SHIP REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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Ship refrigeration system
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Ship refrigeration systems play a vital part on ships carrying refrigerated cargo and victuals for the crew or passengers. Refrigeration prevents any damage to the cargo or decay of perishable foods, like growth of micro-organisms, oxidation, fermentation and drying out of cargo. The temperature of the sometimes sensitive cargo is controlled by the ship’s refrigeration plant. As the main purpose of vessels carrying refrigerated cargo is to ensure the cargo is transported in good and healthy condition, it is of uttermost importance that the refrigeration system works perfectly at all times.
HOW DOES A SHIP REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WORK
A refrigeration system needs to remove heat from an enclosed region. This is achieved via the refrigeration cycle, which consists of five components:
The refrigerant;
The compressor;
The condenser;
The evaporator;
The expansion device.
The refrigerant starts as a gas and is compressed in the compressor, which increases its temperature dramatically. Thereafter, the condenser cools the hot high pressure refrigerant and this way the refrigerant turns into a liquid. Next, the evaporator boils the refrigerant back to a gas, at a very low temperature. The change from liquid to gas absorbs the heat from the evaporator, which in turn removes the heat from the area to be cooled, thereby lowering its temperature. Hereafter, the refrigerant is returned back to the compressor and the refrigeration cycle starts again.
INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN F-GAS REGULATION ON REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
Many refrigeration systems now use R22 as a refrigerant. R22 is one of the ozone depleting HFCs that may not be applied anymore in new systems as of 2004, and, starting 2015, refrigeration operations like refilling with HFCs aren’t allowed anymore either. This means that as long as the systems works, there is nothing to worry about. In case of defects, the consequences depend on the type of refrigerant. To bypass this problem, we have been researching alternatives for R22. We have come to the conclusion that the best substitute would be Propane (R290). Propane has very similar thermodynamic behavior to R22 and it is a natural refrigerant. By using R290 as a refrigerant, the environmental impact is reduced, because R290 has no ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential), a very low GWP (Global Warming Potential) and an assumed equal energy efficiency to R22. Propane is a flammable refrigerant though, and therefore cautious handling of the refrigerant is required. The most important safety concern is toensure that in case of a leakage the refrigerant doesn’t ignite. Therefore, the solution developed by Heinen & Hopman is to place the cooling system inside a casing, so when a leakage occurs, the possible explosive atmosphere is located inside the casing. By using an ATEX fan, the casing can be ventilated so that the mixture of gas and air can be discharged outside the ship which is useful in
2. 2
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
•Introduction
•Type of refrigeration
•Types Of Air Conditioner
3. 3
Introduction
How does
it work?
Refrigeratio
n and air
conditioning
is used to
cool
products or
a building
environmen
t.
High Temperature
Reservoir
Low Temperature
Reservoir
R Work
Input
Heat Absorbed
Heat Rejected
4. 4
Introduction
• Small capacity modular units of direct
expansion type (50 Tons of Refrigeration)
• Centralized chilled water plants with
chilled water as a secondary coolant (50
– 250 TR)
• Brine plants with brines as lower
temperature, secondary coolant (>250 TR)
Refrigeration systems for industrial
processes
5. 5
Types of Refrigeration
• Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses
mechanical energy
• Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal
energy
• Magnetic Refrigeration: remove heat and maintain
low temperature
• Industrial Refrigeration:used in cold storage
Refrigeration systems
6. 6
Type of Refrigeration
Vapour Compression Refrigeration
• Highly compressed fluids tend to get
colder when allowed to expand
• If pressure high enough
• Compressed air hotter than source
of cooling
• Expanded gas cooler than desired
cold temperature
7. 7
Type of Refrigeration
Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Refrigeration cycle
Condenser
Evaporator
High
Pressure
Side
Low
Pressure
Side
Compressor
Expansion
Device
1 2
3
4
8. 8
Type of Refrigeration
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
• The absorption system differs
fundamentally from vapour
compression system only in the method
of employed for compressing the
refrigerant.
• In the absorption system, the
compressor is replaced by an absorber,
generator and a pump.
10. 10
Type of Refrigeration
Magnetic Refrigeration
•Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling
technology based on the magneto caloric
effect.
•It is used to attain temperature well
below 1 Kelvin
12. 12
Type of Refrigeration
Industrial Refrigeration
• Industrial refrigeration systems for
cold storage, process cooling, water
chilling, individual quick freezing .
• Up to 500 TR capacity using
halocarbon or ammonia.
• Complete with compressors,
condensers, all vessels and electrical
equipment required
14. Types Of Air Conditioner
14
• An air conditioning system is an assembly of different part of the
system used produce a specified condition of air within a require
space or building.
• The basic elements of air conditioning system:--
• Fans : For circulation of air
• Filters : For cleaning air
• Heating Elements : Heating of air(It may be electric heater , steam
, hot water.
• Control System : It regulates automatically the amount of cooling
or heating.
• Grill : It adjust the direction of the conditioned air to the room.
• Tray : It collects condensed water.
• Refrigerating Plant : provide cooling . It consist of
compressor/generator and
absorber,eveporator,condensor,expansion
device(capallary tube).
Air Conditioning System
15. 15
Types Of Air Conditioning System
Air Conditioning System
• Window air-conditioning system
• Split air-conditioning system
• Centralised air-conditioning
system
• Package air-conditioning system
16. Window air-conditioning system
16
•Window air conditioners are one of the
most commonly used and cheapest type of
air conditioners
•To install one of these units, you need
the space to make a slot in the wall, and
there should also be some open space
behind the wall.
17. 17
Split Air-Conditioning System
•The split air conditioner comprises of two
parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor
unit
•The outdoor unit, fitted outside the
room, houses components like the
compressor, condenser and expansion
valve.
18. 18
Centralised Air-Conditioning System
•The central air conditioning plants or the
systems are used when large buildings,
hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls
etc. are to be air conditioned completely.
•The window and split air conditioners are
used for single rooms or small office
spaces
19. 19
Packaged Air-Conditioning System
•The packaged air conditioners are used for
the cooling capacities in between these
two extremes.
•The packaged air conditioners are
available in the fixed rated capacities of
3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
•These units are used commonly in places
like restaurants, telephone exchanges,
homes, small halls, etc
21. Window Air Conditioning Split Air
Conditioning
Packaged Air Conditioning Centralised Air Conditioning
22. 22
Conclusion
•As the conclusion, we can say that, refrigerator
consists with two compartments - one for frozen
items and the other for items requiring
refrigeration but not freezing. It can throw all the
heat from the loads inside the compartments and
make it cooled and long lasting life. It suitable for
application in food and medical industry.
•We can also said that the objective of this
experiment have been completely achieved as
required and at the same time, all the parameters
required to be solved have been calculated and
solved accordingly. In addition, all of the
experiments have eventually being done according
to the procedures given systematically and
appropriately.
