Elder mistreatment involves harm or risk of harm to elderly persons by caregivers or trusted individuals. It can take various forms including physical, psychological, sexual, financial abuse, and neglect. Risk factors relate to characteristics of victims, abusers, and external stressors. Abuse may occur at home or in institutions. Prevention requires education while management requires a multidisciplinary approach including medical care, social services, and legal assistance. Identification of abuse involves recognizing physical and behavioral signs, with healthcare providers playing an important role.
Dr. Steve Tam of UC Irvine explains the growing issue of elder abuse and why it is likely to grow in the coming decades. Know the signs of different types of abuse and how to respond to suspected cases.
Dr. Steve Tam of UC Irvine explains the growing issue of elder abuse and why it is likely to grow in the coming decades. Know the signs of different types of abuse and how to respond to suspected cases.
Ethical issues of Care of elderly patients:-
Decision making capacity.
Informed consent.
Refusal of treatment.
Advance directive.
Major ethical principles.
Psycho-social aspects of aging.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of the substance-related disorder.
THERE ARE LAW ASPECT IN ALMOST EVERY PROFESSION IN THE WORLD.THIS PRESENTATION IS THE LEGAL ASPECT OF PROFESSIONAL NURSES IN INDIA,IT ALSO COVER THE LATEST MENTAL HEALTH BILL.
Ethical issues of Care of elderly patients:-
Decision making capacity.
Informed consent.
Refusal of treatment.
Advance directive.
Major ethical principles.
Psycho-social aspects of aging.
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others, and is a form of the substance-related disorder.
THERE ARE LAW ASPECT IN ALMOST EVERY PROFESSION IN THE WORLD.THIS PRESENTATION IS THE LEGAL ASPECT OF PROFESSIONAL NURSES IN INDIA,IT ALSO COVER THE LATEST MENTAL HEALTH BILL.
What Is Elder Abuse and How to Prevent It?Lanzone Morgan
This Slide is presenting about what is elder abuse and how to prevent elder abuse. Look at this presentation and visit website for more info on elder abuse and how to stop it.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has
defined ‘Child Abuse’ as a violation of basic
human rights of a child, constituting all forms of
physical, emotional ill treatment, sexual harm,
neglect or negligent treatment, commercial or
other exploitation, resulting in actual harm or
potential harm to the child’s health, survival,
development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. ‘Child
Neglect’ is stated to occur when there is failure
of a parent/guardian to provide for the development of the child, when a parent/guardian is in
a position to do so (where resources available
to the family or care giver; distinguished from
poverty).
Child maltreatment is a huge global problem with a serious impact on the victims’ physical and mental health, well-being and development throughout their lives and by extension, on society in general.
(WHO & INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION OF CHILD ABUSE AND Neglect)
Elder abuse includes physical, emotional, or sexual harm inflicted upon an older adult, their financial exploitation, or neglect of their welfare by people who are directly responsible for their care.
Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual, or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a parent or other caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or other caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child, and can occur in a child's home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.
Psychology of vulnerable individual:challenged, women , sick, unit 4, psychol...Sumity Arora
The Psychology of physically or mentally challenged persons or those with special needs is an area which is gaining in importance.
Challenged:
• Physical
Mental •
Social
• Emotional
social cognition domains and impairment.pptxDoha Rasheedy
Social cognition refers to a set of neurocognitive processes underlying the individuals’ ability to “make sense of others’ behavior” as a “crucial prerequisite of social interaction” The different psychological processes by which we perceive, interpret, and process social information about ourselves and others. These processes allow people to understand social behavior and respond in ways that are appropriate and beneficial Social cognitive impairments are a prominent concern, or even a core facet, of several neurodegenerative (e.g., behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia), neuropsychiatric (e.g., schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder), and neurodevelopmental (e.g., autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) conditions, and often occur after acute brain damage (e.g., traumatic brain injury and stroke). Moreover, such deficits are critical predictors of functional outcomes because they affect the ability to create and maintain interpersonal relationships, thereby removing their benefits in everyday life Social cognitive disturbances might be relatively subtle and harder to detect informally. Structured social cognitive assessment is, therefore , mandated.
Basic of geriatrics and internal medicine for physiotherapistDoha Rasheedy
collection of lectures for physiotherapy undergraduate students including notes of common health issues (frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, neuropsychiatric issues, constipation, metabolic syndrome and its components, orthostatic hypotension, CLD, CKD, anemia, immobilization, dizziness, falls, fatigue) and how to handle in practice.
summary of age related changes and geriatric pharmacology, safe analgesic prescription in elderly
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Elder mistreatment
1. Elder Mistreatment
Dr.DoHA RASHEEDY ALY
Lecturer of Geriatric Medicine
Department of Geriatric and Gerontology
Ain Shams University
2. Elder mistreatment:
Involves acts of commission or
omission that result in harm or threatened
harm to the health or welfare of an elderly
person by a caregiver or other trusted
person
3. OR
• “Intentional actions that cause harm or
create a serious risk of harm (whether or
not harm is intended) to a vulnerable elder
by a caregiver or other person who stands
in a trust relationship to the elder.
OR:
• “Failure by a caregiver to satisfy the elder’s
basic needs or to protect the elder from
harm”
4. • The definitions exclude violence by strangers.
• There must be a trusting relationship between
an older person and the abuser.
• Willful (attempts harm) non- willful (lack of
skill, burnt out caregiver)
5. Who is the abuser?
• Partner, adult child or other relative.
• Friend, neighbour or visitor
• Patient or resident
• Health care provider, caregiver or other
social or support worker.
• Person managing an older person’s affairs
(e.g. Attorney or guardian).
• Self (self neglect)
7. Epidemiology
• Increases as world is ageing.
• Ranges from 1.5 – 6% across different
population.
• Underreporting ? (only less than 10%
cases are reported)
• Abuse is manifested differently in different
culture and ethnic groups.
8. Barriers to report elderly mistreatment
Lack of awareness (especially among health care professionals).
Health care workers may feel uncomfortable discussing the topic with
their patients or may fear offending their patient’s caregivers.
Knowing that there are few effective avenues to address the problem once
it is identified. lack of satisfaction with the response by the authorities
Ageism and negative stereotyping of the elderly.
It is often difficult to distinguish subtle symptoms of mistreatment from
symptoms of chronic physical and mental illnesses.
Social isolation of the patient, Cognitive impairment.
The elderly person's fear of threatening the relationship with the
caregiver and feeling that there is nowhere else to go, that nothing can be
done to help.
The shame in admitting abuse by one's own family.
9. Risk Factors For Elderly Mistreatment
• Factors in the victim.
• Factors in the abuser.
• External factors as living arrangements, external
stress and social isolation
But, THERE IS NO EXCUSE FOR ABUSE
10.
11. Types of Abuse
• Physical
• Psychological
• Sexual
• Violation of Rights
• Neglect
• Financial exploitation
12. Physical abuse
• Physical abuse is the use of force that results
in physical injury, pain, or impairment and
may include hitting, shoving, shaking,
slapping, kicking, pinching, and burning.
Additionally, the inappropriate use of drugs
and physical restraints, force feeding, and
physical punishment.
13.
14. SEXUAL ABUSE
• nonconsensual sexual contact of any kind or
sexual contact with a person incapable of giving
consent. It includes unwanted touching, sexual
assault, and sexual battery.
• Primary evidence of sexual abuse includes
bruising of the perineal region or presence of
semen. Secondary evidence includes new onset
of a sexually transmitted disease, blood, or
purulent discharge
15. PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE
• infliction of anguish, emotional pain, or
distress through verbal or nonverbal acts.
It includes verbal assaults, insults, threats,
intimidation, humiliation, , name-calling or
harassment, silence treatment.
• Psychological abuse also includes
statements that humiliate or infantilize the
elderly person.
16.
17. TYPES OF NEGLECT
• Active Neglect: intentional failure of a
care-giver to fulfill his/her care–giving
responsibilities
• Passive Neglect: Unintentional failure of a
care-giver to fulfill his/her care–giving
responsibilities
• Self Neglect: The older person not
providing his/her own essential needs
18. VIOLATION OF RIGHTS
• Abandonment: desertion of an elderly
person for whom one has agreed to care
for, “dumping” a cognitively impaired elder
at an emergency room with no
identification
• denial of privacy
• participation in decision-making.
19. FINANCIAL EXPLOITATION
• is the illegal or improper use of an elderly
person’s funds, property, or assets.
• It may include cashing checks without
authorization, forging an elderly person’s
signature, misusing elderly person’s
money or possessions, deceiving an
elderly person into signing a document
such as a contract or will, or improper use
of guardianship or power of attorney,
medical fraud.
20. Is Elder Abuse a Crime?
• Physical, sexual, and financial/material
abuses are considered crimes.
• Certain emotional abuse and neglect are
subject to criminal prosecution.
• SELF-NEGLECT IS NOT CONSIDERED
A CRIME.
21. Indicators for elder mistreatment
Physical Signs:-
• Multiple injuries, especially of different ages; bruises,
welts, cuts, abrasions;
• Scalds & burns, especially sock & glove patterns;
• Genital Injuries
• Poisoning especially if recurrent
• Sexually transmitted diseases;
• Patterned bruising;
• Unexplained failure to thrive;
• Poor hygiene;
• Dehydration or malnutrition;
• Fractures, especially if in specific patterns;
22. Behavioral Indicators
• Fear of particular person
• Appears worried and/or anxious
• Becomes easily irritable or upset
• Appears depressed or withdrawn
• Avoids physical eye or verbal contact with carer
or service provider.
• Difficulty in walking or sitting
• Pain or itching in genital area
• Recoiling from being touched
• Fear of bathing or toileting
23. Indicators of Financial Abuse
• Lack of money for necessities
• Depletion of savings
• Disappearance of possessions
• Sale of property by older person who
seems confused about the reasons for the
sale
24. Indicators of Neglect & Acts of Omission
• Malnourishment or dehydration
• Poor personal hygiene
• Clothing in poor repair
• Absence of appropriate dentures, glasses
or hearing aids
• Left unattended for long periods
• Medicines not purchased or administered
25. Indicators of Self Neglect
• Reclusive, filthy and unhealthy living
environments
• Collecting and/or hoarding rubbish
• Poor personal hygiene
• Inappropriate or unusual clothing
• Menagerie of pets
26. INSTITUTIONAL ABUSE
failure of an organization to provide an
appropriate and professional service.
Indicators:
• Low staff morale
• High staff turnover
• High sickness rates
• Excessive hours worked and frequent use of agency staff
• Lack of consideration for Privacy
• Lack of care with personal clothing (including loss of clothes,
being dressed in other peoples’ clothes, dirty or unkempt,
spectacles not clean, wearing other peoples’ spectacles,
hearing aids or teeth)
27. • Poor hygiene with noticeable smell of
urine
• Residents in dirty clothing and/or bed linen
• Inappropriate use of equipment
• Over reliance on sedating medication,
catheterisation and enemas
• Lack of communication between staff, staff
and residents and staff and relatives
29. • Effective management requires a
multidisciplinary approach that covers
broad areas of
• medical treatment,
• mental health care,
• social services, and
• legal assistance.
30. Prevention
• Education is the cornerstone of preventing elder
abuse.
• Respite care essential in reducing caregiver stress
• Social contact & support the elderly, family members
& caregivers.
• Counseling for behavioral or personal problems in
the family play a significant role.
• If there is a substance abuse problem, treatment is
first step in preventing violence against older family
member.
31. Identification of suspected
cases
• Physicians should learn to recognize the
common signs and symptoms of elder abuse,
many of which can be subtle.
• Health care provider may be the only contact of
the elder other than the abuser.
• When the physician suspects a problem, he
should conduct a thorough history and physical
exam, and the caretaker should be asked to
leave the examining room during the interview.
32. • Victims may not expose truth immediately,
instead asking directly, physician should
begin with questions about nature of
relationship with the caregiver, conditions
of the home, and circumstances
surrounding her physical signs and
symptoms.
• Assess patient safety , if unsafe hospital
admission is warranted.
• Develop a plan-of-care to promote
functional independence
33. Assessment
• Medical
• Cognition
• Mood
• Functional
• Decision making capacity.
• Home assessment
• Documentation of signs of abuse
34. • Reporting
• APS
• Community services
• guardianship
35. Provide the Pt:
Education: Promote the social attitude that no one should be subjected to
violent, abusive, humiliating, or neglectful behavior. Educate about the special
needs and problems of older adults and about the risk factors for abuse.
Provide resources accessible for geographic areas and on-going and emergent
support.
Respite care: Temporary rest and “time off” is essential in reducing caregiver
stress, a major contributing factor in elder abuse.
Social contact and support: Encourage being part of a social circle or
support group. Having other people to talk to is an important part of relieving
tensions. Many times, families/ friends can share solutions and provide informal
respite for each other. Abuse is less likely to go unnoticed when there is a
larger social circle, “more eyes” on the Pt.
Counseling: Encourage changing lifelong patterns of behavior and finding
solutions to problems emerging from current stressors. If there is a substance
abuse, behavior problem in the family, treatment is the first step in preventing
violence against the older family member. Address mental illness issues.
Professionals and Community should:
Keep a watchful eye out for family, friends, and neighbors who may be
vulnerable.
Get educated and understand that abuse can happen to anyone.
Speak up if you have concerns. Trust your instincts! Know what to look for.
Keep reporting any suspicions you have of abuse to helping agencies.
Spread the word. Share what you’ve learned to friends, family and people you
work with.
36. Instructions to a caregiver:-
If the caregiver overwhelmed by the demands of caring for
an elder, instruct (he /she ) to do the following:
Request help, from friends, relatives, or local respite care agencies, so you
can take a break, if only for a couple of hours.
Find an adult day care program.
Stay healthy and get medical care for yourself when necessary.
Adopt stress reduction practices.
Seek counseling for depression, which can lead to elder abuse.
Find a support group for caregivers of the elderly.
If caregiver is having a problems with drug or alcohol abuse, get help.
38. • Despite your best efforts to identify elder
abuse and offer assistance, the suspected
victim may refuse help.
• Whether abused or not, competent adults
have the legal right to refuse medical and
social services.