parts. This lecture was given at UCSD Center for Integrative Medicine's Journal Club on 6/27/13.
This document discusses the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. It begins by defining endocrinology and neuroendocrinology. It then describes the hormones involved in metabolic and reproductive processes and their roles. The hypothalamus and pituitary glands secrete hormones that regulate the reproductive system, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oxytocin, and prolactin. FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen production. LH induces ovulation and luteinization. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk let-down. Prolactin promotes mammary growth and lactation. The document provides details on the
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research.
This document provides an overview of taxonomy and the classification of life. It discusses the early development of taxonomy from Aristotle through Linnaeus and the establishment of the binomial nomenclature system. It also describes how Darwin's theory of evolution influenced taxonomy by establishing that classification should reflect evolutionary relationships and shared ancestry. Modern taxonomy incorporates various lines of evidence including morphology, embryology, biochemistry, and molecular data to reconstruct evolutionary history and classify organisms appropriately.
Microevolution is the evolution of local populations or demes through microevolutionary processes. The document discusses the five systemic forces that drive microevolution - mutation, gene flow, sexual recombination, genetic drift, and natural selection. It also discusses different levels of selection and provides examples of genetic variability, population structure, speciation, and reproductive isolation.
Interactomics, Integromics to Systems Biology: Next Animal Biotechnology Fron...Varij Nayan
“Organisms function in an integrated manner-our senses, our muscles, our metabolism and our minds work together seamlessly. But biologists have historically studied organisms part by part and celebrated the modern ability to study them molecule by molecule, gene by gene. Systems biology is critical science of future that seeks to understand the integration of the pieces to form biological
systems”
(David Baltimore, Nobel Laureate)
Mitochondria (introduction function & Structure)Dryogeshcsv
Mitochondria are organelles that produce ATP through cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and ribosomes and likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes. Mitochondria are most concentrated in liver and muscle cells. They have an outer and inner membrane. The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain occur in the matrix and inner membrane respectively to generate ATP. Movement of protons across the inner membrane powers ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. Mitochondrial diseases can occur if mitochondria dysfunction and fail to produce sufficient energy.
This is a summary of the big research article of the same name that was published in two parts. This lecture was given at UCSD Center for Integrative Medicine's Journal Club on 6/27/13.
This document discusses the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. It begins by defining endocrinology and neuroendocrinology. It then describes the hormones involved in metabolic and reproductive processes and their roles. The hypothalamus and pituitary glands secrete hormones that regulate the reproductive system, including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), oxytocin, and prolactin. FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen production. LH induces ovulation and luteinization. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk let-down. Prolactin promotes mammary growth and lactation. The document provides details on the
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical modeling of complex biological systems. It is a biology-based interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on complex interactions within biological systems, using a holistic approach (holism instead of the more traditional reductionism) to biological research.
This document provides an overview of taxonomy and the classification of life. It discusses the early development of taxonomy from Aristotle through Linnaeus and the establishment of the binomial nomenclature system. It also describes how Darwin's theory of evolution influenced taxonomy by establishing that classification should reflect evolutionary relationships and shared ancestry. Modern taxonomy incorporates various lines of evidence including morphology, embryology, biochemistry, and molecular data to reconstruct evolutionary history and classify organisms appropriately.
Microevolution is the evolution of local populations or demes through microevolutionary processes. The document discusses the five systemic forces that drive microevolution - mutation, gene flow, sexual recombination, genetic drift, and natural selection. It also discusses different levels of selection and provides examples of genetic variability, population structure, speciation, and reproductive isolation.
Interactomics, Integromics to Systems Biology: Next Animal Biotechnology Fron...Varij Nayan
“Organisms function in an integrated manner-our senses, our muscles, our metabolism and our minds work together seamlessly. But biologists have historically studied organisms part by part and celebrated the modern ability to study them molecule by molecule, gene by gene. Systems biology is critical science of future that seeks to understand the integration of the pieces to form biological
systems”
(David Baltimore, Nobel Laureate)
Mitochondria (introduction function & Structure)Dryogeshcsv
Mitochondria are organelles that produce ATP through cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and ribosomes and likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes. Mitochondria are most concentrated in liver and muscle cells. They have an outer and inner membrane. The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain occur in the matrix and inner membrane respectively to generate ATP. Movement of protons across the inner membrane powers ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. Mitochondrial diseases can occur if mitochondria dysfunction and fail to produce sufficient energy.
1. Fisher's Fundamental Theorem on Natural Selection states that the rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.
2. The theorem has been revised and clarified over time, but generally means that natural selection will tend to increase the fitness of organisms through changes in gene frequencies.
3. Fisher framed his argument in terms of parental expenditure, suggesting that natural selection will act to equalize the total parental expenditure between male and female offspring to maximize reproductive value.
This document discusses taxonomy and systematics. It defines taxonomy as the theory and practice of classifying organisms, while systematics is the broader science of studying organism diversity and relationships. The key points are:
1. Taxonomy involves naming and arranging taxa in a hierarchical system of categories like kingdom, phylum, class etc.
2. A taxon is a formally recognized group of organisms at any level, while a category designates the taxonomic rank.
3. The history of taxonomy involved shifts from downward to upward classification as empirical methods replaced typological concepts.
4. The biological species concept defines species as interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from others.
Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics (2009)Hernán Dopazo
This document provides an introduction to molecular evolution and phylogenetics. It discusses the objectives of constructing phylogenetic trees, including understanding the ancestral-descendant relationships between taxa. Several key developments in the field are outlined, such as the introduction of molecular data in the 1960s, and early methods like distance matrix approaches. The document also gives examples of how phylogenetic trees are applied across biology, for instance in fields like evolutionary genetics, population genetics, and molecular clock analysis. Finally, it discusses uses of phylogenetics in bioinformatics, including phylogenomics and predicting gene function.
Metagenomics is the study of genomic material obtained directly from environmental samples rather than from isolated cultures. It allows researchers to study the 99% of microorganisms that cannot be cultured using traditional methods. There are two main approaches - sequence-driven metagenomics sequences environmental DNA and compares taxonomic relationships, while function-driven metagenomics expresses cloned genes to compare metabolic relationships and discover new enzymes/chemicals. Metagenomics has been applied to study microbes in ocean water, human gut, acid mine drainage and more extreme habitats, identifying novel genes and furthering understanding of microbial communities. Future applications include discovering new antibiotics and enzymes, studying human microbiomes and antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses chronobiology, the field of biology examining periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to environmental rhythms like day-night cycles. It notes that biological rhythms occur for many essential processes in animals, plants, and microbes. The most important rhythm is the circadian rhythm, which fluctuates on a roughly 24-hour cycle. Biological clocks generate biological rhythms endogenously, while environmental cues like light can entrain rhythms to synchronize with external cycles. Core concepts and terms in chronobiology are defined, like circadian, ultradian, infradian, zeitgebers, and entrainment.
All behavior patterns are co-ordinated sequences of neuromuscular activity. A rhythm is a periodically recurring event.
chronobiology is the study of science of life in relation with time.
The majority of organisms show daily and annual cycles of activity and development.
At some point in the next few decades, the capability of technology could outpace that of life. However, life and technology are not disparate streams but are already starting to converge as high-impact research findings show in synthetic biology, DNA nanotechnology, nanomedicine, neuroimaging, whole brain simulation and longevity.
The EcoCyc database is a freely accessible, comprehensive database that combines information about the genome and metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12. It describes the known genes of E. coli, the enzymes encoded by these genes, and how these enzymes catalyze reactions organized into metabolic pathways. The EcoCyc database is jointly developed and curated by researchers at SRI International and the Marine Biological Laboratory based on experimental literature. It provides graphical tools for visualizing and exploring genomic and biochemical data through its user interface, facilitating analysis of high-throughput data and metabolic modeling.
The document discusses neutral theory of molecular evolution, which holds that most genetic changes are due to neutral mutations that do not affect organismal fitness. It proposes that neutral mutations accumulate over time at a constant rate, allowing relative divergence times to be estimated. The theory aims to explain high genetic variation and presence of neutral substitutions between species. Several lines of evidence are presented, including comparative rates of evolution between functionally important and unimportant genes and gene regions.
Circadian rhythm refers to biological cycles that occur over approximately 24 hours. These rhythms are regulated by molecular feedback loops in clock genes and proteins that influence cellular functions and synchronize organs. Disruption of circadian rhythms through irregular sleep/wake cycles, jet lag, or light exposure at night has been linked to increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and mental health conditions. Maintaining circadian alignment through regular sleep/wake and meal times may help reduce disease risk.
This document discusses the genetic concept of pleiotropy. Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene has effects on multiple phenotypic traits. Mutation of a pleiotropic gene can impact some or all traits under its control. Examples given include the genetic disorder phenylketonuria, which is caused by mutation of a gene affecting the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, resulting in both mental retardation and physical symptoms. Another example is Marfan syndrome, where mutation of the FBN1 gene leads to seemingly unrelated symptoms all tracing back to effects on connective tissue. Pleiotropy demonstrates how one gene can influence multiple characteristics through its effects on shared metabolic pathways and proteins.
This document discusses dot plots and sequence alignments. It begins with an overview of dot plots, explaining that they are a graphical representation used to visualize similarities between two sequences. It describes how dot plots are constructed and notes that they are useful for finding repeated or inverted repeated structures. The document then discusses how to reduce noise in dot plots and provides examples of dot plots. It also discusses sequence alignments, including global vs local alignments and different algorithms for pairwise and multiple sequence alignment such as Needleman-Wunsch, Smith-Waterman, and ClustalW. It notes why multiple alignments are performed and concludes with discussing how to measure algorithm efficiency.
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are self-replicating and carried by bacteria. They range in size from 2-100kb and can contain genes for antibiotic resistance. Bacterial genomes exist as a single circular chromosome that is highly condensed and packaged. Viruses have RNA or DNA genomes that are either single or double-stranded. Their genomes must be able to be recognized and expressed by their host cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from endosymbiotic bacteria and contain their own genomes that are maternally inherited and range in size and structure between species. Plant mitochondrial DNA can be much larger than animals.
Introduction
Overview
Reductionist approach
Holistic approach
What is systems biology?
○ Advantages of Systems Biology
Tools of holistic approach
○ Proteomics, Transcriptomics and Metabolomics
Conclusion
References
This document discusses motifs and domains in proteins. It defines motifs as short conserved regions related to function, such as binding sites, that are not detectable by sequence searches. There are sequence motifs consisting of nucleotide or amino acid patterns, and structural motifs formed by amino acid spatial arrangements. Domains are stable, independently folding units of proteins that determine structure and function. Both motifs and domains are useful for classifying protein families and have structural and functional roles, though domains are more stable independently. Motifs and domains form through interactions of alpha helices and beta sheets and have similarities, but domains mainly determine unique functions while motifs mainly provide structural roles within families.
Primate social organizations can generally be categorized into two types: 1) solitary foragers or dispersed polygyny where females forage alone and males monopolize access to females, and 2) where females forage together in female-bonded groups that are larger and contain multiple males. Group structures range from one-male harems to multi-male/multi-female groups. The type of social structure adopted depends on factors like the nature of resources and how defendable or monopolizable they are.
This document discusses Endobiogeny, a systems biology approach that views the human body as a complex system. It emphasizes that living systems are organized in a hierarchical manner with different levels consisting of subsystems. Endobiogeny uses a holistic approach and biomarkers to evaluate the manager of the system, which is the endocrine system. Biomarkers provide objective data but must be interpreted qualitatively within a systems framework using ratios that reveal relationships between components. The document outlines how various biomarkers relate to different aspects of the neuroendocrine system and provides examples of direct and indirect ratios that can be used in Endobiogeny's systems-based approach.
The document provides an introduction to the integrative medical approach of Endobiogeny. It discusses how Endobiogeny aims to evaluate the human organism as a whole system and in its individual units of function through both quantitative and qualitative assessments. This includes using the Biology of Functions to quantify functional abilities and determine pathogenic tendencies. It also gives examples of how this approach could be applied to cardiovascular disease and interpreting laboratory results.
1. Fisher's Fundamental Theorem on Natural Selection states that the rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.
2. The theorem has been revised and clarified over time, but generally means that natural selection will tend to increase the fitness of organisms through changes in gene frequencies.
3. Fisher framed his argument in terms of parental expenditure, suggesting that natural selection will act to equalize the total parental expenditure between male and female offspring to maximize reproductive value.
This document discusses taxonomy and systematics. It defines taxonomy as the theory and practice of classifying organisms, while systematics is the broader science of studying organism diversity and relationships. The key points are:
1. Taxonomy involves naming and arranging taxa in a hierarchical system of categories like kingdom, phylum, class etc.
2. A taxon is a formally recognized group of organisms at any level, while a category designates the taxonomic rank.
3. The history of taxonomy involved shifts from downward to upward classification as empirical methods replaced typological concepts.
4. The biological species concept defines species as interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from others.
Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics (2009)Hernán Dopazo
This document provides an introduction to molecular evolution and phylogenetics. It discusses the objectives of constructing phylogenetic trees, including understanding the ancestral-descendant relationships between taxa. Several key developments in the field are outlined, such as the introduction of molecular data in the 1960s, and early methods like distance matrix approaches. The document also gives examples of how phylogenetic trees are applied across biology, for instance in fields like evolutionary genetics, population genetics, and molecular clock analysis. Finally, it discusses uses of phylogenetics in bioinformatics, including phylogenomics and predicting gene function.
Metagenomics is the study of genomic material obtained directly from environmental samples rather than from isolated cultures. It allows researchers to study the 99% of microorganisms that cannot be cultured using traditional methods. There are two main approaches - sequence-driven metagenomics sequences environmental DNA and compares taxonomic relationships, while function-driven metagenomics expresses cloned genes to compare metabolic relationships and discover new enzymes/chemicals. Metagenomics has been applied to study microbes in ocean water, human gut, acid mine drainage and more extreme habitats, identifying novel genes and furthering understanding of microbial communities. Future applications include discovering new antibiotics and enzymes, studying human microbiomes and antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses chronobiology, the field of biology examining periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to environmental rhythms like day-night cycles. It notes that biological rhythms occur for many essential processes in animals, plants, and microbes. The most important rhythm is the circadian rhythm, which fluctuates on a roughly 24-hour cycle. Biological clocks generate biological rhythms endogenously, while environmental cues like light can entrain rhythms to synchronize with external cycles. Core concepts and terms in chronobiology are defined, like circadian, ultradian, infradian, zeitgebers, and entrainment.
All behavior patterns are co-ordinated sequences of neuromuscular activity. A rhythm is a periodically recurring event.
chronobiology is the study of science of life in relation with time.
The majority of organisms show daily and annual cycles of activity and development.
At some point in the next few decades, the capability of technology could outpace that of life. However, life and technology are not disparate streams but are already starting to converge as high-impact research findings show in synthetic biology, DNA nanotechnology, nanomedicine, neuroimaging, whole brain simulation and longevity.
The EcoCyc database is a freely accessible, comprehensive database that combines information about the genome and metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12. It describes the known genes of E. coli, the enzymes encoded by these genes, and how these enzymes catalyze reactions organized into metabolic pathways. The EcoCyc database is jointly developed and curated by researchers at SRI International and the Marine Biological Laboratory based on experimental literature. It provides graphical tools for visualizing and exploring genomic and biochemical data through its user interface, facilitating analysis of high-throughput data and metabolic modeling.
The document discusses neutral theory of molecular evolution, which holds that most genetic changes are due to neutral mutations that do not affect organismal fitness. It proposes that neutral mutations accumulate over time at a constant rate, allowing relative divergence times to be estimated. The theory aims to explain high genetic variation and presence of neutral substitutions between species. Several lines of evidence are presented, including comparative rates of evolution between functionally important and unimportant genes and gene regions.
Circadian rhythm refers to biological cycles that occur over approximately 24 hours. These rhythms are regulated by molecular feedback loops in clock genes and proteins that influence cellular functions and synchronize organs. Disruption of circadian rhythms through irregular sleep/wake cycles, jet lag, or light exposure at night has been linked to increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and mental health conditions. Maintaining circadian alignment through regular sleep/wake and meal times may help reduce disease risk.
This document discusses the genetic concept of pleiotropy. Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene has effects on multiple phenotypic traits. Mutation of a pleiotropic gene can impact some or all traits under its control. Examples given include the genetic disorder phenylketonuria, which is caused by mutation of a gene affecting the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, resulting in both mental retardation and physical symptoms. Another example is Marfan syndrome, where mutation of the FBN1 gene leads to seemingly unrelated symptoms all tracing back to effects on connective tissue. Pleiotropy demonstrates how one gene can influence multiple characteristics through its effects on shared metabolic pathways and proteins.
This document discusses dot plots and sequence alignments. It begins with an overview of dot plots, explaining that they are a graphical representation used to visualize similarities between two sequences. It describes how dot plots are constructed and notes that they are useful for finding repeated or inverted repeated structures. The document then discusses how to reduce noise in dot plots and provides examples of dot plots. It also discusses sequence alignments, including global vs local alignments and different algorithms for pairwise and multiple sequence alignment such as Needleman-Wunsch, Smith-Waterman, and ClustalW. It notes why multiple alignments are performed and concludes with discussing how to measure algorithm efficiency.
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are self-replicating and carried by bacteria. They range in size from 2-100kb and can contain genes for antibiotic resistance. Bacterial genomes exist as a single circular chromosome that is highly condensed and packaged. Viruses have RNA or DNA genomes that are either single or double-stranded. Their genomes must be able to be recognized and expressed by their host cell. Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from endosymbiotic bacteria and contain their own genomes that are maternally inherited and range in size and structure between species. Plant mitochondrial DNA can be much larger than animals.
Introduction
Overview
Reductionist approach
Holistic approach
What is systems biology?
○ Advantages of Systems Biology
Tools of holistic approach
○ Proteomics, Transcriptomics and Metabolomics
Conclusion
References
This document discusses motifs and domains in proteins. It defines motifs as short conserved regions related to function, such as binding sites, that are not detectable by sequence searches. There are sequence motifs consisting of nucleotide or amino acid patterns, and structural motifs formed by amino acid spatial arrangements. Domains are stable, independently folding units of proteins that determine structure and function. Both motifs and domains are useful for classifying protein families and have structural and functional roles, though domains are more stable independently. Motifs and domains form through interactions of alpha helices and beta sheets and have similarities, but domains mainly determine unique functions while motifs mainly provide structural roles within families.
Primate social organizations can generally be categorized into two types: 1) solitary foragers or dispersed polygyny where females forage alone and males monopolize access to females, and 2) where females forage together in female-bonded groups that are larger and contain multiple males. Group structures range from one-male harems to multi-male/multi-female groups. The type of social structure adopted depends on factors like the nature of resources and how defendable or monopolizable they are.
This document discusses Endobiogeny, a systems biology approach that views the human body as a complex system. It emphasizes that living systems are organized in a hierarchical manner with different levels consisting of subsystems. Endobiogeny uses a holistic approach and biomarkers to evaluate the manager of the system, which is the endocrine system. Biomarkers provide objective data but must be interpreted qualitatively within a systems framework using ratios that reveal relationships between components. The document outlines how various biomarkers relate to different aspects of the neuroendocrine system and provides examples of direct and indirect ratios that can be used in Endobiogeny's systems-based approach.
The document provides an introduction to the integrative medical approach of Endobiogeny. It discusses how Endobiogeny aims to evaluate the human organism as a whole system and in its individual units of function through both quantitative and qualitative assessments. This includes using the Biology of Functions to quantify functional abilities and determine pathogenic tendencies. It also gives examples of how this approach could be applied to cardiovascular disease and interpreting laboratory results.
“Reductionism is a philosophical position which holds that a complex system is nothing but the sum of its parts, and that an account of it can be reduced to accounts of individual constituents.”
Which approach provides better value from a project? Is it a reductionist approach or a recursion approach?
A tyrannical approach does not produce better project value. Debating over a development question that includes the word ‘or’ is not likely to improve qualities such as autonomy, mastery, or purpose.
Better value will be produced with the proper combination of reductionism and recursion. Some individuals excel as reductionists. However, the potential for project success can not be achieved when the reductionist viewpoint is the only viewpoint that is tolerated.
Endobiogeny is a global systems approach to biology and medicine developed by the American Society of Endobiogenic Medicine and Integrative Physiology. It views the human body as a complex system and focuses on the relationships between parts rather than individual parts. Key aspects of endobiogeny include the theory of terrain, use of biomarkers interpreted through a systems lens, and treatment including herbal medicine, diet, and lifestyle changes. Endobiogeny is taught internationally and areas of research include cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neuropsychiatric conditions.
Reductionism revisited discusses the limitations of reductionist approaches in various contexts such as understanding love, analyzing human behavior, and providing mental healthcare. Qualitative research is presented as an alternative that aims to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and experiences rather than reducing complex systems and relationships to isolated variables. Philosophically, qualitative research rejects the notion that social and behavioral phenomena can be fully understood through reductionist methods alone.
This document discusses menopause and andropause (the male equivalent). It defines menopause as when a woman's monthly menstrual cycle ends permanently, usually occurring around age 50. Andropause is a slow decline in testosterone production in men with age. Both result in lower sex hormone levels and can cause symptoms. The document reviews hormone production and roles, common symptoms, and natural treatment options focused on supporting the body's own hormone balance rather than external replacement.
INTRODUCTION TO PAnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn THOLOGY.pptxSubi Babu
This document provides an introduction and overview of pathology. It defines pathology as the scientific study of changes in structure and function of the body caused by disease. Key points covered include:
- Etiology (causes) of disease which can be genetic or environmental factors.
- Pathogenesis which describes the mechanism of how diseases develop.
- Morphology which refers to gross and microscopic changes seen in tissues and cells.
- Clinical significance relating to how morphological changes impact organ function and present clinically.
- Different areas of pathology study such as general pathology, clinical pathology, and importance of pathology for understanding disease and patient care.
OVERVIEW OF SOMATOFORM DISORDERS AND ITS MANAGEMENT.pptxValentinaEmeruwa
Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, along with excessive thoughts about the symptoms. It has a prevalence of 5-7% and is more common in women. The causes are unclear but may involve a low tolerance for physical sensations combined with a tendency to misinterpret them as signs of illness. Treatment focuses on cognitive-behavioral therapy and antidepressants to reduce somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms and improve functioning.
Lec 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY and its branches.pptxayeshavirk45
Introduction of physiology and discussion of various branches of physiology. Here you'll find definitions of physiology, difference between clinical and applied physiology, definition of neurophysiology, nutrient physiology, cellular physiology cardiovascular physiology, pathophysiology and importance of physiology. Here you'll find why understanding of physiology is important for healthcare professionals and medical students
The possible adverse effects of long-term prednisolone use are:
- Susceptibility to infection
- Fluid retention
- Osteoporosis
- Muscle weakness and atrophy
- Delayed wound healing
This document provides an introduction to pathology and the causes of diseases. It defines pathology as the study of diseases, including their causes, processes, and effects. It describes diseases as physiological dysfunctions that can be caused by structural abnormalities or less defined issues. Diseases are classified based on epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, morphological changes, and clinical significance. The roles of pathology involve understanding disease mechanisms and providing diagnoses through laboratory tests, histological examination, staining techniques, and other specialized analyses. Pathologists analyze samples and test results to identify diseases and abnormalities in tissues.
Pathology is the study of disease and disease processes. It aims to determine the cause, understand the mechanisms, and describe the effects and progression of diseases. Pathology explains how diseases cause observed symptoms by detailing the steps from risk factors to physiological disruption to resulting body changes and responses. Understanding the pathology, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, investigations, natural history, and management of a disease is important for pharmacy students to properly diagnose, treat, and communicate with patients and other healthcare professionals.
This study aims to assess the physical, psychosocial, and mental health of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients. It will use the PCOSQ tool and SF-12 questionnaire to evaluate patients' health-related quality of life and mental health. Clinical assessments, lab tests, and imaging will diagnose PCOS. Associations between quality of life, mental health, and demographic/clinical factors will be analyzed statistically. The goal is to better understand PCOS's impact on well-being and improve treatment by addressing psychosocial needs.
This document outlines the curriculum for Block 11 on Kidneys and Homeostasis at the Health Sciences University of Mongolia School of Medicine. The 5-week block covers the structure, function and diseases of the kidneys through courses in anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and other relevant disciplines. Students learn to evaluate patients, order diagnostic tests, make differential diagnoses, and develop treatment plans. The goal is for students to gain competency in renal clinical skills and knowledge.
This document provides an introduction to physiology by discussing what physiology is, its importance for medical students, and how it relates to other biological sciences. It defines physiology as the scientific study of normal function in living systems. Key points made include:
- Physiology is a branch of biology that focuses on functions and mechanisms in living systems.
- Understanding physiology provides the foundation for medicine and improves comprehension of pathology.
- Physiology is closely related to and informs fields like anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and ecology.
- The document outlines the major human body systems and cellular organization of tissues before discussing cellular physiology and structure.
1 Define health and wellness.
2 Describe factors causing significant changes in the health care delivery system and their impact on health care and the nursing profession.
3 Describe the practitioner, leadership, and research roles of nurses.
4 Describe nursing care, delivery models.
5 Discuss expanded nursing roles.
The document provides guidance on conducting a general physical examination in psychiatry. It outlines the importance of screening for physical disorders that may present with psychiatric symptoms. The general physical exam should evaluate overall appearance, vital signs, and specific organ systems. For psychiatric patients, the exam aims to identify any medical conditions contributing to their mental state. Neurological exams are particularly important to detect signs of focal brain lesions or diffuse cerebral dysfunction. Certain physical exam findings can help differentiate conversion disorder from organic conditions.
Drug discovery By Neelima Sharma WCC chennai,neelima.sharma60@gmail.comNeelima Sharma
The document provides an overview of the drug discovery process, including the need for new drugs, approaches to discovery, and changes over time. It discusses target identification, validation, lead identification, optimization, and preclinical pharmacology/toxicology. The phases of clinical trials are also summarized, including Phase I safety trials in healthy volunteers, Phase II therapeutic exploration trials, and large Phase III randomized controlled trials. The roles of various parties in clinical trials are also outlined.
JOURNAL about long term lithium treatments in elderly patients with mild cogn...anintamelie
The document describes a randomized clinical trial that investigated the effects of long-term low-dose lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. 61 participants were randomly assigned to receive either lithium or placebo treatment for 2 years, followed by a 2-year extension phase without blinding. The primary outcomes were changes in cognitive and functional scores after 2 years. Secondary outcomes included neuropsychological tests, CSF biomarkers, and conversion to dementia. Results showed that the lithium and placebo groups were similar at baseline on sociodemographic, clinical, and biological measures.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts in anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of structure and relationships between structures, and physiology as the study of how body structures function. It also describes the levels of structural organization in the human body from chemicals to cells to tissues to organs and organ systems. Additionally, it outlines basic life processes like homeostasis, metabolism, growth and differentiation. Homeostasis is described as the dynamic equilibrium maintained by interactions between organ systems, and is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems through feedback loops.
The document describes the holistic treatment program at The Balance mental health facility. The program uses a combination of talking therapies, medical treatments, and complementary therapies tailored for each individual. It assesses clients through comprehensive physical, psychiatric, and biochemical evaluations to identify underlying causes of issues like depression. Clients stay in luxury 5-star residences and receive 24/7 support from a team using holistic and personalized approaches to help clients develop new skills and perspectives to achieve long-term mental wellness.
Drugs and the Body discusses the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of how drugs act on the body. Pharmacokinetics describes the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs in the body. Pharmacodynamics examines how drugs produce their effects by interacting with receptor sites or replacing missing chemicals. Nursing management of drug administration involves ensuring the "rights" of giving the right drug to the right patient via the right route and dose. The nursing process - which includes assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, interventions and evaluation - is used to properly manage a patient's drug therapy.
This document discusses methodological considerations for biosocial research. It outlines why researchers combine biological and social data, including using biomarkers as objective health measures and understanding pathways between social factors and health. It also discusses issues like self-report bias, missing data, biological sample quality, and the need for theoretical frameworks and interdisciplinary teams to properly analyze relationships between genetic, phenotypic, social, and outcome data.
2. OBJECTIVES
• Introduce Endobiogeny and its component
elements:
• Detailed history
• Detailed physical exam
• Classical labs and imaging studies
• Biology of Functions
• Integrative assessment, then…
• Therapeutic strategy
• Example: application of the concepts of
Endobiogeny to the clinical condition of
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
• Discuss opportunities to learn the Endobiogenic
method
3.
4. VIGNETTE
• 23 year old female presents with 4 year history of
oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, failure to
conceive, 30 pounds weight gain.
• Laboratory studies reveal low-normal TSH,
normal T3, T4, estradiol, dihydro-testosterone,
androstenedione, but elevated fasting blood
glucose.
• Ultrasound of uterus, ovaries unremarkable
• History suggests Polycystic Ovarian Disease, but
endocrine, radiological studies are normal. Does
this woman have an endocrine disorder or not?
5. INTRODUCTION
An introduction to the
Endobiogenic concept
A brief review of the history
of medicine and its schools
of thought
6. ENDOBIOGENY
• The integrative study of the functional
mechanisms of regulation of the organism in its
basic structure during homeostasis as well as its
functional response to internal and external
stressors:
• As a whole system
• In its individual units of function
• core metabolism
• cell, tissue and organ
• in and of themselves and in relationship to each other
• Endobiogeny evaluates the qualitative and
quantitative state of the human organism and its
internal milieu.
7. EXAMPLE:
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
• Consider a car factory to be like the ovaries. Does the
number of cars (amount of estrogen) produced tell you how
efficiently the factory (ovaries) is functioning or how well
the cars produced drive?
• A quantitative assessment of productivity tells you how
many cars are being produced (serum estrogen levels), but
not how well those cars drive (endocrine and metabolic
activity of estrogen).
• For example, if the output of cars meets demand, but the
gear shifter is faulty (altered estrogen-receptor binding),
each car carries fewer people than its normal capacity due
to decreased torque. In this case, more cars will be needed to
carry people.
• “Normal” factory output for this company (body) is
insufficient to meet demand
8. EXAMPLE:
QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT
• But what about a qualitative assessment? There
may be supply issues—not enough steel available.
The factory cannot produce cars without steel
(cholesterol as a precursor to estrogen production)
• Perhaps there are not enough workers on the
assembly line (Follicle stimulating hormone) and
the workers present are over-worked and will
soon decline in productivity (pituitary stress).
• Perhaps there are ample supplies and workers,
but the manager is inefficient (hypothalamus) in
managing the factory, not regulating supply and
demand issues.
9. EXAMPLE:
QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT
• Perhaps the manager is efficient, but the workers
do not always follow his directives (altered
thresholds of responsiveness).
• Thus, it is clear that both a quantitative and
qualitative assessment of physiological and
endocrine activity is necessary to properly
understand disease and health.
10. ENDOCRINE MANAGEMENT
• Thus, Endobiogeny views the endocrine system
as the manager of the body, the controller of
anabolism and catabolism—which is what life
itself is at every level from the cell to the
structure of the universe:
• destruction and reconstruction
• expansion and contraction
• growth and apoptosis
• birth and death
11. LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT IN THE BODY
Internal terrain
External Terrain
Neuro-
Endocrine
Cell
receptors
Enzymes,
co-factors,
vitamins
Endobiogeny
Standard
Medicine
Functional
Medicine
Environmental Medicine
Mental-EmotionalMind-Body
Toxins, Microbes, Metals
Neuro-
transmitters
12. PHILOSOPHY
• Endobiogeny integrates the rational and empirical
schools of medicine with philosophy to create a
single coherent system of medicine:
• PHILOSOPHY: The Endobiogenic approach
begins with the ontology (reason for existence) of
structures and physiology
• This leads to a logical approach to understanding
structural weaknesses in the organism as well as
determining the true cause of disease
13. RATIONALISM
• The rational school of medicine has been the
predominant Western school of medicine:
• Relies on deductive reasoning, anatomy and
physiology as the basis of its approach to illness.
• Nosology: Patients are categorized by disease, and
diseases are categorized by symptoms
• Medications are chosen based on biochemical or
empirical effects on symptoms or physiological signs
such as blood pressure or laboratory measurements
• Biomedicine (Allopathy) is the best-known form of
rational medicine
• Modern herbalism has rationalist tendencies
14. RATIONALISM (CONT.)
• Endobiogeny is based upon:
• Modern physiology and contemporary understanding of
neuro-endocrinology
• Consideration of role of genetic polymorphisms,
environmental toxins, stress, cytokines, cells, organs,
and their products of metabolism in the origins of
health and illness.
• Consideration that the organism contains in itself a
fundamental auto-pathogenicity (potential for a specific
disorder) which implies a particular risk of disease.
• Endobiogeny considers the mechanistic, reductionistic
concepts of life insufficient to explain the complexity
of the human organism
• Endobiogeny treats the person, not the disease, thus
rejecting standardized treatment protocols
15. EMPIRICISM
• Refers to a system of medicine where the
practitioner’s impression of illness and
assessment of the individual’s expression of
dysfunction is the basis of treatment.
• Empirical medicine considers the energetics of
the individual as well as the energetics of the
treatment
• Chinese medicine and Homeopathy are forms
of empirical medicine.
16. EMPIRICISM (CONT.)
• Endobiogeny shares an emphasis on detailed history
and careful physical exam to understand the unique
physical and emotional antecedents of disease and its
physiognomic expressions in the individual
• However, Endobiogeny seeks to find coherence in this
information through physiological explanations
• In sum, Endobiogeny is an integration that takes into
account various levels of the individual: physical,
emotional and mental, in their relationship with the
endocrine management of the body and everything
under its control with its regulatory mechanisms
17. INTEGRATION OF DATA
• Endobiogeny integrates:
• History
• Physical Exam
• Laboratory data and imaging
• To reach a conclusion regarding the current,
dynamic physiological state of the individual in
order to formulate a treatment strategy which
addresses:
• the identified imbalances individually
• as well as in their relationship to other imbalances
18. TREATMENT OPTIONS
• Endobiogenic treatments consist of various
therapeutic elements based on their safety and
efficacy with no prejudice to the origin of the
treatment:
• Phytotherapeutic elements
• Homeopathic elements
• Pharmaceuticals elements: reasoned usage based on
severity of symptoms, of degree or lack of
compensatory physiology.
• Physical manipulations: craniosacral, myofascial, etc.
• Diet and Nutrition
• Trace elements
• Stress modification, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, etc.
19. INDIVIDUALIZED MEDICINE
• Endobiogeny is individualized medicine based on:
• The patient’s symptomization of illness within the
context of the global functioning of the organism
• The physician’s determination of the signs of
physiological and endocrine dysfunction
• The physician’s objective assessment of endocrine
relationships
• The particular physical, physiological, psychological
and emotional realities of the individual.
20. CONCLUSION
• Endobiogenic treatment is determined by the
totality of the person:
• Static and dynamic aspects of the patient’s
constitution
• Etiology, ontology, and integration of symptoms
• Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of physiology
22. PATIENT HISTORY
• HISTORY: A detailed history of antecedent
events, including perinatal history, childhood
personality, illnesses, vaccinations and important
emotional events is solicited to establish the
constitutional and functional endocrine state of
the patient.
• Dietary preferences, sleep habits, dreams,
menstrual history, various aspects of behavior
and review of systems are explored to establish
neuro-endocrine patterns
• The trajectory of structural hormonal imbalances
is followed throughout life, not just with respect
to the outward manifestation of illness and
dysfunction
23. PHYSICAL EXAM
• A detailed physical exam from head to toe
evaluates the phenotypic expression of neuro-
endocrine relationships
• Because the endocrine system manages both the
structural integrity of the body as well as its
functional expression, one is able to look for the
phenotypic expressions of endocrine activity and
correlate it with the internal state of the patient
• Many of these findings are easily explained by
classical endocrinological assessment of hormonal
activity
24. LABORATORY STUDIES
• Classical lab data is based on binary considerations:
• disease vs. no disease
• normal vs. abnormal value
• The patient in our vignette presented with normal
levels of all the relevant hormones. Can we conclude
that these hormones are functioning normally, or even
that their relative levels are appropriate?
• Of course not. The history, symptoms and physical
exam suggest otherwise.
• Thus, it is self-evident that binary considerations
cannot be applied with any real assurance of its
functional relevance to a system as complex as the
human body.
25. LABORATORY STUDIES
• Biological systems are complex, multi-tiered,
dynamic interrelated and integrated systems
Yeast Protein Interaction Network
Bader and Hogue (2002) Nature
Integrated, inter-related system
26. INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
• Objective quantitative data (laboratory values)
are required to assess the organism
• However, one must be able to provide functional
descriptions of quantitative and qualitative
activity both within a particular unit of activity,
from one unit to another, as well as within the
system as a whole
• Only then can a truly dynamic and
individualized assessment of the patient occur
27. LABORATORY STUDIES
• The endocrine system, as the manager of the
metabolic activity of the body, is the ideal
object of evaluation.
• Serum levels of hormones reflect neither the
degree of stimulation needed nor the
metabolic costs incurred in producing a
particular hormone.
1) Raison CL, Miller AH. When not enough is too much: the role of insufficient
glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Am J
Psychiatry. Sep 2003;160(9):1554-1565
2) Chiam K, Tilley WD, Butler LM, Bianco-Miotto T. The dynamic and static
modification of the epigenome by hormones: A role in the developmental origin
of hormone related cancers. Biochem Biophys Acta. Apr 2009;1795(2):104-109.
3) Gerhard I, Waibel S, Daniel V, Runnebaum B. Impact of heavy metals on
hormonal and immunological factors in women with repeated miscarriages.
Hum Reprod Update. May-Jun 1998;4(3):301-309.
28. LABORATORY STUDIES
• Serum levels of hormones only reflect quantitative
organ output, not functional activity, which can be
affected by:
• Hormone receptor binding (affected by over- or under-
expression of other hormones)1
• Intracellular messenger activity1
• Epigenetic changes2
• Heavy metal toxicity3
, etc.
1) Raison CL, Miller AH. When not enough is too much: the role of insufficient
glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Am
J Psychiatry. Sep 2003;160(9):1554-1565
Chiam K, Tilley WD, Butler LM, Bianco-Miotto T. The dynamic and static
modification of the epigenome by hormones: A role in the developmental origin
of hormone related cancers. Biochem Biophys Acta. Apr 2009;1795(2):104-109.
Gerhard I, Waibel S, Daniel V, Runnebaum B. Impact of heavy metals on
hormonal and immunological factors in women with repeated miscarriages.
Hum Reprod Update. May-Jun 1998;4(3):301-309
29. LABORATORY STUDIES
• The ideal system of measurement of biological
processes thus should examine the metabolic
products of hormonal management of cellular
activity
• Thus, the ideal laboratory system must
• Reflect the complex, integrated and dynamic nature
of biological systems
• Describe the functionality of the system in its
• Qualitative function
• Quantitative function
• Individual unit, relative to other units and as a whole
• Assess the organism at the metabolic and interstitial
level
30. BIOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS
• The Biology of Functions (BoF) quantifies functional
abilities of the organism, before and after the effects of
adaptation to stressors. Because functionality is
dynamic, a dynamic, integrated and evolutionary
methodology must be used instead of static lab values
• BoF is based on a number of specific indices defined by
mathematical relations between commonly used blood
analysis data
• The algorithms that permit the calculation of these
indices are based on the physiological relations that
exist between the direct or indirect products of
hormonal activity: cells, hormones or enzymes
(eosinophils, TSH and LDH, for example).
31. BIOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS
• These relations allow one to visualize the
functioning of the organism at every level:
maintenance of homeostasis, adaptation, recovery
after aggression, immunity, etc.
• Each function is quantified by an index, specified
by a level of activity. The index expresses the
actual activity of that function, both in and of
itself and in relation to the metabolic and tissue
needs of the organism.
• The whole set of indices gives an evolutionary
assessment of an individual body’s functionality,
system by system, organ by organ.
32. BIOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS
• SUMMARY: Biology of Functions:
• Allows one to determine:
• Pathogenic tendencies of the organism
• The stage of development and the degree of
severity of a potential pathology (i.e. cancer,
cardiac disease, degenerative neurological
disease)
• Can be used as a tool to track
• the natural development of pathology
• To derive a rational therapeutic treatment
• To evaluate the efficacy of the treatment
over time
34. BEYOND BINARY RELATIONSHIPS
• PCOS is a good example of how allopathic
medicine is beginning to realize the importance of
the qualitative relationship of hormones rather
than quantitative ones in and of themselves. The
following ratios have been found to be helpful in
diagnosing PCOS:
• Estradiol to Dihydro-testosterone ratio (Endocr Regul.
2008 Mar;42(1):13-6)
• Glucose to Insulin ratio <4.5 (Endocrinol Metab Clin
North Am. 1999 Jun; 28(2):397-408, vii.)
• LH to FSH ratio >3 (Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.
1997 Dec; 26(4):893-912.)
35. WHERE TO PROCEED?
• Despite a growing recognition that the binary nature of
laboratory evaluations in not sufficient to understand the
spectrum of disease expression, Allopathic medicine lacks
an integrated assessment of ontology, etiology and
treatment of physiological derangements
• Case in point: Standard of care for PCOS is to treat each
endocrino-metabolic derangement separately from each
other without considering their inter-relationship
• There is no explanation for why only 50% of PCOS patients
are obese or why serum hormone levels may be normal
despite physical exam findings suggesting otherwise, or why
polycystic ovaries are not a sine qua non of PCOS
36. REDUCTIONISTIC TREATMENT
PLAN
• The allopathic treatment of PCOS consists of a
piecemeal approach to inhibiting individual
hormones with no concern for how it may affect
the global functioning of the organism in its
anabolic and catabolic activity
• Hirsutism: spironolactone , oral contraceptives 1
• Menstrual irregularities: Oral contraceptives ,
metformin,pioglitazone, spironolactone
• Hyperglycemia, Hyperinsulinemia: Metformin;
pioglitazone
• Infertility: clomiphene, letrozol, metformin,
pioglitazone
1. Drug treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome.
Radosh L . American Family Physician, April 15,
2009
37. ENDOBIOGENIC APPROACH
• The Endobiogenic approach considers the
ontological role of all these endocrino-metabolic
and tissular derangements as being linked to the
body’s management of a fundamental structural
or functional problem
• Prolactin can be elevated during chronic stress
• Hyperestrogenism is often an attempt to
overcome Prolactin’s suppression of LH secretion
of progesterone for ovulation
38. ENDOBIOGENIC APPROACH
• Hyperandrogenism: caused by DHEA from the adrenal gland,
which is over-stimulated due to the stress state, and by
testosterone from the ovaries due to LH excess, insulin excess,
and/or increased theca cell enzyme activity.1
• Hypercholesterolemia with low HDL cholesterol: Cholesterol is
the source of all sex hormones and corticosteroids, which are
needed to make more and more testosterone, estrogen and
progesterone. HDL removes cholesterol from tissues which
would be counterproductive to the demand of the tissues for
more cholesterol.
• Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinism reflect an attempt to
meet the huge anabolic demands of the body with an
appropriate amount of short term energy substrate
1. The biochemical basis for increased testosterone production in theca cells propagated from patients with polycystic ovary
syndrome
2. Nelson VL, Qin KN, Rosenfield RL, Wood JR, Penning TM, Legro RS, Strauss JF 3rd, McAllister JM. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2001 Dec;86(12):5925-33.
39. BIOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS (BOF)
• Endobiogenic approach to PCOS involves
understanding the totality of endocrinologic,
neurologic and metabolic disturbances in relationship
to each other.
• A few examples of the 157 indices of the biology of
functions are discussed as relevant to PCOS
• When interpreting the BoF, the endocrine system is
understood in its
• classical vertical activity (i.e. CRHACTH Cortisol),
• horizontal activity (i.e. Dopamine CRH TRH
Prolactin), and
• radial activity (i.e. TRH Prolactin Insulin; Estrogen
+ Cortisol Luteinizing Hormone)
40. CATEGORIES OF BOF
• Hypothalamic and pituitary level assessment of
responsiveness to stimulation and feedback:
• β-MSH/α-MSH
• FSH #1 index
• LH #1 index
• Index of Estrogen-Somatotropic axis:
41. BIOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS
• Role of Adrenals vs. Gonads in producing
androgens (Androgenic index)
• Efficiency of FSH and LH in producing estrogens
and androgens, respectively (Gonadotropic
index)
• Anabolic activity of estrogen (Quantative
organo-tissular estrogen yield index)
• Progesterone activity (Progesterone index)
42. BIOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS
• The role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
axis can be examined in various ways to
understand the role of each endocrine gland in
adaptive and maladaptive responses to stress
• Circulating Cortisol Index
• Aromatization of Estrogen Index
• Adrenal cortex index
43. BIOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS
• Role of the Somatotropic axis in general
adaptation, maladaptation, and metabolic
derangements can also be examined:
• Prolactin index
• Insulin index
• Insulin resistance index
• Growth Hormone (GH) growth score
• Somatostatin index
44. BIOLOGY OF FUNCTIONS
• Psychological factors contributing to stress can
also be quantified
• Global mental activity: Ketonic index
• Internal dialogue: Adaptogenic index
• Emotional etiology of stress response: Thyroid
relaunching index adjusted
45. CLINICAL PHYTOTHERAPY
• Endobiogeny has developed a rational system of
clinical phytotherapy based on clinical studies,
empirical observations and traditional herbalism
• Elevated Prolactin: Strawberry leaf (Fragaria
vesca) mother tincture reduces pituitary and
adrenal stress response through reduction of
ACTH, TSH and Prolactin and aromatization of
Adrenal androgens to estrogen
• Elevated Androgens-Estrogen ratio: hops
(Humulus lupulus) has estrogenic activity and
inhibits LH, reducing total gonadal androgens1
1) Milligan SR, Kalita JC, Pocock V, et al. The endocrine activities of 8-
prenylnaringenin and related hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. Dec 2000;85(12):4912-4915.
46. CLINICAL PHYTOTHERAPY
• Clinical phytotherapy (cont.)
• Estrogen activity: Chaste tree (Vitex agnus castus)
is highly efficacious in its ability to alter receptor
sensitivity to estrogen and modulate prolactin activity
allowing for increased progesterone activity, restoring
prospects for fertility1,2
• Insulin Resistance: Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum)
as a fluid extract or bulk herb reduces insulin
resistance3
Liu J, Burdette JE, Sun Y, et al. Isolation of linoleic acid as an estrogenic compound
from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste-berry). Phytomedicine. Jan
2004;11(1):18-23.;
Loch EG, Selle H, Boblitz N. Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a
phytopharmaceutical formulation containing Vitex agnus castus. J Womens Health
Gend Based Med. Apr 2000;9(3):315-320.
Zhao R, Li Q, Xiao B. Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement
of insulin resistance in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi. Dec 2005;125(12):981-988.
47. OTHER TREATMENTS
• Nutritional support
• Omegas 3 and 6 (cell wall stability, decreased
inflammation, improved gonadotropic activity1
)
• Magnesium and Calcium (noradrenaline, acetylcholine
production, activity and recycling)
• B complex (management of stress)
• Diet: low in inflammatory foods such as refined flours
and sugar to reduce insulin secretion and insulin
resistance, androgen activity2
• Stress relief: cognitive behavioral therapy,
meditation, yoga, massage therapy, acupuncture
• 1) Sidani M, Campbell J. Gynecology: select topics. Prim Care. Jun
2002;29(2):297-321, vi; 2) Smith R, Mann N, Makelainen H, Roper J,
Braue A, Varigos G. A pilot study to determine the short-term effects of a
low glycemic load diet on hormonal markers of acne: a nonrandomized,
parallel, controlled feeding trial. Mol Nutr Food Res. Jun 2008;52(6):718-
726.
49. CONCLUSIONS
• Endobiogeny is the study of the internal milieu of the
organism within itself and in its relationship with its
environment, stressors, etc. from the standpoint of the
endocrine system as the manager of human life
• It combines in an integrative understanding:
• a philosophical consideration of the ontology of structures
and functions of the body,
• a rational approach to understanding physiology
• an empirical assessment of history and symptoms
• utilization of a dynamic, integrative and integrated
metabolic assessment of endocrine management of the
organism called the “Biology of Functions”
• an integrated assessment of all clinical data to obtain a
precise understanding of maladaptive physiology
• In order to create a rational, individualized treatment plan
50. CONCLUSIONS
• The Biology of Functions is an algorithmic
assessment of the qualitative and quantitative
relationships of hormones in terms of metabolic
activity from nuclear, cellular, tissue, organ and
system-wide perspectives
• The Biology of Functions allows for an objective,
longitudinal assessment of the effects of therapy over
time
• Endobiogeny relies on phytotherapy, oligotherapy,
and diet as well as lifestyle modification as its
preferred methods of ameliorating physiological
imbalances
• It reserves the use of synthetic drugs for urgent cases,
or when the body is not able to establish an
equilibrium by the effects of functional regulation
51. RESOURCES
• To learn more about Endobiogeny:
• Web:
• Genearal information:
• www.endobiogeny.com
• Biology of Functions demonstration:
• http://extranet.endobiogenics.com/en/
52. CONTACT
• Kamyar M. Hedayat, MD, President, American Society
for Endobiogenic Medicine and Integrative Physiology
• Contact: president@endobiogeny.com
• Web: www.endobiogeny.com