2. Course Learning Objectives:
To assess the vision and introduction of IoT.
To Understand IoT Market perspective.
To Implement Data and Knowledge Management and use of Devices in
IoT Technology
To Understand State of the Art - IoT Architecture.
To classify Real World IoT Design Constraints, Industrial Automation in IoT.
Course Outcome(CO.1):
Learns the definition and usage of the term “The Internet of Things” in
different contexts.
3. Contents
Introduction to the Internet of Things
What is the IoT and why is it important?
M2M.
Elements of an IoT ecosystem.
Technology drivers.
Business drivers.
Typical IoT applications.
Trends and implications.
4. What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—
“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other
devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from ordinary
household objects to sophisticated industrial tools.
With more than 7 billion connected IoT devices today, experts are
expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025.
5. Why is Internet of Things (IoT) so important?
Over the past few years, IoT has become one of the most important
technologies of the 21st century. Now that we can connect everyday
objects—kitchen appliances, cars, thermostats, baby monitors—to the
internet via embedded devices, seamless communication is possible
between people, processes, and things.
By means of low-cost computing, the cloud, big data, analytics, and mobile
technologies, physical things can share and collect data with minimal
human intervention. In this hyperconnected world, digital systems can
record, monitor, and adjust each interaction between connected things. The
physical world meets the digital world—and they cooperate.
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12.
13. M2M
M2M, or machine-to-machine, is a direct communication between devices
using wired or wireless communication channels.
Machine-to-machine communication, or M2M, is exactly as it sounds: two
machines “communicating,” or exchanging data, without human interfacing
or interaction.
These devices capture data and share with other connected devices,
creating an intelligent network of things or systems. Devices could be
sensors, actuators, embedded systems or other connected elements.
M2M is about machines, smartphones and appliances, whereas the IoT is
about sensors, cyber-based physical systems, Internet and so on
14. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) facilitate the
communication between systems, allowing them to make their own
autonomous choices.
M2M technology was first adopted in manufacturing and industrial settings.
M2M has since found applications in other sectors, such as healthcare,
business and insurance.
15. How M2M works
The main purpose of machine-to-machine technology is to tap
into sensor data and transmit it to a network.
M2M systems often use public networks and access methods -- for
example, cellular or Ethernet -- to make it more cost-effective.
The main components of an M2M system include sensors, RFID, a Wi-Fi or
cellular communications link, and autonomic computing software
programmed to help a network device interpret data and make decisions.
These M2M applications translate the data, which can trigger
preprogrammed, automated actions.
16. Beyond being able to remotely monitor equipment and systems, the top
benefits of M2M include:
reduced costs by minimizing equipment maintenance and downtime;
boosted revenue by revealing new business opportunities for servicing
products in the field; and
improved customer service by proactively monitoring and servicing
equipment before it fails or only when it is needed.
17. M2M applications and examples
Remote Monitoring
warehouse management systems (WMS) and supply chain management
(SCM).
18. Key features of M2M
Low power consumption, in an effort to improve the system's ability to
effectively service M2M applications.
Monitoring abilities that provide functionality to detect events.
Time tolerance, meaning data transfers can be delayed.
Time control, meaning data can only be sent or received at specific
predetermined periods.
Location specific triggers that alert or wake up devices when they enter
particular areas.
The ability to continually send and receive small amounts of data.
19. M2M standards
Machine-to-machine technology does not have a standardized device
platform, and many M2M systems are built to be task- or device-specific.
Several key M2M standards, many of which are also used in IoT settings,
have emerged over the years, including:
OMA DM (Open Mobile Alliance Device Management), a device
management protocol
OMA LightweightM2M, a device management protocol
MQTT, a messaging protocol
TR-069 (Technical Report 069), an application layer protocol
HyperCat, a data discovery protocol
OneM2M, a communications protocol
20. Google Thread, a wireless mesh protocol
AllJoyn, an open source software framework
Concerns about M2M
The major concerns surrounding M2M are all related to security. M2M
devices are expected to operate without human direction.
This increases the potential of security threats, such as hacking, data
breaches and unauthorized monitoring.
In order to repair itself after malicious attacks or faults, an M2M system
must allow remote management, like firmware updates.
22. The IoT ecosystem is the network of Iot devices that have the ability to
store, analyse and retrieve data. These devices can also communicate with
one another.
The Iot system has plenty of complications and it takes difficult calculations
to define the entire ecosystem.
In the Iot ecosystem, all the devices are interconnected and they share and
receive data from users all the time.
The devices process the data and perform necessary actions.
The IoT ecosystem includes:
23. 1.Sensing, embedded components: This layer provides accurate
and credible data. It collects information from the surroundings.
Sensors sense or detect even the slightest changes in the environment.
Whereas, actuators respond or act on the signals they receive. For example,
temperature control in smart thermostats.
2. Connectivity: Networking, communication and connectivity are the
fundanets of any Iot ecosystem. Without device communication and
connectivity, there is in fact no IoT. IoT protocols transfer data from one place
to another.
The most common wireless protocols are WiFi, Zigbee, LoRa and cellular
etc.
Gateways are a mode through which the data passes to reach the cloud or
servers. Gateways provide security by limiting unauthorized access.
24. 3. IoT cloud: Cloud stores all the incoming data. Here data processing
takes place with the help of data analysis and actions are performed on the
data to generate a response in the system. Edge computing is an action for
when there is large amounts of incoming data from the user.
4. Data management: This is a proper mechanism that stores the data
and remembers information for future responses.
5. End users or user interface: Users control the entire Iot device and
set it according to their preferences. They can access information and details
of the device through an application.
25.
26. Components Details
IoT devices Physical devices that interact with the environment. There are two
types of them:
Sensors – are devices that are supposed to gather information
about the environment and measure its physical parameters like
temperature, motion, people flow, etc. In other words, sensors
convert physical phenomena into a digital form.
Actuators – are devices that perform a physical action on things
after they get such a command.
An example: actuators turn on the lights when sensors detect a
movement within its operating radius. Important notes: as we have
mentioned, the main benefit the Internet of Things provides is the
data. That means that sensors must transfer the information (about
detected movement in our case) to the cloud through the Internet.
So when you enter the house and the lights turn on, you most likely
don’t become a participant of the Internet of Things ecosystem
since the information about you entering the house is not
27. Network
The network is responsible for the communication within an IoT ecosystem
between smart things, gateway, and the cloud.
An example: a smart fitness bracelet tracks your heart rate and waits until
you connect your smartphone with Bluetooth to transfer the data. After
your smartphone gets your heart rate, it stores the data in some installed
health app. The app then will sync with the cloud by transferring your heart
rate through the Internet to cloud servers. The network makes sure that
the data will not be corrupted during the transfer via Bluetooth and through
the Internet.
28. SECURITY
The security component is responsible for access control to the IoT
network, the security of data transfers, data leakage prevention, and scanning
for malicious software. The security component is presented by firmware and
software from security providers, such as Azure Sphere.
An example: many IoT devices have non-existent or very simple
passwords for authentication. That led to the emergence of botnets that are
also known as “zombie armies”. An army is a group of hacked devices that
are connected to the Internet and participate in DDoS attacks on websites.
29. Gateway
Gateway is a physical device that passes through itself data streams from
sensors to the cloud and in the opposite direction. It also performs data
preprocessing before the information will be transferred to the cloud. A
gateway is not a necessary element since IoT devices can set connections to
the Internet by themselves without a gateway as an intermediary.
An example: You probably have a router at your home via which you
connect to the Internet. You can consider the gateway as some sort of
router (it even may look like a router as a fanless plastic box with buttons),
but a bit complicated since it integrates data from thousands of devices,
preprocesses it, and has some more responsibilities.
30. The cloud
The cloud is a cloud-based computer resource that is responsible for data
storage, deep analysis, and management. In other words, it is a group of
computers people get access to through the internet to use their compute
capacity for some purpose. The cloud is enhanced by powerful analytic and
visualization tools, Big Data algorithms, and Machine learning technology.
An example: imagine you building the Internet of Things ecosystem with 10
000 connected devices that measure the physical parameters of the
environment on your field crops. They collect the raw data and send it to
your home computer to store it. The computer would get terabytes of
information every day. Is its storage capacity enough? Probably not.
31. Furthermore, the raw information is useless until you have an army of
humans who can analyze it. Or you can use cloud technologies and get as
much storage capacity as you need as well as get all the necessary tools to
process and analyze the information.
An example of the cloud in the Internet of Things is Cloud IOT core from
google.
Application
Application is the graphical user interface that provides remote control and
management devices connected to the Internet of Things ecosystem.
An example: you left your smart home and you have doubts whether you
locked the door. It’s not a problem! Open the application on your phone and
check. If the door is not locked, one click in the app is enough to lock the
door.
32. Users
Users are all the people who affect the Internet of Things ecosystem and
use it for their purposes.
Users comprise people with personal IoT gadgets, researchers who use
analytics from the IoT cloud, staff who use the Internet of Things in their
operational processes, stakeholders who reap the benefits from huge
industrial IoT solutions.
IoT ecosystems are supposed to serve people’s needs, boost efficiency,
improve the standards of living, and quality of life.
Users are those who declare business goals and vital postulates that will
become the basis for the Internet of Things ecosystem.
Example: You are with a high probability. If there is a fitness
bracelet/smartwatch on your wrist, you are a user in the IoT ecosystem.
33. Technology drivers.
Cloud Computing
The Internet of Things focuses on sharing real-time information, therefore,
would be generating huge amounts of data which would require enough
space to store this database so that IoT apps and sensors continue to
perform.
This space is needed for processing as well as storing the huge databases
which would require cloud computing. Therefore, cloud computing is one of
the driving technologies for IoT.
Cloud computing has huge potential to store and quickly process huge
amounts of data. Cloud is highly efficient and is becoming more scalable
day by day and is being developed to leverage the benefits of this platform.
34. Blockchain
One of the key technologies that are driving the development of IoT
solutions is blockchain.
Putting together IoT solutions along with blockchain technology can be
highly beneficial for organizations and their customers as it ensures that
data is reliable, authentic, and genuine.
For instance, IoT devices are used by supply chain and logistics
companies for tracking goods, each product/component may be assigned
a digital id which helps in smooth movement and transportation of goods.
In addition to this, with the help of the unique digital id, they can maintain
tamper-proof and secure blockchain repositories maintaining a proper
history about the product.
35. In addition to this, with the help of the unique digital id, they can maintain
tamper-proof and secure blockchain repositories maintaining a proper
history about the product.
Organizations and customers can be assured that the products are exactly
as described and the information is not tampered with.
It is important for organizations to integrate both the technologies to gain a
competitive advantage in the industry and an IoT development company
could help your organization with this integration.
36. Sensors
There are a lot of factors like the interaction between different devices
which helps in reaping the full benefits of the IoT solutions. Sensors are
one of the key elements of IoT solutions.
We use sensors to perform different day-to-day activities like unlocking and
locking your car from a distance. These sensors transmit a message which
leads to the desired actions.
With advanced IoT sensors, one can do much more than just locking and
unlocking the care.
These sensors help in remote activities which is the reason why it is
becoming one of the key technologies to drive the development of IoT
solutions. With modern problems, IoT software development companies
are offering modern solutions to organizations.
37. Artificial intelligence
Now that we understand that IoT solutions are focused on connectivity and
sensors, we also understand that these technologies generate a huge
amount of data which would require advanced data analytics.
Artificial intelligence combined with IoT solutions would help businesses
analyze the huge amount of data collected by IoT apps and devices and
would help in generating important insights.
Technologies like blockchain, AI, 5G, cloud computing, etc
would be playing a critical role in the advancement of global
connectivity and IoT solution
38. Business drivers in IoT
It is the interface or resource, and a process that is used for the growth
and success of the business. Every business has its own driver to which
they decide as per the circumstances. Business drivers are the key inputs
that drive a business operationally and financially.
Common examples of business drivers are salespeople, number of stores,
website traffic, number and price of products sold, units of production, etc.
39. Here is a list of common business drivers:
Number of stores or locations
Average size (i.e., square feet) per location
Number of products sold (volume)
Prices of products/services sold
Number of salespeople
Effectiveness of salespeople
Traffic volume to a website
Conversion rate of traffic to a website
Production rate for manufacturing
40.
41. IoT development is guided using firm needs as a portion of venture electronic
remodeling (Fig. 1). Satisfying Machina Investigation examines, the general
vast collection of IoT internet hyperlinks are most likely to the majority of
absolutely strengthen occurring from 6 billion in 2015 to 27 billion through
2025.
It implies a product annual development expenditure (CAGR) of 16%.
48. It is challenging to handle the security of IoT gadgets in business and also
organizations.
Business has to develop security and also similarly inspecting information
for all the IoT sources that may uncover any sort of type of kind of risk
associated with private privacy aside from trying out to reduce the risk of
being breached.
Web traffic interceptors along with analysers help identify as well as check
out different cyber risks.
49. Typical IoT applications
Smart Home
Smart vehicles
Connected factory.
A convergence of factory-based operational technologies and architectures
with global IT networks is starting to occur, and this is referred to as
the connected factory.
Example of a connected factory solution involves a real-time location
system (RTLS).
An RTLS utilizes small and easily deployed Wi-Fi RFID tags that attach to
virtually any material and provide real-time location and status. These tags
enable a facility to track production as it happens.
50. These IoT sensors allow components and materials on an assembly line to
“talk” to the network.
If each assembly line’s output is tracked in real time, decisions can be
made to speed up or slow production to meet targets, and it is easy to
determine how quickly employees are completing the various stages of
production.
Bottlenecks at any point in production and quality problems are also
quickly identified.
51. Smart Connected Buildings
Another place IoT is making a disruptive impact is in the smart connected
buildings space.
In the past several decades, buildings have become increasingly complex,
with systems overlaid one upon another, resulting in complex intersections
of structural, mechanical, electrical, and IT components.
Over time, these operational networks that support the building
environment have matured into sophisticated systems; however, for the
most part, they are deployed and managed as separate systems that have
little to no interaction with each other.
The function of a building is to provide a work environment that keeps the
workers comfortable, efficient, and safe. Work areas need to be well lit and
kept at a comfortable temperature.
52. To keep workers safe, the fire alarm and suppression system needs to be
carefully managed, as do the door and physical security alarm systems.
However, many buildings are beginning to deploy sensors throughout the
building to detect occupancy. These tend to be motion sensors or sensors
tied to video cameras.
sensors are often used to control the heating, ventilation, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) system. Temperature sensors are spread throughout
the building and are used to influence the building management system’s
(BMS’s) control of air flow into a room
53.
54.
55. Smart Creatures
IoT also provides the ability to connect living things to the Internet.
Sensors can be placed on animals and even insects just as easily as on
machines, and the benefits can be just as impressive.
One of the most well-known applications of IoT with respect to animals
focuses on what is often referred to as the “connected cow.” Sparked, a
Dutch company, developed a sensor that is placed in a cow’s ear.
The sensor monitors various health aspects of the cow as well as its
location and transmits the data wirelessly for analysis by the farmer.
The data from each of these sensors is approximately 200 MB per year,
and you obviously need a network infrastructure to make the connection
with the sensors and store the information
56. Once the data is being collected, however, you get a complete view of the
herd, with statistics on every cow.
You can learn how environmental factors may be affecting the herd as a
whole and about changes in diet.
This enables early detection of disease as cows tend to eat less days
before they show symptoms. These sensors even allow the detection of
pregnancy in cows.
57. Trends and implications.
1. Blockchain
One of the latest Internet of Things (IoT) trends is the increased adoption of
blockchain technology.
It can help in ensuring data security in IoT devices and enables thriving
interaction between various network nodes and assures safe record
keeping, and that is the reason Blockchain is a great fit for IoT applications
as they are also distributed by nature.
58. 2.Smart Cities
When talking about emerging technologies in the internet of things (IoT),
smart cities always take a leap ahead.
Several governmental institutions in the past five years have begun IoT
technology projects that will reshape whole cities.
The government will be capable of implementing different intelligent
solutions using enormous amounts of data for varied issues like citizen
safety, energy utilization, traffic congestion, sustainable development, and
more.
59.
60. 3.IoT Powered with 5G Technology
5G technology is not only a new age of wireless technology, but it is also a
foundation to deliver the full potential of IoT, therefore transforming
technological growth.
Lower latency, network slicing, real-time data processing, extensive
coverage, and real-time data processing are some things that 5G will bring
to the table.
61.
62. 4. Traffic Management
Modern internet of things (IoT) trends suggest that IoT technology is relevant
to address challenges like traffic and blockage issues globally. Many
organizations these days are giving arrangements and solutions that utilize
IoT-installed technology in traffic systems and vehicles to sketch more smart
traffic networks, presumed to reduce unnecessary traffic and congestion.
63. 5. Digital Twins
Recognized in 2020, a digital twin is a virtual representation that serves as
the real-time digital equivalent of a physical object or process. It can be
exercised for varied things such as diagnosing, optimizing, monitoring, and
controlling asset utilization and performance. The projected combined annual
growth rate of the digital twins market will be several folds by 2025.
64.
65.
66. 6.Voice Activated IoT Devices
Artificial Intelligence-powered virtual assistant – Google Assistant, virtual
assistant AI technology developed by Amazon – Amazon Echo, and virtual
assistant by Apple – Siri, have taken voice-based user interfaces.
Voice biometry is another exciting development in voice recognition
technology.
Voice biometry lets organizations build a digital profile of someone’s voice,
after analyzing a set of specific characteristics such as pitch, intensity, tone,
dominant frequencies, dynamics, etc. Businesses are confident that this
method will be more reliable than the methods that are presently in place.
67.
68. The Internet of Things (IoT) impacts not only businesses, but also society,
environment and individuals.
69. On a bigger scale, the technology-enabling intelligent cities is underway and
there have been incredible technological advancements to help increase
efficiencies surrounding the following key sectors:
Transport – Leveraging connected technology in Singapore to alert
motorists of traffic accidents on major roads as well as GPS-enabled taxis,
which monitor and report traffic conditions around the city to alleviate
congestion.
Energy – Cities like Copenhagen, where solutions are being developed to
coordinate electricity and heating systems as well as to automatically pool
and share energy sources as needed.
Health – Barcelona is implementing its own IoT-driven services to improve
the quality of life of its people through measures that promote an eco-
friendly, sustainable environment.
70. Water – Smart metering in the city of Melbourne, Australia, which uses
real-time data to quantify the amount of water being used so citizens can
adjust their behavior.
Waste Management – Forecasts and alerts when waste or recycling
containers reach capacity in Helsinki, Finland, to avoid littering and clean-
up costs.
71. Learning resources
Text book:
1. J. Biron and J. Follett, "Foundational Elements of an IoT Solution",
O'Reilly Media, 2016
2. Keysight Technologies, “The Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies
and Solutions for Design and Test”, Application Note, 2016.
Reference Books:
1. Charles Bell, “Beginning Sensor Networks with Arduino and Raspberry
Pi”, Apress, 2013.
2. D. Evans, "The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the
Internet Is Changing
72. 3. Everything", Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group, 2011
4. McKinsey&Company, "The Internet of Things: Mapping the value beyond
the hype", McKinsey Global Institute, 2015
5. European Alliance for Innovation (EAI), "Internet of Things: Exploring the
potential", Innovation Academy Magazine, Issue No. 03, 2015
6. Digital Greenwich, ”Greenwich Smart City Strategy", 2015
7. ITU and Cisco, "Harnessing the Internet of Things for Global
Development", A contribution to the UN broadband commission for
sustainable development
