Enbe report

Content:
1. Introduction
2. A City
3. Investigation & Data Collection:
4. Investigation & Data Collection:
5. Investigation & Data Collection
6. Case study on the selected type of the future city
7. The New “X” City / Or the new name
8. The Conclusion
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1.Introduction
For our final Element of Natural and Built Environment (ENBE) project, we
have to pretend that we are the mayor of the ‘X’ city. The people in ‘X’ city
require a new city because of reasons that it no longer liveable. As a mayor ,
we need to propose a new layout of the new ‘X’ city very quickyly. We have
to choose a option from 5 layout which is , an underground city, an
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underwater city , a floating on water city , a city in the air or a city on land
next to a river or sea.
After we choose a layout from the 5 option we have , we have to propose a
city layout which can fit in 150,000 to 300,000 Malaysian people. The new
propose city must be smaller than Subang Jaya which should be 20 kilometer
square to 40 kilometer square. Besides that , we have to include this in the city
planning:
• The geometric shape, form, pattern, hierarchy, system and structure of
the city
• The main focus of the city such as square etc
• The zoning of the city
• The people , population, social issues, activities, food distribution,
culture and religion
• Transportation and networking
• Infrastructure ,utility, services , and amenities
• Sustainable initiative and climate change consideration and resilience
• Other services such as police etc
2.The City
2.1 The City Definition
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A city is a relatively large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no
agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language
meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on
local law.
Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and
transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between
people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis
usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated
with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling
to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city,
this region can be deemed aconurbation or megalopolis.
Different country have different meaning of city :
2.2 What is the brief history
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The building of cities has a long and complex history. Although city planning as
an organized profession has existed for less than a century, all cities display
various degrees of forethought and conscious design in their layout and
functioning.Early humans led a nomadic existence, relying on hunting and
gathering for sustenance. Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, systematic
cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals allowed for more
permanent settlements. During the fourth millennium B.C., the requirements for
the "urban revolution" were finally met: the production of a surplus of storable
food, a system of writing, a more complex social organization, and
technological advances such as the plough, potter's wheel, loom, and
metallurgy.
Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms can be traced to
the complex functions that cities perform. Cities serve as centers of storage,
trade, and manufacture. The agricultural surplus from the surrounding
countryside is processed and distributed in cities. Cities also grew up around
marketplaces, where goods from distant places could be exchanged for local
products. Throughout history, cities have been founded at the intersections of
transportation routes, or at points where goods must shift from one mode of
transportation to another, as at river and ocean ports.Religious elements have
been crucial throughout urban history. Ancient peoples had sacred places,
often associated with cemeteries or shrines, around which cities grew. Ancient
cities usually had large temple precincts with monumental religious buildings.
Many medieval cities were built near monasteries and cathedrals.
Cities often provide protection in a precarious world. During attacks, the rural
populace could flee behind city walls, where defence forces assembled to
repel the enemy. The wall served this purpose for millennia, until the invention of
heavy artillery rendered walls useless in warfare. With the advent of modern
aerial warfare, cities have become prime targets for destruction rather than
safe havens.Cities serve as centers of government. In particular, the
emergence of the great nation-states of Europe between 1400 and 1800 led to
the creation of new capital cities or the investing of existing cities with
expanded governmental functions.
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2.3 What makes a city
Every city contains an amazing array of pathways to carry flows of people,
goods, water, energy, and information. Transportation networks are the largest
and most visible of these. Ancient cities relied on streets, most of them quite
narrow by modern standards, to carry foot traffic and carts. The modern city
contains a complex hierarchy of transportation channels, ranging from ten-
lane freeways to sidewalks. In the United States, the bulk of trips are carried
by the private automobile, with mass transit a distant second. American cities
display the low-density sprawl characteristic of auto-centered urban
development. In contrast, many European cities have the high densities
necessary to support rail transit.
Modern cities rely on complex networks of utilities. When cities were small,
obtaining pure water and disposing of wastes was not a major problem, but
cities with large populations and high densities require expensive public
infrastructure. During the nineteenth century, rapid urban growth and
industrialization caused overcrowding, pollution, and disease in urban areas.
After the connection between impure water and disease was established,
American and European cities began to install adequate sewer and water
systems. Since the late nineteenth century, cities have also been laced with
wires and conduits carrying electricity, gas, and communications signals.
Buildings are the most visible elements of the city, the features that give each
city its unique character. Residential structures occupy almost half of all urban
land, with the building types ranging from scattered single-family homes to
dense high-rise apartments. Commercial buildings are clustered downtown
and at various subcenters, with skyscrapers packed into the central business
district and low-rise structures prevailing elsewhere, although tall buildings
are becoming more common in the suburbs. Industrial buildings come in
many forms ranging from large factory complexes in industrial districts to
small workshops. Open space is sometimes treated as a leftover, but it
contributes greatly to the quality of urban life. "Hard" spaces such as plazas,
malls, and courtyards provide settings for public activities of all kinds. "Soft"
spaces such as parks, gardens, lawns, and nature preserves provide essential
relief from harsh urban conditions and serve as space for recreational
activities. These "amenities" increasingly influence which cities will be
perceived as desirable places to live.
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2.4 What makes a good city
What is the good city? We are unlikely to arrive at an unequivocal answer;
the diversity of human needs and tastes frustrates all attempts to provide recipes or
instruction manuals for the building of cities. However, we can identify the crucial
dimensions of city performance, and specify the many ways in which cities can
achieve success along these dimensions.
A vital city successfully fulfills the biological needs of its inhabitants, and provides
a safe environment for their activities. A sensible city is organized so that its
residents can perceive and understand the city's form and function. A city with
good fit provides the buildings, spaces, and networks required for its residents to
pursue their projects successfully. An accessible city allows people of all ages and
background to gain the activities, resources, services, and information that they
need. A city with good control is arranged so that its citizens have a say in the
management of the spaces in which they work and reside.
Finally, an efficient city achieves the goals listed above at the least cost, and
balances the achievement of the goals with one another. They cannot all be
maximized at the same time. And a just city distributes benefits among its citizens
according to some fair standard. Clearly, these two meta-criteria raise difficult
issues which will continue to spark debates for the foreseeable future.
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3.Investigation & Data Collection:
Ancient Cities
Derinkuyu Underground city
Underground cities were excavated as early as early as Hittite times , and expanded
over the centuries as various marauding armies traversed Central Anatolia in search
of captives and plunder. There are 36 underground cities in Cappacodia and the
deepest one is Derinkuyu underground city , while the widest is the Kaymakli
Underground city.
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There are about 600 outside doors to the Derinkuyu Underground city ,hidden in the
courtyards of surface dwellings. The underground city is approximately 85m deep. It
contains all the usual rooms found in an underground city which is stables, cellars ,
storage rooms, refectories, churches , wineries etc. There are also a large room with
a barrel vaulted ceiling on the second floor which is a missionary school , the rooms
to the left being study rooms. From third floor and forth floors onwards , the descent is
by way of vertical staircases which lead to a cruciform plan church on the lowest
floor. The 55m deep ventilation shaft was also used as a well. Not every floor was
provided with water wells up to the surface in order to protect the dwellers from
poisoning during raids. Derinkuyu underground city contains at least 15,000
ventilation ducts that provide fresh air deep within the underground city.
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Derinkuyu underground city were not intended
to built for permanent dwellinds or long stays,
but were clearly built to withstand attack and
could support large numbers of people and
their domestic animals , for extended periods of
time. The urban organization was very
complex , and there was probably always work
in progress.

The extensive networks of passages , tunnels , stepped pits and inclined corridor link
family rooms and communal spaces where people would meet,work and worship.
The cities were complete with wells, chimneys for air circulation , niches for oil lamps ,
stores , water tanks, stables and areas where the dead could be placed until such
time as conditions on the surface would allow their proper disposal. Most
importantly, carefully balanced moving stone doors , resembling mill stones , were
devised to quickly blocked the corridors in the event of an attack. These doors
operated from one side only.
The element I gonna use from this ancient cities is :
• ventilation ducts that provide fresh air deep within the underground
city
• the concept of blocking the corridors for emergency
Present Cities
Montreal underground city
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Montreal underground city is an indoor city and the largest underground complexes
in the world. Not all the portion of the indoor city are underground. Montreal
underground city containing over 200 restaurants, 1700 boutiques, 30 movie
theatres, halls , museums, and hotels. All of these connected to the city’s subway
stations. This unique feature has made people often refer to Montreal as ‘two cities in
one’ and can allow visitors to explore the city without having to worry about bad
weather or lengthy travel time between the city’s shopping districts.
Montreal underground city map
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There are 33 kilometers of connecting passageways beneath downtown, with
the metro(subway),commuter trains and buses also converging here.
Montreal’s underground pedestrian network, which began beneath the
Central station complex took off during the 1960s when Place Ville-Marie was
built. The transportation infrastructures criss-cross and complement each
other. The elegant place Bonaventure metro station designed by Montreal
architect Victor Prus.
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SEATTLE UNDERGROUND CITY
Seattle underground is a network of underground passageways and
basements in downtown Seattle , Washington, United States that was ground
level at the city’s origin in the mid 19-th century.
Seattle first building were wooden. On June 6,1889 at 2:30 in the afternoon , a
cabinetmaker accidentally overturned and ignited a glue pot. The fire chief
was out of town and the volunteer fire department made the mistake of
trying to use too many hoses at once. In the end, the Great Seattle Fire
destroyed 31 blocks of buildings.
Instead of rebuilding the city as it was before , the city leader make two
strategic decisions:
• All new building must be stone or brick, as insurance against a similar
disaster in the future
• Regrade the streets one to two stories higher than the original street
grade
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In the end , the streets were lined with concrete walls that formed narrow
alleyways between the walls and the buildings on both sides of the street,
with a wide ‘alley’. The streets were raised to a desired new level,
generally 12 feet higher than before , in some places nearly 30 feet.
BEIJING UNDERGROUND CITY
The underground city in Beijing is a bomb shelter comprising a network of
tunnels. It has been called the Underground Great Wall because it was built
for the purpose of military defense. The complex was constructed during the
1970s in anticipation of a nuclear war with the Soviet Union.
The tunnels run beneath Beijing’s city center,covering an area of 85 square
kilometers under the surface. At one time there were about 90 entrances to
the complex, all of which were hidden in shops along the main streets of
Qianmen.
Zoning of the Beijing Underground city
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the element I gonna use from these present cities is :
• The concept of two cities in one from montreal underground city so
that no one feel distance and away from the earth
Future Cities
Montreal underground city planned to add more level beneath the underground
city.
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‘Many cities do not recognize the potential of the land on which they are built,’ says
Dr Li Huan Qing.’Our goal was to provide planners with a set of guidelines to help
them exploit subsoil resources in the most efficient manner. The issue is partly related
to various aspects of engineering and in part to the economic aspects. We wanted
to integrate both disciplines to develop our approach.’
Space is probably the most obvious underground resource, but It comes at a price.
Building down can cost up five times as much as a conventional building above
ground.
Geothermal energy is one of the many resources that can be tapped into in
the subterranean city. Made more accessible by excavations, it can be used
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for heating residential and industrial applications. Geo-materials are another
resource. The accumulated debris from excavations can be used to stabilize
roads or produce cement. There also have greater access to groundwater
with careful preservation. This may help in developing sustainable cities.
Managing the multitude of resources that can be present on a single piece of
land can be a significant challenge. Most modern cities have detailed plans
for the use and value of their land but few have similar plans for their subsoil.
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AMSTERDAM
Amsterdam is to go underground as overcrowding and soaring land prices
force planners to look beneath the city’s famous canals for future urban
development.
‘There has always been a lack of space in the city, so what we are doing is
a building a city under the city by using a new construction technique,which
will not interfere with street traffic,’ said Moshe Zwarts, a partner at the
architects Zwarts & Jansma.The one-way streets, on either side of Amsterdam
‘s waterways, are also feeling the strain of overcrowding, and traffic is
frequently thrown into chaos for hours by delivery vans and rubbish collectors.
Amsterdam was originally built on drained , swampy marshland and many
of the classic Dutch gabled houses along its canals are still precariously
supported by underground wooden beams. The Dutch engineers have
decided it is easier to build in the clay under the canals to find space for new
developments.
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Mexico city
‘When there’s no place to go but down’. This project is a 65-storey inverted
pyramid known as the ‘ Earthscraper’. Instead of reaching for the sky, it would
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burrow 1000 feet into the ground beneath Mexico city’s main square, the
Zocalo. The architect Esteban Suarez,of BNKR Arquitectura , who imagined
this plan. This city take an elevator 40 floors down into the Earth.
The Zocalo plaza would be covered with glass that would serve as the
building’s ceiling. The center of the Zocalo plaza would be left as open space
to allow natural light and ventilation to flow through each floor. And every 10
floors, there’d be an ‘Earth Lobby of plant beds and vertical gardens to help
filter the air down there. The first 10 first floors nearest the surface as a
museum, with the next 10 down reserved for condos and shops and the next
35 floors designed as office space.
The element I gonna use from this future cities is :
• The geothermal energy and geo-material as my city resources
• Natural light and ventialation to flow
• Verticals garden to help filter the air
6. Case study on the selected type of
the future city
SEEDS OF LIFE
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A city piled high of trash , they call it garbage city’ and it seems unstoppable.
People started to get used to situation which will lead to a huge trash
covering the whole city and from another point, garbage cant be moved
outside the city. The problems leads to another , as there is lots of diseases
and pollution. The concept of this building is :
• power: using the garbage as seed buried underground to generate
biogas, electricity and fertilize.
• Human : changing the society point of view towards the homeless
people by making them helpful and productive to the community and
this will happen by rehabilitate their lives and then giving them the
opportunity to be a real human
• Plants: green slabs coming out, providing the towe with lots of organic
elements , making the tower self sufficient and to reduce the pollution
The idea of reviving the environment and that will happen when we revive it’s
elements (human-plants-animals) and provide them with the necessary
power to live.
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tubes that being used as structures and some are vertical circulation systems
and they can provide biogas ,water and electricity from winds and provide it
to all the units. Forming the units this way to allows the air to flow.
RHIZOME TOWER
Rhizome tower is a proposal to develop a ‘Groundscraper’ that harvest
natural resources above and below the ground while creating a new living
typology.
The project is divided in 4 different layers, organized around a central core
that is open to the light.
• 1st
layer: contains the recreational and food production facilities with
agriculture fields, farms, and glasshouses. These entire façade covered
with photovoltaic cells to harvest solar energy and specific locations
are also equipped with turbines.
• 2nd
layer: 60 levels of residential area , with a diverse range of living
quarters according to family sizes.
• 3rd
& 4th
layers: office and services area with the deepest part of the
project dedicated to the study and harvest of geothermal energy.
Based on the rhizome theory, the project is not a unity or a part, is a continue
combination of elements, structure and substructure, functions and
relationship. Every element ant its combination follow the fractal autosimilarity
to reproduce themselves in every scale.
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7.The New “X” City / The New NAME?
OCTAGON CITY
the city is octagonal shape because such shape system would not only allow
the creation of the uniqueness of the city , but also allow for planes growth
and healthy living.
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‘The more this plan is studied, the more It will be found to approach the idea
of practicability, primarily in regard to shorter distance that a person would
have drive from any one point to another. The sub-division of the interests into
groups by a division of the park area, is to be distinctly commended from its
sanitary point of view, as these interruptions of natural foliage give the
greatest advantage to the public,semi-public and private buildings around
common centers largely increasers the architectural and artistic possibilities
over the accidental opportunities offered by the ordinary plan of the city
while the angles caused by the octagon permit interesting variety in the
treatment of the street facades over that developed by any straight or
continuously curved street.’ (Lamb , 1904)
ZONING
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residential area is split
into 4 area which is
north , south , west and east. Every
side of the residential area has service area and educational area. Every side of
residential area also have an agriculture area. This agriculture area provide food to
each side of the residential area. The government area is on the middle of the city
and it is surrounded by business area and commercial area. Between the downtown
and the residential area , there are green areas which is park and forest . these
green area provide scenery and to reduce carbon within the city. The industrial part
is located outside the city and far away from the residential part.
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Industrial area hospital
Residential area
agriculture
Education area
transportationForest &parks
government
agriculture
Service area
Business area Commercial area

RESIDENTIAL AREA
some part of the residential area is built this way so that every people have their own
spaces and able to solve the issue of overpopulation. Structure if the building :
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Depends on preferences and needs of each person a separate living
environment, including the house and the yard will be formed. The
building take shape as it is populated on different height. It invokes
association with a vertical street where people may buy and plot and
build their own house and are not limited to skyscraper construction. The
people may design their own house such as the look , planning , style ,
and even characteristics of the house. The bounds of the ground on each
separate level will be formed in such way that will prevent their
interference. This will give a general look complex and unpredictedable
shape. The uniqueness of building’s volume will form natural and
inimitable environment.

TRANSPORTATION
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vertical subway is proposed in the middle of city and every direction of residential
area . vactrain is a high speed railroad transportation. It is a maglev line run through
evacuated or partly evacuated tubes or tunnels. The lack of air resistance could
permit vactrains to use little power and to move at extremely high speed which is 5-
6times the speed of sound at standard conditions. Vactrains could use gravity to
assist their acceleration.
The hyper-speed vertical train hub which is the vactrain aims to replace the
existing flagship train stations and create new key connective points for the
exchange of people and goods with the new hyper speed network. The proposal
will ’flip’ the traditional form and function of the current train station design vertically,
and re-form it into a cylindrical mass to increase the towers train capacity. This tall
cylindrical form aims to eliminate current impact that traditional stations have
currently on land use, therefore returning the remaining site tower forming alrge
urban oark,leading towards the base of the hyper-speed vertical hub.
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VERTICAL FARMING
In this urban high rise farm, the romanticizing of modern food production or utopian
garden city additions is rejected. Rather, if farming is truly able to provide
adequately for a city, a dystopian stage of agricultural production which uses mans
control over the growth process, must be accepted. This project accepts genetic
engineering, airponic watering and nutrient technologies (a method of spraying
plant roots with needed solutions), and controlled lighting and CO2 levels (to
maximize plant growth and food production). The tower takes into consideration the
different stages of plant production; cloning, vegetative stage and flowering stage
to maximize food production as much as possible. In addition it is assumed that
genetically engineered plants will be bred to maximize both the nutritional value
and production of the crops within the tower. Genetic engineering is controversial
but necessary if the tower is to accommodate Manhattan’s food production needs.
It is projected that multiple towers will be needed to meet the city´s food production
needs. This projects investigation draws on the material logic of plant mechanics.
The cells of ferns have evolved bio-mechanical configurations which maximize
strength while minimizing material. Using these attributes, analogue models were
created, investigating a new structural system for high rise construction that allows
for dynamic interior spaces.
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WATER PILLAR
this water tower collects water from underground and filter it within the tower
and transport to every corner of the city. This water tower also collect
geothermal energy and has earthquake resistance platform. These water
tower is a pillar located beneath under the city. The collected water is store
on top of the tower . the helix form dual funnel model enhancing the building
interior air circulation. Based on the temperature control system of termite
nest, the hollow structure utilizes the temperature difference between high
and low altitudes to create warm air flow upwards , enough to hold round
nets. Combined with the stable triangular shape of the main body, the hollow
structure will make the entire building safe and sturdy, and also contributes to
air circulation.
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REFERENCE LINKS :
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derinkuyu_Underground_City
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Underground
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)
• http://www.evolo.us/competition/hyper-speed-vertical-
train-hub/
• http://www.evolo.us/competition/sand-babel-solar-
powered-3d-printed-tower/
• http://www.evolo.us/competition/rhizome-tower-a-
thousand-underground-plateaus/
• http://www.evolo.us/competition/seeds-of-life-skyscraper/
• http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/Hexagonal.pdf
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