The document discusses open loop and closed loop control systems. An open loop system has no feedback, so its accuracy depends solely on the controller's ability to output the correct number of steps. A closed loop system has feedback, so it is more accurate and reliable as it can account for any errors in its output. The document provides examples of open and closed loop diagrams and compares various characteristics of the two systems such as definition, construction, reliability, accuracy, and response.

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Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech.

2. The term open loop means that there is no feedback, and the action of the controller
has no information about the effect of the signal that it produces. Since there is no
feedback information, the system accuracy is solely a function of the motor's ability to
pass through the exact number of steps, which is provided at its input.
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Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech.

3. The term closed loop means that there is feedback, and the action of the controller has
information about the effect of the signal that it produces. Since there is feedback
information, the system accurate, reliable to pass through the exact number of steps,
which is provided at its input.
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Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech.

4. Sl No. Basis for Comparision Open Loop System Closed Loop System
1 Definition The system whose control action
is free from the output is known
as the open loop control system.
In closed loop, the output depends
on the control action of the system.
2 Other Name Non-feedback System Feedback System
3 Construction Simple Complex
4 Reliability Non-reliable Reliable
5 Accuracy Depends on calibration Accurate because of feedback.
6 Response Fast Slow
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Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech.

5. Fig:- Open loop system Fig:- Closed loop system
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Robots
A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices
through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks" .
or
An automatic device that performs functions normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form of a human.

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Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech.

13. Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech. 13
Definition: “Fully-integrated, collaborative manufacturing systems that
respond in real time to meet changing demands and conditions in the factory,
in the supplier and customer needs.”
The concept and successful implementation of SM is being predicted to be
the next Industrial Revolution. And with many other advances in recent
years, it all has to do with technology connectivity and the access to data.

14. Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech. 14
Smart manufacturing allows factory managers to automatically collect and
analyze data to make better-informed decisions and optimize production.
The data from sensors and machines are
communicated to the Cloud by IoT connectivity
deployed at the factory level. These data are analyzed
and combined with contextual information and then
shared with authorized stakeholders like workers,
managers and executives .
It improves manufacturing outcomes like, reducing
waste and improving production and the quality of goods
produced.
It also enables the manufactured products themselves
to play a vital role in the manufacturing process's
development and design.

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• Better collaboration and knowledge sharing: It is easier for employees to communicate and
develop their competence. Information can be personalized and customized to better align with the
company and manufacturing goals.
• Maximized plant efficiency: The smart factory reduces manual handling by strong automation
techniques. The factory becomes more efficient because production can be real-time responsive in terms
of materials, sourcing, production, and human resources.
• Faster issue resolution: Because everything is in real time, smart manufacturing allows for faster
problem-solving and decision-making when they matter most.
• Tracking products across value chain: Every element of manufacturing can be tracked and
analyzed, from raw materials to manufacturing to delivery. This enables more efficiency and less waste.
• Continual production improvement: Since we get reliable real-time data, it provides the ability to
predict failures.
• Minimize human errors: SM incorporates inline quality checks, and real-time monitoring can
reduce the number of human errors to nearly zero.

16. Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech. 16
•Transformation process lengthy and cost-intensive especially for small to midsize
companies won’t be able to afford the considerable expense of the technology
•Complex decision-making regarding strategy and concrete approach
•Changed requirements profile for employees
•Uncertainties regarding data security and data protection

17. Prof. Anand Kulkarni, Dept of Mechanical Engg, CiTech. 17
Definition: IoT is a network of sensors to collect production data and uses
cloud software to convert this data into valuable information about the
efficiency of the manufacturing operations.
It is the network of interconnected devices like machines, instruments etc which
communicate with each other through the internet. This information is stored in
the cloud. This stored data is converted into information using analytical tools.
This information, further, visualized by the corresponding personnel like managers,
workers or executive take adequate decision.

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Fig:- Simple block diagram of IoT in Smart Manufacturing

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Fig:- Simple block diagram of components of IoT

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1. Sensors/Devices (Things): sensors or devices collect data from their environment. A
sensor senses the changes in the surroundings and notes down these changes.
2. Connectivity(Gateways): The sensors/devices can be connected to the cloud through a
variety of methods including: cellular, satellite, WiFi, Bluetooth via a gateway/router or
connecting directly to the internet via Ethernet.
3. Cloud: Once the data is collected and it gets to the cloud, the software performs
processing on the acquired data.
4. Analytics: Various algorithms are applied here for proper analysis of data (techniques like
Machine Learning etc are even applied). To convert raw data into valid information.
5. User Interface: The end user (operators) will receive the information after going through
the analytics. A user might have an interface that allows them to proactively check in on
the system or the user may also be able to perform an action and affect the system.
Generally mobile apps, touchscreens etc.

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1. Monitoring: IoT allows remote monitoring of devices. It notifies the user when the product is damaged
or out of stock. IoT keeps life going without much interference from the user.
2. Accessibility: IoT allows users to access real-time information about their devices Users can connect to
the application and gather information about their personal devices.
3. Automation and control: The physical objects are connected to each other. It allows the working of
these devices without human intervention. These devices communicate with each other to send and receive
information at all times.
4. Resource utilization efficiency: IoT helps us better understand the functionality of devices that
allows us to make better use of the available resources.
5. Tracking products across value chain: Every element of manufacturing can be tracked and
analyzed, from raw materials to manufacturing to delivery. This enables more efficiency and less waste.
6. Minimize human errors: SM incorporates inline quality checks, and real-time monitoring can reduce the
number of human errors to nearly zero.

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Security: IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over networks. This
leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
Complexity: Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance
given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
Flexibility: Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system not been integrate easily with
another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.
Compliance: IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with regulations. Its
complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many consider standard
software compliance a battle