1. S. N. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESARCH CENTET, UMRAKH
Prepared By,
Prof. Mayankkumar .B .Parmar
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
S. N . Patel Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Umrakh.
At & Po Baben, 394601.
Basic Mechanical Engineering
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT CODE: 3110006 | B.E.1ST YEAR
Chapter: Engineering Materials
2. Introduction
Varity of materials are used for various applications ,so like in building construction of bridge ,
in machine building industry, in chemical and food processing industry , in building electronic
equipments and almost for all the purpose the material with different type and properties are used.
It is very important task for the engineers to select most suitable material for the design and
construction of any component and part of the system for proper functioning.
With Development of Technology numbers of material are available in different shapes and
forms
Among all the materials the best material is one which can serve the desired objective at
minimum possible cost.
The selection of the materials is based on the consideration of following factor:
Availability
Costs
Properties
3. Properties of Material (2012, 2015,2017)
Various characteristics of the materials which describe their behaviour under different working
conditions are known as properties of material.
The study of the properties of the material is most important because the design, manufacturing ,
functioning and the life of the equipment are dependent on the properties of the material.
Properties of Material
Mechanical Physical Chemical
Tensile Strength
Stiffness
Elasticity
Plasticity
Ductility
Hardness
Toughness
Malleability
Resilience
Electrical
Thermal
Magnetic
Composite
Micro structure
Corrosion
Resistance
4. 1) Strength (2011)
Strength is the ability of a material to resist applied forces without Breaking.
Other wards, It is the ability of a material to withstand tensile (stretching) loads without
breaking.
2) Elasticity (2015, 2017)
It is the ability of material to regain its original shape and size after removal load is known as
elasticity.
For each elastic body, a certain limit exist, beyond which the material will hold a remaining
deformation and the limits known as elastic limit.
5. 3) Stiffness or Rigidity
The property of material which enables it to resists elastic deformation or deflection is called
stiffness or rigidity.
4) Plasticity (2014)
The ability of material to permanently deform without fracture on application of external load is
known as plasticity.
The plastic deformation will take place only after the elastic limit has been exceeded.
6. 5) Ductility (2015, 2017, 2018)
It is the property of material which enables it to drawn into thin wire on application of tensile
force.
It is measure by percentage elongation or percentage reduction of cross sectional area before
rapture of a test piece.
Material with more than 15% elongation are considered as ductile.
6) Hardness (2013, 2014, 2018, 2019)
Ability of the material to withstand scratching, wear and abrasion or penetration under the
action of external load is known as hardness.
7. 7) Toughness (2011, 2013, 2015)
It is the measure of amount of energy per unit volume which a material can absorb before it
fracture.
8. 8) Resilience (2018,2018)
Resilience is the capacity of material to absorb or store the energy and to resist shock and
impact.
This property is essential for spring materials.
9) Malleability
It is the property of material by virtue of which it can be flattened or bent without cracking
when hammered
10) Creep (2013, 2018)
The slow and progressive deformation of a material with time and temperature at constant stress
is called creep.
9. 10) Fatigue (2013)
The tendency for a metal to fail by braking or cracking under conditions of repeated cyclic
loading that takes place well below the ultimate tensile strength is known as fatigue.
10. Classification of Engineering Material (2012, 2013, 2016, 2019)
Different types of metals and their alloy are used in manufacturing of various types of tools,
equipments , machineries and instruments etc. so, it is essential to study this material and their
properties.
Non-metallic material are also used in various application. Plastic, rubber, leather, wood , glass,
ceramic etc are widely used for many applications.
Engineering Material
Metallic
Non-Metallic
Ferrous Non-Ferrous
Cast iron
Steel
Wrought iron
Copper, Zinc, Lead, Tin,
Aluminium, etc and their
alloys
Timber
Ceramic
Glass
Plastic
Composite material
Silica
11. All the metallic material having iron as their main constitute are known as ferrous materials.
Example of ferrous material is iron, steel and their alloy.
This material are the strongest materials and are used for applications where high strength is
required at relatively low cost and where weight is not of primary importance.
As an example of ferrous metals such as: bridge building, the structure of large buildings,
railway lines, locomotives and rolling stock and the bodies and highly stressed engine parts of
road vehicles.
Ferrous Material (2012, 2013)
Fig. Ferrous Material
12. Pig iron
Pig iron is the principal raw material for all ferrous products like cast iron and steel.
It is obtained from the chemical reduction of iron ore in a blast furnace. The process of
reduction of iron ore to pig iron is known as smelting.
The main raw material required for the production of pig iron are
Iron ore
Coke
Lime stone
Cast iron
The cast iron is obtained by re-melting pig iron with coke and lime stone in furnace known as
cupola.
Carbon content in cast iron varies from 1.7% to 4.5% with other material like Silicone, sulphur,
manganese and phosphorous in controlled quantities.
Cast iron having good casting characteristics, high compressive strength, wear resistance, good
machinability and relatively low cost.
The application are machine tool beds, cylindrical blocks, piston ring, gear, water pipe,
agriculture implements.
13. Steel
It is an alloy of iron and carbon in which carbon content is less than 1.5%.
It is produced by oxidizing the impurities in molten pig iron and then adding the amount of
neccery carbon which will give required combination of strength ductility and hardness.
Stainless Steel
The stainless steel are characterized by having a high content of chromium which makes them
highly resistance to oxidation and corrosion even at elevated temperature.
It contain 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
It used in surgical instruments, food processing industries and chemical and process industries
14. Fig. Non-Ferrous Material
Non-Ferrous Material
Those metallic material metals which do not contain iron as their main constitute are known
as non ferrous material. The material like copper, zinc, lead, tin.
Non ferrous metals are more costly than ferrous material but they have some desire properties
like good conductivity of heat and current, Light in weight , good machinability, high
resistance to corrosion etc due to which their use becomes unavoidable for certain application.
Copper and aluminium are used as electrical conductors and, together with sheet zinc and
sheet lead, are use as roofing materials. They are mainly used with other metals to improve
their strength.
15. Timber
Timber is a wood material obtained from trunk of trees after their full growth.
It is made suitable for the buildings or carpentry or various other engineering products by
sawing and converting it into various commercial size.
It is light in weight with adequate strength,
It is bad conductor of heat and often to used to construct wooden houses which remain cool in
summer and warm in winter and also rate during earth quake.
It is used in farmed structure, furniture, sound proof construction, tool handles, patterns foundry
work, railway sleepers, floor, wood carving, ship decking etc.
Abrasive material
Abrasive material is an intimate mixture of corrundum ( oxide of aluminium) and magnetic
(oxide of iron) found in nature.
It is very hard material employed for grinding and polishing. It the powder form it is known as ‘
Emery’
The emery powder is used to make different shape of abrasive tool like emery paper, emery
cloath, solid discs, wheels or bar various shape and size.
Artificial substitute of emery is carbide of silicon (Sic).
Non-metallic Material
16. It is a natural non-metallic material which in available with clay and at the river beds.
It is used for building construction, as a refractory material and for manufacturing glasses and
also used for making abrasive tool materials.
Silica
These are produced by baking naturally occurring clays at high temperatures after moulding to
shape. They are used for high – voltage insulators and high – temperature – resistant cutting tool
tips.
Ceramic
This is a hardwearing, abrasion-resistant material with excellent weathering properties. It is
used for electrical insulators, laboratory equipment, and optical components in measuring
instruments and, in the form of fibres, is used to reinforce plastics. It is made by melting
together the naturally occurring materials: silica (sand), limestone (calcium carbonate) and soda
(sodium carbonate).
Glass
17. These can be used for cutting tools for operation at high speeds for metal finishing where surface
finish is greater importance. For example, internal combustion engine pistons and bearings. They
are also used for dressing grinding wheels. Oils: Are used as bearing lubricants, cutting fluids and
fuels.
Diamond
Graphite
Graphite is an allotropic form of carbon. It is an electrical conductor and used as electrode of arc
lamp. It is stable material.
It is highest grade of coal but it cannot be easily ignited. Graphite electrodes are often used in
electrical discharge machines (EDM). It is relatively soft and brittle,
Lumped graphite is used for making crucibles for steel making, brake lining, foundry facing and
as lubricants, pencil, electrical motor brush and other special applications
Polymer
Polymer solids is formed by chemical bonding of many units. Polymer is the technical name of
plastic.
18. Polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds.
Polymer properties depend upon their structure. In crystalline structure, have high strength and
melting point.
Polymer are used in making composite material. Polymer having unique solution of properties
and their small amount can significantly affect the viscosity.
So above properties that are used in ice-cream and other foods, shampoo, engine oil, as
absorbent, health care product etc.
Plastic
Plastic are synthetic material which are moulded into shape under pressure with or without the
application of heat.
These have high resistance of corrosion.
Plastics are extensively used for household applications in making buckets, plates and cups.
Two types of plastics are available
Thermosetting plastic
Thermoplastics
19. Thermosetting plastic are those which are formed into shape under heat and pressure and result
into hard product.
Thermosetting Plastic
Thermo Plastic
Thermo plastic do not become hard with the application of heat and pressure and no chemical
change occur.
That remaining soft at elevated temperatures until they are hardened by cooling, these can
remealted repeatedly by sensitive application of heat
