There are four common approaches to teaching culture: the Frankenstein approach which presents cultural aspects out of context; the 4-F approach which focuses on folk dances, festivals, fairs, and food; the tour guide approach which presents a surface level view of culture; and the "by-the-way" approach which emphasizes differences in a way that can promote stereotypes. Effective cultural teaching understands the relationship between culture and language, seeing culture as something lived and shared through language. It also involves cognitive and affective learning, embracing and valuing cultural differences, and can be guided across grade levels using cultural standards to develop cultural competencies.