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EC8073 Medical Electronics - Hints for Slow Learner Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology, Theni, Tamilnadu, India.
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The document discusses cognitive radio architecture. It describes 5 perspectives of cognitive radio architecture:
1) Functions, components and design rules
2) The cognition cycle of observe, orient, plan, decide, and act
3) The inference hierarchy from atomic stimuli to context clusters
4) Architecture maps that show behaviors
5) Building cognitive radio architecture on software-defined radio architectures by adding computational intelligence and learning capabilities.
1fbciobmrrqmnlyjl1he-signature-a1b6820cbe628a2a167a0a81f2762fc8f340dd4b93d47a...
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a cognitive radio course. It discusses key topics like SDR architecture, computational processing resources, and interface topologies. The SDR architecture utilizes a radio front end, modem, cryptographic security function, and application function. Computational resources include GPPs, DSPs, and FPGAs to process signals efficiently. Interface topologies in SDR aim to standardize connections between hardware and software components to allow for plug-and-play functionality.
rafkwnshru2ocnal9ta1-signature-a1b6820cbe628a2a167a0a81f2762fc8f340dd4b93d47a...
The document discusses software defined radios and their evolution. It provides definitions of software radio and describes how radios have evolved from hardware-based to more software-based designs with digital signal processing and software reconfiguration. This allows for greater flexibility, easier upgrades, and lower costs. It outlines the progression from 1G to 2G to 3G cellular networks and how each generation incorporated more software to handle increasing complexity. The benefits of software defined radios are provided for various stakeholders. Finally, it discusses the ideal software radio architecture and challenges in implementation.
Presentation of Software Defined Radio.ppt
This document provides an overview of software defined radio (SDR) including:
1. SDR allows radio functions like modulation/demodulation to be implemented through software modules running on generic hardware rather than dedicated circuits.
2. SDR architectures are described including using DSPs, FPGAs, and microprocessors along with analog RF components.
3. Commercial SDR platforms and development tools are presented including options from Pentek, Entegra, Xilinx, TI, Sundance, Altera along with tools like Zeligsoft CE, Green Hill, MathWorks, and Spectrum Signal Processing.
Engineering Presentation.ppt
The document provides an overview of engineering as a career path. It defines engineers as problem solvers who use technology, creativity, and academic skills in math, science, and computing. The engineering process is described as identifying and defining problems, analyzing them, proposing and selecting preferred solutions, and implementing them. Various types of engineering are outlined, including civil, chemical, electrical, computer, industrial, mechanical, and aeronautical. Civil engineering subfields like structural, transportation, geotechnical, environmental, water resources, and construction engineering are defined. The document concludes with tips for becoming an engineer, such as taking math and science courses in high school and exploring scholarship opportunities.
Presentation1.pptx
An ad hoc network is a decentralized type of wireless network that is formed spontaneously as devices connect. In an ad hoc network, each device must forward data for other devices and act as a router, determining the optimal route. There are different types of ad hoc networks depending on their application. Ad hoc networks do not require expensive infrastructure and can be quickly deployed in emergencies, but security and lack of centralized management present challenges.
UNIT_III_FULL_PPT.pdf.pdf
This document discusses MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by explaining the role and classifications of MAC protocols, and then discusses specific considerations for WSNs, including balancing requirements, energy problems at the MAC layer, and the need for low complexity. It covers low duty cycle protocols that use periodic sleep and wakeup cycles to reduce energy consumption from idle listening. Specific protocols mentioned include S-MAC, the mediation device protocol, and wakeup concepts using cycled receivers and periodic wakeup schemes.
Unit_II_ppt.pdf.pdf
The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSNs), including their challenges, enabling technologies, applications, and architectures. Some key points:
- WSNs consist of nodes that can sense and interact with the environment, collaborating to fulfill tasks. Energy efficiency is important as nodes rely on batteries.
- Challenges include providing different qualities of service, fault tolerance, scalability, lifetime, and programmability while exploiting tradeoffs. Required mechanisms are multi-hop communication, energy efficiency, self-configuration, and data-centric approaches.
- Enabling technologies include miniaturized hardware, improved sensing equipment, and software for task division and network architecture.
- Applications include disaster relief, environment monitoring, healthcare,
Unit_4_Full_pdf.pdf.pdf
The document discusses security requirements, issues, and attacks in wireless sensor networks. It describes the key requirements of confidentiality, integrity, availability, and non-repudiation. It then outlines challenges in security provisioning due to characteristics like shared broadcast channels and lack of central authority. Various attacks are defined at the network, transport, application and multi-layers including jamming, blackhole, Byzantine, and denial of service attacks. Cryptography techniques including symmetric and asymmetric key algorithms are discussed as solutions for security provisioning.
Digital_Notes___UNIT_5___EC8702___AD_HOC_AND__WIRELESS_SENSOR__NETWORKS.pdf.pdf
This document provides an overview of sensor node hardware platforms and programming challenges. It discusses the main components of a basic sensor node, including the controller, memory, sensors/actuators, communication, and power supply. It describes three categories of sensor node hardware: augmented general-purpose computers, dedicated embedded sensor nodes like the Berkeley Motes, and system-on-chip nodes. It then focuses on the Berkeley Motes, outlining their architecture including dual CPU design, memory, radio communication, and energy consumption of components. The document emphasizes that programming for resource-constrained sensor node hardware presents challenges in optimizing for small memory footprints.
Ad Hoc.pptx
This document discusses ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. It defines ad hoc networks as small, temporary networks without centralized devices that connect wireless nodes directly. Issues addressed include medium access control, routing, multicasting, transport layer protocols, quality of service, self-organization, security, energy management, addressing, and scalability. Ad hoc networks provide flexibility and mobility but have limitations such as unpredictable topology, interference, and limited security and bandwidth.
EMG.pdf
The document discusses electromyography (EMG), which measures the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when they contract. It describes how EMG is produced by motor units consisting of motor neurons and muscle fibers. EMG signals can be measured on the skin's surface or intramuscularly using needle electrodes, and they provide information about muscle activation levels, recruitment patterns, and biomechanics. EMG is used clinically to diagnose neuromuscular diseases and assess pain conditions, and technologically to control prosthetics and interface with electronic devices through gesture recognition.
EEG.pdf
This document discusses electrophysiology and bio-potential recording. It was written by N.Mathavan AP for the course Medical Electronics (EC8073) at NSCET. The document contains information presented over 8 pages on the topics of electrophysiology and recording bio-potentials.
PCG.pdf
Medical Electronics
Electronics and Communication Engineering Students
Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology
Bio potentials.pdf
..............................................................................................................................................
........Bio -Potentials
ECG Recording Method.pdf
This document discusses electrophysiology and biopotential recording. It was written by N.Mathavan AP for the Medical Electronics course EC8073 at NSCET. The document is divided into multiple sections that cover topics related to electrophysiology and recording bioelectric signals from the human body.
Bio Amplifiers.pdf
Medical Electronics UNIT - I, Bio Amplifier , For Electronics and Communication Engineering Students - Elective - 3rd Year
Surgical diathermy - EC8073 Medical Electronics - Hints for Slow Learner
EC8073 Medical Electronics - Hints for Slow Learner
Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology, Theni, Tamilnadu, India.
Electrode Potential with image - EC8073 Medical Electronics - Hints for Slow ...
EC8073 Medical Electronics - Hints for Slow Learner
Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology, Theni, Tamilnadu, India.
Pacemaker - EC8073 Medical Electronics - Hints for Slow Learner
EC8073 Medical Electronics - Hints for Slow Learner
Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering and Technology, Theni, Tamilnadu, India.
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Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
this notes have been created
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after readings
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
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Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
For International shipping and maritime laws all wood must contain the ISPM 15 Stamp. Here is how and why.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
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Electrode with image - EC8073 Medical Electronics - Hints for Slow Learner
- 1. N.Mathavan || AP – ECE – NSCET ELECTRODES Pickup the electrical signal of the body (Transducer, Amplifier) 1. Electrode Potential 2. Electrode Material & Paste 3. Types of Electrode Micro Electrodes Metal Micro Electrode or Metallic Electrode Micro Pipet (Non Metalic) 4. Depth and Needle Electrodes 5. Surface Electrodes Metal Plate Electrodes Suction Cup Electrode Adhesive Tape Electrode Multipoint Electrode Floating Electrode 6. Chemical Electrode pH Electrode pCO2 Electrode pO2 Electrode Electrode Potential Voltage developed between Electrode & Electrolyte Perfectly Polarized Electrode Perfectly Non Polarized Electrode Artifact Electrode Material & Paste To minimize the polarization, Silver – Silver Chloride (Ag Ag Cl) Types of Electrode 1. Microelectrodes Small Diameter, Will not damage any cell, for Cell size 50 microns—Electrode size 0 to 5 microns used.
- 2. N.Mathavan || AP – ECE – NSCET (a)Metal Electrodes Electrolytically Etching, Fine Tungsten or Stainless steel, used technique is Electro pointing i. (b) Micropipet (Non Metal Electrodes) Glass micropipette, tip diameter 1 microns, 3 M KCL filled with an electrolyte, Thin flexible metal wire made up of Chloride silver, Stainless steel or Tungsten. 2. Depth & Needle Electrode For better performance need to advance the electrode through the penetration (a)Depth Electrode Used to study the electrical activity of neurons, Electrode Consist of bundle of Teflon insulated Platinum (90%) – Iridium (10%), Active area of Depth electrode is 0.5 mm2 . (b) Needle Electrode Used to record the Peripheral nerves (Electroneurography), it is a Medicine Dropper or Hypodermic needle. 3. Surface Electrode Large area surface electrode used in ECG, Small area surface electrode used in EMG, EEG, during long – term monitoring this method is used. (a)Metal Plate Electrodes Rectangular (3.5cm x 5cm), Circular (4.75cm dia), German silver, Nickel Silver, Resistance value 2 to 10 Kilo ohms. Micropipet (Non-Metal) Bundle of Copper Wire
- 3. N.Mathavan || AP – ECE – NSCET (b)Suction Electrodes More Practical & Well Suited for flat surface, Soft tissue of body, Physically Large. (c)Adhesive tape Electrodes Skin may squeeze electrode paste out, to avoid this problem this method is used, Consist of lightweight metallic screen packed by a pad for electrode paste Multipoint Electrode Practical electrode for ECG measurement, Contain 1000 fine active contact point, Subject has Hair on the region- no need to remove Hair. Floating Electrodes Metal does not contact the subject directly, Electrolyte bridge used, Also Called Liquid junction electrode. 4. Chemical Electrode Used to Measure pH & pO2 content of Blood Used to Determine the Oxygen & CO2 content in the blood (a)pH Electrode The chemical balance of human body is identified by the measurement of pH content of blood. pH is <7 = Acidic, pH is >7 = Basic Human body is slightly Basic pH value of Venous blood = 7.35 pH value of Arterial blood = 7.40 The GLASS electrode are used here (b)PCO2 electrode It consist of standard glass pH electrode covered with the rubber membrane, permeable to CO2 (c)PO2 electrode It consists of piece of Platinum wire embedded in an insulating glass holder. A voltage of 0.7v is applied; Reduction of O2 takes place at the platinum.