This document discusses the concept of sovereignty, including its definition and types. It was first studied technically by Jean Bodin, who defined sovereignty as the absolute and perpetual power to command. There are several types of sovereignty: titular vs actual, where a titular sovereign has legal power but not actual power; legal vs political, referring to lawmaking authority; and de facto vs de jure, with de facto being power exercised without legal right and de jure being a legal claim without actual power. The document also discusses popular sovereignty, where political power comes from the consent of the people through elected representatives.

1.  DR.MOMINA SAJJAD
PROFESSION: OPTOMETRIST
SOVEREIGNTY AND ITS
TYPES.

2. SOVEREIGNTY

3.  JEAN BODIN (1530-1596)
• French jurist and natural law philosopher.
• Lived during a time of religious turmoil in France.
• Among the first philosophers to attempt technical discussion
of Sovereignty.

4.  What is a State?
•“ The State is a lawful
government with a
sovereign power, of
different households and
their common affairs.”

5. •Hence, today we speak about the
elements of state:
1.Territory.
2.People.
3.Government.
4.Sovereign.
•Of these, the sovereign endows the
state with its identity.

6.  What is Sovereignty?
• “ Sovereignty is an
absolute and
perpetual power that
is the greatest power
to command.”

7.  Types Of Sovereignty.
1.Titular and Actual.
2.Legal and Political.
3.De facto and De jure.
4.Popular.

8.  Titular and Actual
Sovereignty
1.Titular sovereign is
one who enjoys all the
legal powers in theory.
2.The best example of
a titular sovereign is
afforded by the king
or Queen of Great
Britain.
1.In Actual practice his
power are enjoyed by
some other authority.
2.In actual fact, he or
she is a ceremonial
head because all the
powers are exercised
by the Cabinet and
Parliament.

9.  LEGAL ANDPOLITICALSOVEREIGNTY
Legal sovereignty
represents the
lawyer’s conception
of sovereignty. It is
associated with
supreme-law
making authority in
the state.
The body which has
the power to issue final
commands in the form
of laws is the legal
sovereign in a state.
This power may be
vested in one person
or body of persons.It
may be a king or
dictator.

10.  “DE FACTO AND DE JURE”
De facto sovereign is
one who has no legal
claim to sovereignty
but possesses it in fact
and exercises
necessary force to
make and enforce laws.
De Jure is one who
has a legal claim to
sovereignty but
does not possess
it in fact.

11.  POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
•The principle that the authority of
a state and its government is
created and sustained by the
consent of people, through their
elected representatives(Rule by
the People),who are the source of
all political power.