Tin is a post-transition metal that is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite. It has many important uses including coating other metals to prevent corrosion in tin cans and in alloys like solder and bronze. Tin extraction dates back to the Bronze Age and played a key role in the development of civilization through its use in bronze tools and weapons. It has a silvery appearance and low melting point of 232°C.

1. “TIN”
Element #50

2. Group 14
and
Period 5 in Periodic Table
Relative Atomic Mass
118.710
Key isotopes
120Sn
Electron configuration
[Kr] 4d105s25p2
Atomic number
50

3. TIMELINE OF
ELEMENT TIN

4. About the year 1670
Andrew Yarranton undertook,
at the expence of some
enterprising persons, a journey
into Saxony, order to discover
the art of making tin
1857
The 150 year old building,
located in Klang, has a long
trading history and was once
used to store tin and other
products.
Two decades later, it was
converted into a museum. The
various exhibits in the museum
depict the history of Selangor's
tin mining industry
1871
James Smith found the rich
deposit of tin at Mount Bischoff.
The discovery of tin drew the
attention of the people to the
investigation of the rich mineral
resources of the colony.
1872
Thomas Carlean first
discovered stream tin here
near the source of vegetable
creek
1883
Tin has been known to
occur in the southern hills
which drawn the attention
to Richard Pearce.
1929
World War 1, metal tin was
the medical first aid item
issued to the military
soldiers.
1988
The tin mine was
closed after 4000
years of Tin mining
2007
The ten largest companies
produced most of the world's
tin in 2007.
Most of the world's tin is traded
on the London Metal Exchange.
Largest mining companies by
production in tons.
2000
copper implements contained
very little tin as local reserves
of tin had been exhausted.
The first tin artifacts.

5. DEFINITION
 Tin is a chemical element with symbol Sn (from Latin Latin: stannum) and atomi
number 50. It is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table. It is obtained
chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains tin dioxide, SnO2. Tin shows a
chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has
two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most
abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of
stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two
main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-
white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey α-
tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin is not easily oxidized in air.

6. ETYMOLOGY
 The word tin is shared among Germanic languages and can be traced back
to reconstructed Proto-Germanic *tin-
om; cognates include German Zinn, Swedish tenn and Dutch tin. It is not found in other
branches of Indo-European, except by borrowing from Germanic (e.g. Irish tinne from
English).
 The Latin name stannum originally meant an alloy of silver and lead, and came to
mean 'tin' in the 4th century BCE the earlier Latin word for it was plumbum candidum, or
"white lead". Stannum apparently came from an earlier stāgnum (meaning the same
substance),] the origin of the Romance and Celtic terms for tin. The origin
of stannum/stāgnum is unknown; it might be pre-Indo-European.

7. USES AND PROPERTIES
 Image explanation
A common alchemical symbol for tin is shown here embossed on a
‘tin’ can. Tin cans are traditionally made from steel coated with tin.
 Appearance
A soft, pliable metal. Below 13°C it slowly changes to a powder form.

8. USES
 Tin has many uses. It takes a high polish and is used to coat other metals to prevent
corrosion, such as in tin cans, which are made of tin-coated steel. Alloys of tin are
important, such as soft solder, pewter, bronze and phosphor bronze. A niobium-tin alloy
is used for superconducting magnets.
 Most window glass is made by floating molten glass on molten tin to produce a flat
surface. Tin salts sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings.
 The most important tin salt used is tin(II) chloride, which is used as a reducing agent
and as a mordant for dyeing calico and silk. Tin(IV) oxide is used for ceramics and gas
sensors. Zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) is a fire-retardant used in plastics.

9. BIOLOGICAL ROLE
 Tin has no known biological role in humans, although it may be
essential to some species. The metal is non-toxic, but organo-tin
compounds can be poisonous and must be handled with care. Plants
easily absorb tin.

10. NATURAL ABUNDANCE
 Tin is found principally in the ore cassiterite (tin(IV) oxide). It is
mainly found in the ‘tin belt’ stretching through China, Thailand and
Indonesia. It is also mined in Peru, Bolivia and Brazil. It is obtained
commercially by reducing the ore with coal in a furnace.

11. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-
white metal. When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as
the "tin cry" can be heard from the twinning of the crystals. Tin melts
at the low temperature of about 232 °C (450 °F), the lowest in group
14. The melting point is further lowered to 177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for
11 nm particles.

12. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked
by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a
protective coat for other metals. A protective oxide (passivation) layer
prevents further oxidation, the same that forms on pewter and other
tin alloys. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps
accelerate chemical attack.

13. ISOTOPES
 Tin has ten stable isotopes, with atomic masses of 112, 114 through
120, 122 and 124, the greatest number of any element. Of these, the most
abundant are 120Sn (almost a third of all tin), 118Sn, and 116Sn, while the
least abundant is 115Sn. The isotopes with even mass numbers have
no nuclear spin, while those with odd have a spin of +1/2. Tin, with its
three common isotopes 116Sn, 118Sn and 120Sn, is among the easiest
elements to detect and analyze by NMR spectroscopy, and its chemical
shifts are referenced against SnMe4.

14. HISTORY
 Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the Bronze Age
around 3000 BC, when it was observed that copper objects formed
of polymetallic ores with different metal contents had different physical
properties.
 The earliest bronze objects had a tin or arsenic content of less than 2% and
are therefore believed to be the result of unintentional alloying due to trace
metal content in the copper ore.
 The addition of a second metal to copper increases its hardness, lowers the
melting temperature, and improves the casting process by producing a more
fluid melt that cools to a denser, less spongy metal.

15.  Tin had a direct impact on human history mainly on account of bronze,
although it could be used in its own right, witness a tin ring and pilgrim bottle found
in an Egyptian tomb of the eighteenth dynasty (1580–1350 BC). The Chinese were
mining tin around 700 BC in the province of Yunnan. Pure tin has also been found
at Machu Picchu, the mountain citadel of the Incas.
 When copper was alloyed with around 5 per cent of tin it produced bronze,
which not only melted at a lower temperature, so making it easier to work, but
produced a metal that was much harder, and ideal for tools and weapons. The
Bronze Age is now a recognised stage in the development of civilisation. How
bronze was discovered we do not know, but the peoples of Egypt, Mesopotamia,
and the Indus valley started using it around 3000 BC.

16. MINE RESERVES
World tin mine reserves (tonnes, 2011)[40]
Country Reserves
China 1,500,000
Malaysia 250,000
Peru 310,000
Indonesia 800,000
Brazil 590,000
Bolivia 400,000
Russia 350,000
Australia 180,000
Thailand 170,000
Other 180,000
Total 4,800,000

17. VIDEO ABOUT TIN