ENBE Final Project Report

Content:
1. Introduction
2. A Town : Investigation on Better Township
or Township Guidelines and Issues
3. Investigation & Data Collection:
Ancient and old town
The present town
The future and better township
6. The New “X” Town [ HEXICO ]
7. The Conclusion
8. Reference list
2
3
4 – 11
12 – 13
14 – 16
17 – 19
20 – 27
28
29

1. Introduction
This report is part of the final project of this subject, Elements of Natural and
Built Environment. In this project, we were required to create and propose a
better and livable town for Malaysians as we are facing a steep population
increase. The proposed town is small in size, about 15-30 km2
, with a
population of 80,000-200,000.
Upon the completion of Part A of this project, I researched a lot on town
planning as well as some sustainable design strategies. In relation to this
subject, this project enables me to really go deep into the relationship
between the natural and built environment as well as how they co-exist with
one another with minimal disruption towards the natural balance.
3

2. The Town
2.1 Definitions
4

2.1.1 Definition of a city
A city is a relatively large and permanent human
settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is
distinguished from a town within general English language
meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or
historical status based on local law.
Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land
usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of
development greatly facilitates interaction between people and
businesses, benefiting both parties in the process, but it also presents
challenges to managing urban growth. A big city or metropolis
usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually
associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating
numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for
employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another
city, this region can be deemed aconurbation or megalopolis.
2.1.2 Definition of a town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than
a city. The size definition for what constitutes a "town" varies
considerably in different parts of the world.
2.2 The difference between a city and a town
5
A population center that is
larger than a village and
smaller than a city.
A territorial and political unit
governed by a town meeting,
especially in New England.
An area that is more densely
populated or developed than
the surrounding area.
The residents of a community in
which a university or college is
located, as opposed to the
students and faculty.
TOWNTOWN

Aspects City Town
Size Relatively larger, covers a
wider area and merges
with surrounding areas as
they grow.
Relatively smaller, covers a
smaller area. Smaller than
a city but larger than a
village and does not tend
to merge with surrounding
areas.
Population More densely populated. More scarcely populated.
Governance Corporate bodies. Municipal bodies.
Ruler of body Mayor Chairman
2.3 Brief history of towns
2.3.1 The origin of the word
The word town shares an origin with the German word Zaun,
the Dutch word tuin, and the Old Norse tun. The German
word Zaun comes closest to the original meaning of the word: a fence
of any material. An early borrowing from Celtic *dunom (cf. Old Irish
dun, Welsh din "fortress, fortified place, camp," dinas "city;"
In English and Dutch, the meaning of the word took on the sense of the
space which these fences enclosed. In England, a town was a small
city that could not afford or was not allowed to build walls or other
larger fortifications, and built a palisade or stockade instead. In the
Netherlands, this space was a garden, more specifically those of the
wealthy, which had a high fence or a wall around them (like the
garden of palace Het Loo in Apeldoorn, which was the example for
the privy garden of William and Mary at Hampton Court). In Old
Norse tun means a (grassy) place between farmhouses, and is still used
in a similar meaning in modern Norwegian.
In Old English and Early and Middle Scots, the word ton, toun, etc.
could refer to kinds of settlements as diverse as agricultural estates and
holdings, partly picking up the Norse sense (as in the Scots
word fermtoun) at one end of the scale, to fortified municipality at the
other. If there was any distinction between toun (fortified municipality)
and burgh(unfortified municipality) as claimed by some[who?]
, it did not
last in practice as burghs and touns developed. For example "Edina
6

Burgh" or "Edinburgh" (called a city today) was built around a fort and
eventually came to have a defensive wall.
In some cases, "town" is an alternate name for "city" or "village"
(especially a larger village). Sometimes, the word "town" is short for
"township". In general, today towns can be differentiated
from townships, villages, or hamlets on the basis of their economic
character, in that most of a town's population will tend to derive their
living from manufacturing industry, commerce, and public
services rather than primary industry such as agriculture or related
activities.
A place's population size is not a reliable determinant of urban
character. In many areas of the world, as in India at least until recent
times, a large village might contain several times as many people as a
small town. In the United Kingdom, there are historical cities that are far
smaller than the larger towns.
The modern phenomenon of extensive suburban growth, satellite
urban development, and migration of city-dwellers to villages have
further complicated the definition of towns, creating communities
urban in their economic and cultural characteristics but lacking other
characteristics of urban localities.
2.3.2 Age of town scheme
Australian geographer Thomas Griffith Taylor proposed a classification
of towns based on their age and pattern of land use. He identified five
types of town:
7
Infantile
towns
With no
clear
zoning
Juvenile
towns
Which have
developed an
area of shops
Adolescent
towns
Where factories
have started to
appear
Early mature
towns
With a separate
area of
high-class
housing
Mature towns
With defined
industrial,
commercial
and various types
of
residential area

2.4 What makes a town?
Generally, the size of the local population and whether the location has
been incorporated or has a local seat of government. The size of each
varies from one country or region to another. A town is a human
settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a
settlement must be in order to be called a town varies considerably in
different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American small
towns seem to British people to be no more than villages, while many
British small towns would qualify as cities in the United States.
It has to do with how the municipal government is set up. A village is a
small community within a town or city. It does not have its own
government.
A town has a board of selectmen who are elected at the annual town
meeting. The town meeting is where budget items are approved or
rejected by the residents. Votes at town meetings are usually done by
a show of hands. Each item in the budget is voted on line by line and
there is often open discussion before each vote. A town does not have
a mayor.
A city is the next step up in level of representative government. There is
a mayor who is elected by the residents on election day. The city is
broken up into wards or precincts and each precinct elects its own
councilman. Often there is one "at large " councilman who is elected
by the whole city. The city council decides the budget and appoints
people for many positions that are elected in a town government.
It has nothing to do with the size of the population. Framingham,
Massachusetts is a town with over 65,000 people while Hallowell, Maine
is a city with less than 3,000 residents.
2.5 What makes a good town? (Township Guidelines)
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2.5.1 Guidelines
If you are planning any kind of home remodeling project, or
thinking of retaining a contractor to do work for you, please keep
the following regulations in mind. The Township's guidelines are
based on national standards to help ensure that repairs,
additions, and alterations are done safely, whether by
homeowners or contractors. If you are unsure if a permit is
required, please take the time to call the Code Enforcement
Department, at (215) 659-3100, for assistance before beginning
work. Fines can be issued for any work begun prior to the
issuance of the permits required.
2.5.2 Building Permits
Building permits are needed for all repairs, additions, and
alterations to properties. This includes work done to roofs, siding,
windows, fences, sheds, both above and in-ground pools,
driveways, driveway aprons, curbs, as well as interior projects in
kitchens, bathrooms, and garages.
2.5.3 Other Permits
Permits must also be taken out for work on heating, air
conditioning, and electrical systems. All plumbing projects must
be done by a registered master plumber, and the plumber must
apply directly for the permits required.
2.5.4 Building Codes
The current National and Local Codes adopted by Upper
Moreland Township are:
• 2009 International Building Code
• 2009 International Residential Code
• 2009 International Property Maintenance Code
• 2009 International Mechanical Code
• NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code-2008 Edition)
• 2009 International Plumbing Code
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• 2009 International Fuel Gas Code
• 2009 Energy Conservation Code
Pennsylvania recently adopted a State-wide Code that all
municipalities within the State will eventually be required to
adopt and enforce. The State-wide code will include the
international building code; international mechanical code;
international plumbing code; international fire prevention code;
international fuel gas code; international energy conservation
code and the ICC electrical code. Visit the Pennsylvania
Department of Labor and Industry's web site for additional
information.
2.5.5 Registration of Contractors
Contractors who work in Upper Moreland Township are required
to register with the Township's Code Enforcement Department
and provide the Department with a certificate of insurance.
2.5.6 House Numbers
To help emergency services personnel quickly locate your
property, Township guidelines require that house numbers be
posted on all residential properties. The numbers should be on
the street side of your home, made of a durable, light reflecting
material or color which is in contrast to the background, and be
at least three inches high for residential dwellings. For non-
residential properties, street numbers should be posted on both
the front and back of the building and be at least five and one
half inches in height.
2.5.7 Public Nuisances
The Township often receives complaints from residents
concerning excessive noise, dogs barking continually (especially
at night), and pet owners who fail to clean up after their animals.
These are but a few examples of a public nuisance,'' actions
which interfere with the repose, health, safety or life of others.
Like most municipalities, Upper Moreland has adopted
10

regulations which prohibit nuisances which affect the quality of
life of our residents. Please be considerate of your neighbors!
2.5.8 Property Maintenance
Township regulations require that all properties be kept in good
repair. Please trim grass and weeds regularly and remember that
growth in excess of twelve inches is prohibited. Trash and debris
may not be stored on properties at any time. Your cooperation
with these regulations will help keep Upper Moreland a first class
community for everyone who lives and works here.
2.5.9 Home Occupations
Residents may operate a business from their property subject to
certain restrictions. Only people living in the dwelling may
operate the business. If you are interested in running a business
from your home, please contact the Code Enforcement
Department first to make sure your plans are in keeping with the
Township's guidelines and to obtain the annual use registration
permit which is required. All businesses must also register with the
Township's Business Tax Office before beginning operations.
Residences used for in-home day care must meet all township
regulations and be inspected annually by the code
enforcement officer and fire marshal.
2.5.10 Recreational Vehicles
Recreational vehicles longer than twenty feet must have a
Township sticker if stored on your property for more than two
weeks. The sticker can be obtained from the Code Enforcement
Department.
2.6 Future town concepts
KEY CONCEPT 1: INTERDEPENDENCE
Understanding how people, the environment, the economy are
inextricably linked at all levels from local to global.
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KEY CONCEPT 2: CITIZENSHIP AND STEWARDSHIP
Recognizing the importance of taking individual responsibility and
action to ensure the world is a better place.
KEY CONCEPT 3: NEEDS AND RIGHTS OF FUTURE GENERATIONS
Understanding our own basic needs and the implications for the needs
of future generations of actions taken today.
KEY CONCEPT 4: DIVERSITY
Respecting and valuing both human diversity – cultural, social and
economic – and biodiversity.
KEY CONCEPT 5: QUALITY OF LIFE
Acknowledging that global equity and justice are essential elements of
sustainability and that basic needs must be met universally.
KEY CONCEPT 6: SUSTAINABLE CHANGE
Understanding that resources are finite and that this has implications for
people’s lifestyles, and for commerce and industry.
KEY CONCEPT 7: UNCERTAINTY AND PRECAUTION
Acknowledging that there is a range of possible approaches to
sustainability and that situations are constantly changing, a need for
flexibility and lifelong learning.
12

Ancient Cities / towns
3.1 The ancient town that I am focusing on
Xitang Ancient Water Town, Shanghai, China
3.2 Location of the town
13

3.3 The significance and details of the town
Xitang is level, densely distributed with rivers and has a very quiet
natural environment. 9 rivers converge in this town, dividing it into 8
sections, but many bridges link this water town together (anciently
called as “nine dragon old pearl” and “wind from 8 sides”).
Inside the town, there are many well-preserved architectural groups
constructed during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
The buildings boast a higher artistry and study value, thus being
highlighted by the experts at home and abroad studying antique
buildings. Through a bird's-eye view of the whole town, green waves
ripple everywhere and every family resides near water. In the morning,
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water flows beneath bridges, thin mist is like silk, pinkish walls on both
banks stand tall and erect and tiled houses are reflected inversely in
the water.
Ancient time-worn streets crisscross Xitang town. The town has about
122 small lanes, and all are paved with stone slats. Along these lanes sit
hundreds-years-old houses that still serve as homes to the locals. Of the
122 lanes, the Shipi Lane has a total length of 68 meters, is about 1
meter at it’s widest, and its narrowest point is only 80 centimeters wide.
Shipi Lane is paved with 166 stone planks, each only 3 centimeters
thick, making them difficult to be chisel from granite.
3.4 Images and illustrations of the town
Ancient lanes of Xitang Town.
Scenic view of Xitang town.
15

3.5 What I learned from this town
- Include bridges and gardens
- Transportation on water
- Tourism and cultural activities
- Building material
- Stilted houses
Present Towns / township
4.1 The present town that I am focusing on
Echuca, Victoria, Australia
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4.2 Location of the town
4.3 The significance and details of the town
Echuca is a town located on the banks of the Murray
River and Campaspe River in Victoria, Australia.
Echuca is the administrative center and largest settlement in the Shire
of Campaspe. At the 2011 census, Echuca had a population of 12,983.
Echuca, an Aboriginal name meaning "Meeting of the Waters" is
indicative of the role rivers have played in the town's existence.
Its location at the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne contributed
to its development as a thriving river port city during the 19th century.
By the 1870s Echuca had risen to prominence as Australia's largest
inland port, being both a key river port and railway junction. Steam-
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ECHUCA

driven paddleboats would arrive at the 400-metre
long redgum Echuca Wharf, unloading it to be transported by rail to
Melbourne.
Wool, wheat, other grains, livestock and timber were the most common
cargoes. The wharf has been listed as a Heritage Place on
the Australian National Heritage List.
This industrial boom led to a rapidly expanding population, at one
stage in excess of 15,000, with more than a hundred pubs (hotels)
rumoured to exist in the Echuca district at one time. An iron bridge was
constructed over the Murray River in the 1870s.
The main industry in Echuca is tourism. Tourism injects approximately
$250 million into the Echuca economy annually. Visitors are attracted
to the town by its warm climate, the Murray River, recreational
attractions, and historical features, such as the Port of Echuca which
has the world's largest fleet of operating paddle steamers.
Echuca is also a major regional service economy.
Agriculture is very important to the region and dairy, wheat, sheep, pig,
and cattle farms are all within close proximity.
Annual activities include the Southern 80 waterski race (February),
the Riverboats Music Festival (February), the Jazz, Food and Wine
Festival (February), the Rotary Steam Horse and Vintage Rally (June),
and the Red Cross Murray Marathon (December).
-Media: Television, Newspaper, Radio
-Retailers
-Water sports: Swimming, Canoeing, Water skiing
18

4.4 Images and illustrations of the town
Echuca's main landmark,
the dock on the Murray
River.
Echuca-Moama rail bridge
and
paddle steamers.
- Include ports and railways (transportation)
- Agriculture
- Include bridges
- Tourism
- Consider climate and season
- Paddle steamers
- Media, retailers and water sports
19

The future of towns/cities and Better
Towns
5.1 The future city that I am focusing on
City of Muller
[THE CITY OF THE FUTURE: HEXAGONAL BUILDING CONCEPT FOR A NEW
DIVISION]
5.2 Significant information and explanation of future concepts
20

These principles are constructed from the eyes of insects, which
actually are placed together as a bundle of eyes. Using the smallest
surfaces the greatest number of elements can be brought together.
When one places city blocks together in the form of a hexagonal
honeycomb and the streets organize the city blocks in place of
partitions, these streets then pass everything in a regular broken form,
whereby the shortest connecting lines between two points enclose the
parts of the city.
1. On this entire area can be built:
a) houses with streets
b) houses with interior gardens and house fronts
c) entertainment establishments, museums, galleries, schools or villas in
the interior garden
d) coffee houses, restaurants, monuments, fountains, etc.
Complete construction 11.976m
2. From the public streets including the sidewalks
From the courtyard in the hexagon between front and rear tracts is
formed 6.400m
Total 16.600m
3. From the hexagonal interior garden comes 7.708m
And from the open parks in the triangles 4.964m
Total 12.672m
Therefore the finished application is:
built surface 30%
streets and houses 40%
21

gardens 30%
Total 100%
5.3 The advantages derived from hexagonal city planning
1. The hexagonal housing blocks have entirely no north fronts since the
longitudinal axis of the block rows are situated respective to the major
street in the north-south direction, so that partially or completely sunless
dwellings are enclosed, thereby we also have to consider the line of
houses which cannot shade one another at all, except in the interior
courtyard in case of higher building.
2. All housing has a front width which is determined by the length of the
courtyard and, of course, the street tracts running through the public
courtyard, when each hexagonal building block is surrounded by six
public courtyards the interior courtyards will still have reasonable
dimensions relative to the housing tracts.
3. For public monuments, fountains, and objects of beauty sufficient
sizes of areas are given.
4. The form of the street becomes stable by designing the street as a
straight line, giving it a delightful view.
5. The built ground surface area can create very valuable buildings,
which thereby would be good rental property, which nearly every
parcel of land can become, and is produced in the building up of
density by using this construction method for future public building.
6. The water main and sewage system themselves provide a
remarkably simple and clearly arranged structure, which is relatively
inexpensive....
22

5.4 Illustrations of the future city
Figure 1 shows a part of a new
section of the city utilizing this
hexagonal building concept and
a completely regular form.
Figure 2 is an example of a
plan sketch that is assigned
to an irregular hexagonal
building concept, to show that not just completely orthogonal, triangular and
circular ordering systems are necessary to work with this basic idea, that the
regularity of form, for this purpose, has many advantages in itself for this
construction ordering system as a general example which is clearly
23

calculable and therefore relates all of the following construction ideas
originating in the regular form in figure 1.
- Advantages of hexagonal town grid
- Regular forms with partitions
- Basic components to be placed in my future town
- Consider all widths, lengths and surface areas
- Sun rotation and living comfort
- Street tracts along buildings and areas (built form)
- Streetscapes
- Building density, future remodeling considerations
- Water and sewage system
6. The New “X” Town [ HEXICO ]
6.1 Chosen town type and reasons
A town with a river flowing right through the town.
Reasons:
- Water transportation can be implemented.
- Water as a source of life.
24

- Can be used in agriculture.
- Beautiful bridges and waterfronts can be built to promote tourism.
6.2 The aim of my town
To create a better and sustainable lifestyle for my residents and to
focus on TOURISM.
Why tourism?
- One of the fastest growing industries in the world.
- Main source of economy for my town.
- River as a main tourism attraction.
- Include other interesting recreational areas and landmarks.
- Modern, unique and functional infrastructure design.
- Walkability and public transportation issues.
- Tourist comfort and experience.
- Disable-friendly.
- Fine dining.
- Well trained tour guides and personnel.
- Scheduled and high quality services.
6.3 Chosen town grid and reasons
Hexagonal town grid.
25

Reasons:
- Visually appealing.
- As the most efficient pattern for covering a surface hexagonal layouts
can save around 10% in infrastructure costs, including a 10% reduction
in road per house.
- Also three way intersections have improved sight lines and fewer
collision points than 4 way crossroads. With feeder roads they can
avoid the need for stop lines although this is not recommended in
mixed traffic areas with pedestrians.
- If a hexagonal grid was pointed north then no building would be
entirely North facing and all buildings would receive some sunlight
throughout the day.
- Through geometrical configurations and measurements he pointed to
the potential savings in the length of the water lines as well as those
for the sewer system.
- Fewer fire hydrants and water mains could serve a larger number of
buildings, and shorter service lines could be laid between the mains
and the buildings.
26

6.4 Master plan of
Hexico
6.5 Topography of Hexico
27

6.6 Main buildings
and zones
28
Slope
Waterfall

6.7 Town zoning
29
COMMERCIAL ZONE
TOURISM ZONE
WATER AND WASTE
MANAGEMENT ZONE

6.7.1 Administrative Zone
- This zone consists of Hexico’s clock tower as it’s landmark,
administrative buildings, a mini airport, offices, main LRT station
and other services.
- It is situated in the middle of the town for ease of administrative
purposes.
- It’s accessibility rate is the highest because of it’s location and
has the shortest distance between every zone.
6.7.2 Residential Zone
- This zone consist of modern houses and condominiums which
practices green roofing.
- Situated away from industrial area.
- An LRT station is situated here for easy access.
- A park is situated in the middle of this zone for public use.
6.7.3 Education Zone
30
ADMINISTRATIVE ZONE
RESIDENTIAL ZONE
EDUCATION ZONE
INDUSTRIAL ZONE

- This zone consists of kindergartens, secondary school and
universities.
- A field is situated in the middle.
- There are also shop houses and religious buildings.
- A gas station is also situated here because the parking zone is
opposite it.
- It is situated right next to the residential zone for easy access.
6.7.4 Industrial Zone
- This zone consist of factories and power generators.
- This area is the work place for the residents of Hexico.
- An LRT station is situated there for easy access.
- A car park is situated right across for easy parking.
6.7.5 Water and Waste Management Zone
- This zone consists of water storage systems, water management
technologies, waste managing systems and a hydro-power
generator.
- It is situated on top of the hill, which maximizes the hydro-
power.
- The water flows from high area to low area to all the parts of
Hexico, saving cost for water pumps.
- At the waste management unit, recycling is highly practiced.
6.7.6 Tourism Zone
31

- This is the most important
part of Hexico where tourism
is the main aim of the town.
- This zone consists of hotels,
Hexico Zoo, Hexico museum,
fountains where water comes
from the river beside it.
- There is also an island there,
formed from the river.
- This zone faces the West to ensure that the beautiful sunset view
is visible from all parts of the zone.
- On the island, there is a water sports center, hotels and a
Hexico Theme Park.
- A waterfall formed from the river and the terrain also serves as a
tourist attraction.
- A five star restaurant is also situated here that oversees the
waterfall and island area.
6.7.7 Commercial Zone
- This zone consists of big shopping malls, shop houses and more.
- Hexico plaza is situated in the middle of the zone as an open
area for public use and cultural activities.
- An LRT station is situated here for easy access.
- A petrol station is also situated here right opposite the car park
area.
6.8 Transportation
32

33
- The main transport systems used in Hexico are road vehicles, bicycles and
underground LRT lines.
- The main roads of Hexico encircles the outer part.
- The LRT stations are situated in four different areas, with the main station at the center.
- The LRT lines are underground.
- The mini airport is situated in the middle, which is for helicopters and private jets.
- Residents are encouraged to walk and cycle to practice a sustainable lifestyle.

6.9 Green areas and open spaces
6.10 Power generators and other services
34
- The main cycling and
walking area is the middle
hexagon coloured in yellow.
- Green spaces include trees
along the walking and cycling
belt, forests as well as on the
island itself.
- Parks and fields are also
available for public use.
- Houses and buildings have
been encouraged to practice
green roofing as well.
- The Hexico plaza situated in
the commercial zone is for
public use and cultural
activities.
- Other services include: carparks, gas
stations, religious buildings, Hexico clock
tower, fire station, police station and
hospital.
- The main religion of the residents in
Hexico are Christianity, Hindu and Muslim.
- The main power supply is renewable
energy sources derived from solar energy,
wind energy and water energy.
- The windmills are not blocked by any
buildings to maximize the capture of the
South East wind.
- Solar panels face the East direction to
capture the most sunlight during the day.
- The hydro-generator is situated on the
slope of mount Hexico to maximize the
hydro power.
- Power lines of the town is all
underground.

6.11 Sustainable approaches
- Town planning based on complete understanding and research of
terrain, geography and environment of location (inflict minimal
damage and changes )
- Build green buildings
- Promote healthy, functional and environmental friendly infrastructure
designs
- Include parks, forest reserves and green spaces
- Usage of renewable energy and power supply (wind turbines, water
turbine, solar energy etc.)
35

- Proper use of land and resources.
- Implement rules and regulations regarding environmental protection
issues
- Promote awareness regarding conservation and preservation of the
environment
6.12 Town perspective
7. C
o
n
c
l
u
sion
Upon the completion of Part A of this project, I have learned a lot on town
planning and sustainable design strategies, both of which are important
topics discussed and researched by the architects of today.
36

As the scarcity of land continues to be a rising concern, it is crucial to
understand and implement theories regarding proper land use and
sustainability into our building structures, designs and lifestyle.
I believe there is no perfect town nor there ever will be, therefore the
possibility of creating a better, livable town is always there. I hope that in
future, we can find a way to achieve this notion and to sustain life for
generations to come.
37

8. Reference Links
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town
• http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Town
• http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-
between-city-and-town/
• http://prezi.com/ucf_qopurmo9/future-town-concepts/
• http://www.chinahighlights.com/hangzhou/attraction/xitang-town.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echuca
• http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/muller.htm
38

ENBE Final Project Report

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ENBE Final Project Report