Elements & Functions of sovereign state system
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A sovereign state has supreme legal authority over its territory and citizens. It has internal sovereignty to make and enforce laws domestically and external sovereignty as an independent entity that can engage in relations with other states. Key aspects of sovereignty include territorial integrity, wherein a state does not tolerate interference in its borders, and legal equality, where all states regardless of size or power have equal rights under international law.
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State and elements
The document defines the key elements that characterize a state:
1) A population residing within a fixed territory. There is no minimum or maximum threshold for the size of the population or territory.
2) An organized government that acts as the machinery through which the state exercises its supreme power and performs various functions.
3) Sovereignty, which is the most important characteristic of a state. Sovereignty refers to the state having supreme power and ultimate authority with no entity above it, both internally over its population and externally as an independent entity not under foreign control.
Sovereignty
Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority within a territory. It is embodied in the state as the political institution. Sovereignty implies having supreme and unlimited power without being accountable to any external entity. There are different types and aspects of sovereignty including internal sovereignty over citizens and external sovereignty implying independence from foreign control. John Austin's theory defines sovereignty as a determinate human superior who receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society and is not in the habit of obedience to another like superior. Power refers to the ability to influence or control others and can take different forms like reward, coercive, expert and referent power. Authority is power that is seen as legitimate by both the ruler and the ruled, and can be rational-
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- Pluralist theories that reject the idea of absolute state sovereignty, arguing that the state is just one of many associations with claims to individuals' allegiance.
- The key differences between monist/absolute and pluralist conceptions, with pluralists emphasizing limits on state power and recognizing other social groups/institutions.
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Theory of Sovereignty - John Austin
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
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The document defines the key elements that characterize a state:
1) A population residing within a fixed territory. There is no minimum or maximum threshold for the size of the population or territory.
2) An organized government that acts as the machinery through which the state exercises its supreme power and performs various functions.
3) Sovereignty, which is the most important characteristic of a state. Sovereignty refers to the state having supreme power and ultimate authority with no entity above it, both internally over its population and externally as an independent entity not under foreign control.
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This document discusses theories of sovereignty, including:
- John Austin's theory of absolute sovereignty, which defines sovereignty as residing in a single determinate human authority who receives habitual obedience.
- Pluralist theories that reject the idea of absolute state sovereignty, arguing that the state is just one of many associations with claims to individuals' allegiance.
- The key differences between monist/absolute and pluralist conceptions, with pluralists emphasizing limits on state power and recognizing other social groups/institutions.
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The document discusses the concept of sovereignty from various perspectives. It begins with definitions from early theorists like Jean Bodin and explores different types of sovereignty such as titular vs actual. It then analyzes attributes of sovereignty like permanence and indivisibility. The document also covers criticism of theories from thinkers like Austin and examines the Islamic concept of sovereignty, noting attributes like universality and absolutism. It concludes by arguing that while a democratic entitlement is superficially attractive, it could endanger peace and security.
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The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
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This document discusses the concept of sovereignty. It begins by tracing the origins of the term back to ancient philosophers like Aristotle. It then examines key thinkers like Jean Bodin, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Montesquieu who helped develop the modern concept. The document provides definitions of sovereignty from these thinkers and others. It outlines the main characteristics of sovereignty including permanence, universality, exclusiveness, inalienability, indivisibility, unity, absoluteness, and originality. Finally, it examines different kinds of sovereignty such as internal/external, nominal/real, legal/political, de jure/de facto.
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The document defines a state as a community of persons living together on a definite territory with their own government. It identifies four key elements of a state: a population, a geographical area, a government, and sovereignty. It then discusses four theories for the origin of the state: the divine right theory which says God created the state; the force theory which argues states emerged through conquest; the evolutionary theory which views the state as evolving from families and tribes; and the social contract theory which proposes that people voluntarily formed societies and governments to protect their rights.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts regarding constitutions:
- A constitution establishes the fundamental rules that govern a political system and defines the relationship between rulers and citizens. It provides the highest set of laws in a state.
- Constitutions can be written or unwritten. Written constitutions have more advantages as they make the principles of government more certain, definite, and distinct.
- Constitutions can also be rigid or flexible. Rigid constitutions are more stable but less adaptable, while flexible constitutions are more dynamic but risk instability. An ideal system incorporates aspects of both.
- For a constitution to be effective it should limit government power, protect citizens' rights, be written clearly, and
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A government has the basic functions of providing leadership, maintaining order, and public services like national security and economic assistance. It exercises power through laws and enforcement. A nation is a group united by bonds, while a state or country denotes a political community with territory and government. Theories of the origin of the state include that it evolved from families, formed for survival and cooperation, or that certain people were chosen by gods to rule.
States, Nation and Globalization.pptx
The document defines key concepts related to states, nations, and globalization. A state is a political entity with defined territory and people that is sovereign. A nation refers more to a cultural identity of a group of people who share a common history and language. While a state is a legal concept, a nation is more ethnical. A key difference is that a nation can exist without a state, but a state requires sovereignty. Globalization involves social relations becoming less tied to specific territories and more part of a global system, influencing how states deal with each other economically. It can favor Westernization as other states must consider their policies in light of international commerce dominated by Western nations.
statesnationandglobalization-221003125523-f89049a4.pdf
The document defines key concepts related to states, nations, and globalization. A state is a political entity with defined territory and people that is sovereign. A nation refers more to a cultural identity of a group of people who share a common history and culture. While a state is a legal concept, a nation is more ethnical. A key difference is that a nation can exist without a state, but a state requires sovereignty. Globalization involves increasing interconnectedness where social relations are less defined by territorial boundaries, affecting how nation-states interact economically. It can favor Westernization as other states must consider their policies in light of international commerce dominated by Western nations.
Yesica 5 A
The Supreme Court of Colombia has several primary functions:
1. Acting as the highest court of appeals and interpreting the constitution.
2. Judging senior government officials like the president and cabinet ministers for criminal offenses.
3. Settling disputes between different branches of government.
Yesica 5 A
The Supreme Court of Colombia has several primary functions:
1. Acting as the highest court of appeals and interpreting the constitution.
2. Judging senior government officials like the president and cabinet ministers for criminal offenses.
3. Settling disputes between different branches of government.
Nation state system
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Intro to comparative politics
Political science is the study of the state and government. It analyzes how governments are formed and how they function, as well as their relationships with citizens. Throughout history, political science has progressed from seeing government as divine to recognizing that states can be improved. Key figures like Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Lieber helped establish political science as a field of study. A state requires a people, territory, government, and sovereignty to function. While nations are based on ethnicity, states are legal entities that can include multiple nations. Governments take various forms like democracies, dictatorships, and monarchies.
1[1].foundations of american government
The document provides an overview of key concepts in American government including the purposes of government, different types of governments and economic systems. It discusses how governments originated in ancient Greece and how the US government derives its power from the Constitution. It also summarizes different forms of government such as democracy, republic and authoritarian rule, and economic systems including capitalism, socialism and communism.
Similar to Elements & Functions of sovereign state system (20)
Politics and Forms of Government in the Philippines
Politics and Forms of Government in the Philippines
statesnationandglobalization-221003125523-f89049a4.pdf
statesnationandglobalization-221003125523-f89049a4.pdf
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Cross Border Services
This document discusses cross-border trade in services. It provides examples of cross-border services as banking and architectural services transmitted via telecommunication or mail between businesses in neighboring countries. It also lists activities covered by cross-border trade in services, such as production, marketing, sale, and delivery of a service. Finally, it outlines certain government procurements and air services that are excluded from some cross-border service agreements.
Criminal Investigation & Forensic Science
Criminal investigation plays a pivotal role in maintaining law and order by establishing the facts of a crime and identifying the victim and culprit. It involves understanding the nature of the crime and criminal to effectively investigate by collecting evidence to answer questions about what happened, who was involved, when and where it occurred, what the motive was, and whether witnesses can be trusted. Police are the main investigators, but they work with other specialists and the evidence they gather is used to establish the details of the crime and identify the responsible parties.
Multiple Factor Approach Theory - Mobility & Culture Conflicts
This document discusses several factors that can influence criminal behavior according to different criminological theories:
1) Criminal behavior is influenced by a combination of many social and psychological factors rather than a single cause.
2) Modernization, urbanization, and industrialization can sometimes lead to social disorganization and cultural conflicts between groups, resulting in deviant behavior.
3) The propagation of crime reports in media can encourage crime among those with unstable minds or psychopathic tendencies and cause the general public to lose faith in law enforcement.
Needs & Preferential Payment of Creditor Protection
This document discusses creditors and their rights. It defines a creditor as a person who provides money, goods, or services to a company and expects to be paid later. Creditors have a claim on the company that should be reported as a liability on the balance sheet. Creditors can be secured or unsecured. The document also discusses corporate insolvency, creditors' rights, and the need for creditor protection, especially in cases of company winding up where debts to the government, employees and secured creditors must be paid before other debts.
Sustainable Development & Bio-Diversity
The document discusses biodiversity and its importance for sustainable development. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life forms found on Earth, including diversity within and between species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is the foundation for human civilization and provides essential goods, services, and cultural values. However, biodiversity is being lost due to threats like uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources, habitat destruction, conversion of land for human settlements, and coastal destruction. The major threats to biodiversity are the non-recognition of its importance as well as its commercial exploitation and habitat loss.
Liability Convention, 1972
The document summarizes key aspects of the Liability Convention adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1971. It defines damage and identifies four categories of launching states that can be liable. It distinguishes between absolute liability for damage on Earth and fault liability for damage occurring elsewhere. Joint liability applies when two or more states jointly launch an object. Launching states are jointly and severally liable for damage caused, including in cases of joint launchings involving third states. Compensation is to be determined based on international law principles of justice and equality.
General Deduction u/s. 37(1) of the I.T. Act, 1961
This document summarizes the key conditions for claiming a deduction under Section 37(1) of the Principles of Taxation in India. Specifically:
1) The expenditure cannot be covered under Sections 30-36.
2) Capital expenditures are not deductible.
3) Expenditures cannot be personal in nature.
4) Expenditures must be for the purpose of the business carried out by the assessee in the previous year.
5) Illegal expenditures are not deductible.
Powers of Controller in India
This document outlines various powers granted to the controller or authorized persons under the Information Technology Act:
1. The controller has the power to search and seize items if they believe infringement has occurred. This includes placing identification marks, entering and searching premises, searching people, and breaking locks.
2. The controller can call for any information from individuals or organizations that may be useful to determine if the IT Act was contravened.
3. The controller can inspect and make copies of books and have access to computer systems and equipment to search for information.
International Covenant on Economics, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
The document summarizes the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). It notes that the ICESCR is a multilateral treaty adopted by the UN in 1966 that came into force in 1976. It contains 31 articles divided into 5 parts that protect various economic, social, and cultural rights aimed at fulfilling basic human needs and allowing participation in community cultural life. These rights include the rights to work, social security, health, education, adequate living standards, and culture. As of 2018, 169 countries are parties to the ICESCR.
Regulation on sale of Medicines
The document discusses regulations for selling medicines under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act. It states that licensing authorities appointed by state governments issue licenses to sell drugs, which are valid for five years unless suspended or cancelled. Licenses will only be granted to applicants who have proper storage and qualifications, and may be refused to those convicted under the Act. Pharmacies must be run by a registered pharmacist, maintain proper records, and store poisons securely in a locked cupboard marked with the word "poison". Licenses can be cancelled or suspended if any conditions are not complied with.
Situation
Hon'ble Justice Mr. HCJ was appointed as the chairperson of the Competition Commission of India on January 1, 2005 at age 61. According to the Competition Act of 2002, the term for a chairperson is 5 years and they are eligible for reappointment. However, no chairperson can hold the position past age 65. Therefore, since Mr. HCJ would turn 65 on December 31, 2008, he would have to retire from his position before completing his full 5-year term and would not be eligible for reappointment.
Composition of Arbitral Tribunal.
This document discusses provisions around alternative dispute resolution and arbitration. It outlines that an arbitral tribunal shall consist of an odd number of arbitrators unless otherwise agreed, with each party appointing one in a three-arbitrator panel. An arbitrator may only be challenged for circumstances that raise doubts on impartiality or independence, lack of qualifications, or reasons a party became aware of after appointment. The procedure for a challenge requires sending a written statement within 15 days of the relevant event or constitution of the tribunal.
Definition & Kinds Of States
The document discusses key concepts in international law including defining the state, sovereignty, and sovereign equality of states. It notes that defining the state can be difficult as the meaning may vary. It provides definitions of the state as a lawful government with sovereign power over its people and affairs. Sovereignty is described as the absolute and supreme authority within a state. The document also discusses principles of sovereign equality, which means that all states are equal in status regardless of differences in size or population.
Provisions of Hazardous Process
This document discusses provisions around hazardous processes in factories under the Factories (Amendment) Act of 1987. Key points include:
1) The Act defined hazardous processes and established two new schedules listing industries involving hazardous processes and permissible levels of certain chemicals.
2) An Expert Committee was formed under the Chief Inspector of a state to advise on matters arising out of hazardous processes. It includes representatives from various regulatory and expert bodies.
3) Occupiers of factories must disclose all health and safety information regarding hazardous materials and processes to workers, inspectors, and local authorities. They must also maintain health and safety policies and accurate worker health records.
Section 4, Indian Patent Act, 1970
Inventions relating to atomic energy and certain compounds used in atomic energy are not patentable in India. The Atomic Energy Act of 1962 designates that the central government has sole authority over atomic energy development and operation to ensure safety. Specifically, the Act prohibits patents for inventions involving atomic energy as defined through nuclear fission and fusion processes, as well as compounds including uranium, beryllium, thorium, plutonium, radium, and graphite.
History of Foreign Trade: Post, 1991
The document discusses India's economic reforms since 1991 that opened up markets through liberalization, privatization, and globalization. It introduced industrial policy reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao to gradually reduce government controls on foreign trade and investment. This led to a complete change in India's foreign trade composition and direction. Liberalization relaxed previous restrictions on social and economic policies, including removing tariffs and subsidies on international trade flows. Privatization permitted private sector industries that were previously public sector monopolies. Globalization integrated India's domestic economy with worldwide foreign investment, trade, production and financial matters.
My Last Duchess
The document provides context and analysis about the poem "My Last Duchess" by Robert Browning. It describes that the poem is about the Duke of Ferrara who had three marriages but no children. It suggests the Duke was modeled after Alfonso II who ruled Ferrara in the 16th century. The poem reveals the Duke to be proud, possessive, and selfish, as well as a lover of art. It further analyzes that the poem uses ekphrasis to dramatize the viewers' response to a portrait of the Duke's last wife and reveal the violence underlying representation. The Duke shows off the portrait to a visitor while describing his arrogance and how he viewed women as objects.
Jurisdiction of Civil Courts & Statutory exclusion thereof
This document discusses jurisdiction of civil courts under the Code of Civil Procedure. It defines jurisdiction as the authority conferred by law on courts, tribunals, and judges to decide disputes and pass judgements. Jurisdiction depends on subject matter, monetary value, and location. Section 9 of the CPC states that civil courts have jurisdiction over all civil suits, except those whose cognizance is expressly or impliedly barred. Civil suits generally relate to property rights, contracts, damages, and domestic matters. Suits not considered civil involve questions of caste or purely religious rites. The document does not specify who determines jurisdiction.
The Right to genuine criticism & The test of erosion of public confidence
The document discusses the balancing of free speech rights and preserving confidence in the judicial system under the law of contempt. It notes that while the judiciary is open to criticism as part of democratic principles, serious allegations against an individual judge could undermine public trust. The Supreme Court has held that criticism of judicial acts must be respectful and avoid attributing motives, as judgments are public documents that can be commented on and critiqued in a dignified manner.
Section 39 & 40
The document discusses the law of evidence in India. It explains what evidence is necessary when a statement forms part of a conversation, longer statement, document, or electronic record. The court will consider evidence necessary for the full understanding of the nature and effect of the statement in each case. Evidence should not be given against a party without also providing the full context of what was said or written on the same occasion. Amendments were introduced to include electronic records and related terms. Prior judgments can prevent courts from hearing similar cases under the doctrine of res judicata to avoid multiplicity of suits. However, civil court judgments are not admissible as evidence in criminal cases to prove innocence. Judgments show their date and legal consequences but are not
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Multiple Factor Approach Theory - Mobility & Culture Conflicts
Needs & Preferential Payment of Creditor Protection
Needs & Preferential Payment of Creditor Protection
General Deduction u/s. 37(1) of the I.T. Act, 1961
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International Covenant on Economics, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
International Covenant on Economics, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
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多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
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1：该专业认证可证明留学生真实留学身份同时对留学生所学专业等级给予评定。
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3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Elements & Functions of sovereign state system
- 1. Bhargav Dangar Political Science – IV Roll No. 17
- 2. A sovereign state is a state with borders where people live, And where a government makes laws & talks & make agreements with other sovereign states. The people have to follow the laws that the government makes. There are hundreds of sovereign states today.
- 4. The word “sovereignty” means supreme & final legal authority. 1) Internal sovereignty 2) External sovereignty 1) Internal sovereignty means the state is supreme over all its citizens, & associations. 2) External sovereignty means the state is independent & free from foreign or outside control. Sovereignty implies that the governments are the supreme law making authorities in their respective territories.
- 5. The second important element of a state system is territorial integrity . A sovereign state does not like outside interference from other states. The states may influence behavior of each other states through established diplomatic channels. Territorial Integrity
- 6. • All the nation states irrespective of their size, population, military capabilities, economic resources etc. are equal members of International community. • This principal of “equal rights of all the nations large & small” has been accepted by UN charter. Legal Equality