Election of 1860
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The 1860 US presidential election saw the Democratic party split between Northern and Southern factions over the issue of slavery. The Republican party emerged as the dominant party in the North, taking an anti-slavery expansion position. Abraham Lincoln was the Republican nominee, while John Breckinridge represented the Southern Democrats and Stephen Douglas the Northern Democrats. A fourth candidate, John Bell, ran as the candidate of the Constitutional Union party. The election was essentially two separate contests, one in the North and one in the South, with Lincoln and Breckinridge emerging as the sectional favorites but no candidate winning a state from the opposing region.
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The document summarizes the increasing partisan polarization in American politics, tracing its roots back to weaknesses in the original constitutional design that did not anticipate the rise of political parties. It analyzes how polarization has increased since the 1960s due to factors like civil rights laws, immigration, and economic inequality. The Republican party's embrace of the Southern Strategy and move to more extreme positions has exacerbated tensions. The Trump era has seen a further rise in polarization as both parties appeal more to their bases. This dynamic creates challenges but also opportunities for Japan's relationship with the U.S. in dealing with issues like China and North Korea.Chapter 5 presentation
Political parties in the United States are decentralized organizations with national, state, and local components. At the national level, each party has a national committee led by a chairperson that oversees the national convention, campaign committees, and fundraising efforts. While the President nominally leads their party, control is diffuse. Parties must satisfy a wide range of voters due to federalism and the decentralized nature of the American political system.
Toward civil war
The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Civil War, including debates over slavery in new territories gained from Mexico, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, and the Lincoln-Douglas debates. Tensions increased as the North and South disagreed over the expansion of slavery. The Missouri Compromise was replaced by popular sovereignty under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, fueling conflict in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery settlers. The Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott denied citizenship to African Americans and found that Congress could not regulate slavery. Lincoln and Douglas debated these issues during their 1858 Senate campaign, further dividing the nation along sectional lines.
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Overview of terrorism as political violence. Focus on both the U.S. and overseas. Initial introduction only.
Reconstruction
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His 121 chapter 10 the jacksonian era
The era of Andrew Jackson examined in light of accomplishments and failures. Complexities of Jacksonian democracy.
3 political realignment
The document summarizes the political turmoil in the United States during the 1850s as the country grappled with the issue of slavery and states' rights. It outlines the breakdown of the two-party system as the Whig party collapsed and new parties like the Know-Nothings and Republicans emerged. Sectional divisions intensified following events like the Dred Scott decision and John Brown's raid, which deepened the rift between the North and South on the issue of slavery. By the late 1850s, the country was becoming increasingly polarized and headed towards civil war.
Irreconsilable period 1
From 1856 to 1860, sectional tensions between the North and South intensified due to several key events and issues:
1) The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 established the principle of "popular sovereignty" but led to violent clashes in "Bleeding Kansas" as both sides fought over whether Kansas would be a slave or free state.
2) The Dred Scott decision in 1857 inflamed tensions by ruling that Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories and that blacks were not citizens.
3) John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 and the publication of Hinton Helper's book Impending Crisis of the South increased Southern fears of Northern abolitionism.
4
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Civil war begins
In his first inaugural address, Lincoln addressed South Carolina's secession from the Union by stating that the Union is perpetual and that he would use presidential powers to hold federal property. Lincoln called on his "dissatisfied fellow countrymen" in the South to avoid civil war and remain united as friends, though passions may be strained. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen from Northern states to serve for 90 days, which was eagerly answered as the Civil War began.
Process of secession
South Carolina seceded from the Union in December 1860 due to fears that a Republican president would limit states' rights. South Carolina cited frequent violations of the Constitution by the federal government and its encroachments on states' rights as justification. Not all South Carolinians supported secession. Some issued demands hoping to avoid secession unless those demands were not met, but radical secessionists prevailed. In February 1861, representatives from seven seceded southern states met in Montgomery, Alabama and formed the Confederate States of America, adopting a constitution and selecting Jefferson Davis as the provisional president. However, the new Confederacy faced many challenges with no currency, printing press, or proper government facilities in its early days.
Civil War Part 4
1) Richmond, the Confederate capital, fell to Union forces in April 1865, causing the Confederate government to collapse. Jefferson Davis and his cabinet fled but Davis was later captured.
2) In 1864, General Sherman led 62,000 Union troops on a destructive march through Georgia to the sea, cutting the Confederacy in two, crippling infrastructure, and compelling an early surrender.
3) Abraham Lincoln was re-elected in 1864 on the Republican platform of continuing the war effort against the Democrats who sought to end the war. This election was pivotal in determining the war's direction and the future of emancipated slaves.
Civil War Part 3
The document discusses the Siege of Vicksburg during the American Civil War. Union forces besieged the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi for 48 days in 1863 to gain control of the Mississippi River. During the siege, inhabitants took shelter in caves and mules were brought in for food. On July 4, 1863, the city surrendered, severing Confederate supply lines. The fall of Vicksburg was a significant victory for the Union as it allowed them to control the Mississippi River. The document then discusses the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, where Confederate troops engaged Union forces but were defeated, marking a turning point in the war.
Civil War Par Three
During the Civil War, the South struggled economically due to lack of resources and industry, which led to inflation, food shortages, and declining morale. In contrast, the North's economy boomed due to strong banks and industries that supplied troops. African Americans served in the Union army and navy, with over 180,000 serving in the army. The 54th Massachusetts regiment was one of the first official black regiments and fought bravely at Fort Wagner, though nearly half were lost. Battlefield medicine was primitive, often causing more harm than good through infection, while disease killed thousands in unsanitary camp conditions. Prison camps like Andersonville struggled with overcrowding and lack of supplies, leading to many deaths.
Civil War Part Two
The document provides an overview of key events and battles in the early Civil War, including:
- The First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, which was the first major land battle and resulted in a Confederate victory over the Union.
- The Militia Act of 1862, which allowed African Americans to join the Union army, though they faced discrimination with lower pay.
- Important naval battles like the CSS Alabama raids and the duel between the CSS Virginia (Merrimac) and USS Monitor in 1862, which marked the beginning of the ironclad warship era.
- The bloody Battle of Antietam in 1862, which was the bloodiest single day in American history and resulted in a Union victory that
Civil war Part One
The document provides an overview of the key events leading up to the American Civil War from 1820 to 1861, including the Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and Dred Scott decision. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of the Union and Confederacy at the start of the war, such as the Union's larger population and industry versus the Confederacy's emotional commitment and better initial officers. Finally, it outlines the early strategies of the war, with the Confederacy pursuing a defensive strategy of attrition and the Union implementing the Anaconda Plan to blockade ports and divide the Eastern and Western sections of the Confederacy.
Slavery presentation 2020
Thomas Jefferson acknowledges the difficult situation regarding slavery in the United States. He states that the country has "the wolf by the ears" in reference to slavery - it can neither hold on to nor safely let go of its grip on slavery. Jefferson notes that considerations of justice and self-preservation are in conflict on the issue of slavery. The statistics shown indicate that the majority of large slaveholdings with over 50 slaves were located in the southern states, demonstrating the economic dominance of cotton production which relied on slave labor.
Era of good feelings 2019
The Era of Good Feelings in the US following the War of 1812 was characterized by a heightened sense of nationalism, optimism about the country's future, and reduced sectionalism and political divisions. There was a decline in political parties, particularly the Federalists, after their opposition to the war. The period saw economic nationalism through measures like tariffs and the Second Bank of the US, as well as judicial nationalism under Chief Justice John Marshall that strengthened the federal government. Territorially, the US expanded its borders through treaties like the Adams-Onis Treaty and asserted its influence through the Monroe Doctrine.
Bill of Rights 2019
The document summarizes the key rights and freedoms outlined in the first 10 amendments of the US Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. It describes the five freedoms protected by the 1st Amendment: speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. It also discusses the debates around the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms and provides overviews of the 3rd through 10th amendments, including protections against unlawful searches and seizures, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process, and the reservation of unenumerated rights to the states and people.
Ratification Federalist and Anti Federalists 2019
The Federalist Papers were a collection of essays written in 1787-1788 under the pen name Publius to advocate for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. They explained how the government would work under the new system and defended the Constitution against criticisms from Anti-Federalists. While Federalists supported the stronger federal government outlined in the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposed it and wanted power to remain with state governments. To gain support for ratification, Federalists promised that if the Constitution was adopted, a Bill of Rights protecting individual liberties would be added.
Preamble Articles of the Constitution 2019
The document provides an overview of the key elements and structure of the US Constitution. It summarizes each Article, outlining the main powers and objectives established. Article I establishes the legislative branch including the bicameral Congress. Article II creates the executive branch headed by the President. Article III forms the judicial branch and Supreme Court. Article IV covers state relations and Article V lays out the amendment process. The summaries effectively distill the most essential information about each Constitutional component in just a few sentences.
7 principles of constitution
The United States Constitution was based on seven fundamental principles established by the Framers: popular sovereignty, where the government's authority comes from the people; republicanism, establishing a representative democracy where voters elect representatives; federalism, creating a partnership between strong central and state governments; separation of powers that divides government among branches; checks and balances allowing each branch to limit the others' power; limited government that restricts governmental power; and individual rights protecting citizens from an overly powerful government through guarantees like the Bill of Rights.
Constituional convention 2019
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention addressed weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and made compromises between large and small states and northern and southern states. They established a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation for each state in the Senate. The convention also addressed the issue of slavery through compromises, including counting enslaved people as three-fifths of persons for representation and prohibiting banning the slave trade for twenty years.
Chapter 12 1 & 2
This document discusses key issues around Reconstruction after the Civil War, including how to bring the Confederate states back into the Union, guarantee rights for freed black Americans, and rebuild the postwar South. It outlines debates around punishing Confederate leaders, granting voting rights and citizenship to black Americans, redistributing land, and establishing new state governments in the South. The document also summarizes the policies of Lincoln, Johnson, and the Radical Republicans toward Reconstruction and the resistance of Southern states to those policies through Black Codes and the rise of groups like the Ku Klux Klan.
To the Revolution
The document summarizes the key events leading up to and during the American Revolutionary War from 1774 to 1776. It describes the First Continental Congress agreeing to non-importation of British goods. The Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775 marked the first military engagements of the war. In response, colonists converged on Boston and the Second Continental Congress assumed management of the war and diplomatic efforts. Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense" advocated for American independence, influencing public opinion. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
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New British tax policies in the colonies led to unrest as colonists felt their rights as Englishmen were being violated. This included taxes on goods like sugar, molasses, coffee and wine. The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first direct tax imposed on colonists and sparked protests. While it was repealed the next year, the Declaratory Act affirmed Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies. Further taxes and acts like the Intolerable Acts closing Boston harbor in response to the Boston Tea Party increased tensions, leading the First Continental Congress to outline plans for colonial self-governance and economic resistance to Britain.
French Indian war 17 18
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Colonial period
The document provides an overview of British colonial America from the initial European colonization led by Columbus in 1492 through the establishment of the 13 original colonies. It describes the different types of colonies (corporate, proprietary, and royal), the founding and key features of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies, including their economies, religions, cultures, and politics. The colonies developed from efforts to establish religious refuges to commercial enterprises focused on exporting cash crops like tobacco, rice, and grain.
Fascism in Italy
This document discusses the ideology and characteristics of fascism in Italy under Mussolini. It describes how fascism celebrated extreme nationalism, subordinated all aspects of society to the state, and used violence and propaganda to gain support. Key aspects included a cult of personality around Mussolini and the state, suppression of opposition and human rights, and an emphasis on militarism, nationalism, and traditional gender roles.
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Election of 1860
- 1. The Election of 1860
- 2. Democrats • Slavery issue finally splits party – Had united under popular sovereignty. – Sounded democratic, fair, and practical.
- 3. Democrats are Split John Breckinridge Southern Dem Stephen Douglas Northern Dem
- 4. Republicans • The leading political organization in the North – Moderate – Opposed the expansion of slavery – Confining slavery = extinction
- 5. Republicans • The leading political organization in the North – Saw egitimacy of the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution – Denounced John Brown
- 7. Constitutional Union party John Bell
- 8. Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Union Party John Breckinridge Southern Dem Stephen Douglas Northern Dem
- 9. The Election of 1860 • The contest was actually two elections, – one in the North (Lincoln vs. Douglas) – one in the South (Breckinridge vs. Bell) • Lincoln did not appear on the ballot in most southern states • No candidate captured a single state in the opposite section.
- 10. The Election of 1860 • Lincoln did not appear on the ballot in most southern states • No candidate captured a single state in the opposite section.
- 12. Robert Toombs • “Never permit this Federal Government to pass into the traitorous hands of the Black Republican party. It has already declared war against you and your institutions. It every day commits acts of war against you; ; it has already compelled you to arm for your defence……Defend yourselves ; the enemy is at your door ; wait not to meet him at the hearthstone, — meet him at the door-sill, and drive him from the temple of liberty, or pull down its pillars and involve him in a common ruin."