An ecosystem is a living system where biotic and abiotic components interact in an interdependent way. Ecosystems can be analyzed based on their energy flow, food chains, patterns of diversity, and development over time. Key components of ecosystems include producers, consumers, decomposers, and the abiotic environment. Ecosystems strive for homeostasis and can be disrupted by human activities that introduce excessive organic pollution.

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ECOSYSTEM
Created by
Yudha Taqwansyah Prawira Negara

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Introduction
Another term Ecosystem = Biocoenosis = Microcosm
= Geobiocoenocis.
An ecosystem is a place where life takes place in an
orderly and independent or dependent system, for
example a food chain/web and the hydrological cycle.
An ecosystem is a living system or an independent system
(meaning that it is sufficient for all of its own needs on an
ongoing basis/self-sustained).
Geography studies ecosystems as part of the space/surface
of the earth in their life systems (for example Mangrove
Management and Management of Natural Resources, and
River/Lake Watershed Systems).

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MPT/EKOSISTEM/GEOGRAFI-UI
Ecosystem typology
In terms of food levels, there are two components of the
ecosystem, namely:
1. Autotrophic;
2. Heterotrophic.
From a functional perspective, ecosystems can be
analyzed according to:
1. Energy Circle
2. Food chain
3. Patterns of Diversity in Time and Space
4. Development and Evolution
5. Control (Cybernetics)
MPT/EKOSISTEM/GEOGRAFI-UI

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In terms of life, the ecosystem consists of two components, namely:
Ecosystem
Abiotic
Organic Compounds
Inorganic
Compounds
Environment
Biotic
Producer
Macroconsumers
(phagotrophs)
Microconsumers
(saprotrophs)

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In terms of biology, there are 2 (two) basic types of
ecosystems:
1. Microecosystems are straight from nature, so they
resemble natural ecosystems, but are simpler;
2. Ecosystems built by adding certain types of organisms
from the outside. These cultures are often called
gnotobiotic, to study the nutrition and biochemistry and
other aspects of the species. If the case
In terms of geography, ecosystems are:
1. Place of Life (Growing & Developing Requirements)
2. Distribution of Living Things (Holistic &
Comprehensive)
3. System of Interrelation and Interaction of Biotic and

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In an ecosystem there is an obligatory dependency
relationship between autotrophic and heterotrophic
components, so they cannot be separated, for example in
a lake ecosystem.
Lake Ecosystem:
1. Abiotic Components
a. Inorganic Compounds= H2O, CO2, O2, K, Na, dan P
b. Organic Compounds= Amino Acids, Humus.
2. Producer Organisms
a. Rooted Plants (Benthos)
b. Small Floating Plants (Phytoplankton)
eg Algae.

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Advanced Lake Ecosystem:
3. Macroconsumer Organisms (insect larvae, crustaceans, fish)
a. Macroconsumer I = herbivores
b. Macroconsumer II = Carnivora
c. Other Consumer Types = Detrivores (decomposition results
z
4. Saprotropic organisms (bacteria, fungi) are found in the
base water layer (base flow).

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Ecosystem Homeostasis.
Ecosystems are capable of maintaining and self-
regulating as well as the components that compose
them, namely organisms and populations. Because of
that cybernetics (control science) has an important role
in eco
Homeostasis is the term for the tendency of biological
systems to resist change and always be in balance.

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Watershed Unit as an Ecosystem:
The entire water catchment area, not only the body of water
must be considered as a minimum unit of ecosystem, but the
entire living system in the DA if this is a concern.
Ecosystem
DA Ci Liwung
upstream
Middle
Downstream
/Estuary
Distribution
of Biotic
and Abiotic
Interrelation
and
Interaction
Life System
Sustainable, Optimal
and Passionate

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Soil as an Ecosystem and Its Interaction
Surface of the
Earth/Soil
As an Ecosystem
Scraping
area
Sediment
Region
Delta
River/Beach
Embankment
Shelf
Burnt
Low
< 100 m dpl
Mid 100 – 500 m dpl
High Mountains
> 500 m dpl

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Cultural Eutrophication/Cultural Enrichment is showing
the impact of organic pollution as a result of human
activities on land areas and river/lake drainage.
If humans increase soil erosion or introduce the amount of
organic matter (water discharge and/or waste disposal) at a
rate unacceptable to the soil and drainage environment

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Environmental Carrying Capacity and
Capacity
Environmental Carrying Capacity is the ability of the
environment (abiotic & biotic) to optimally support the life
of living things.
Environmental Capacity is the ability of the
environment (abiotic & biotic) to optimally
accommodate the life of living things.
Limiting Factors:
 Area/Space (Area);
 Community Diversity;
 Time.

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The value of Environmental Carrying Capacity (CC) is
not generally accepted, but is very specific for a certain
species at a certain time and location.
For example, CC Banteng in Ujung Kulon is different
from CC Banteng in
Carrying
capacity
CC Economics
CC Ecological

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CC Economics, includes:
• Maximum Harvesting Density Rate
• Density level with minimum impact on wildlife
and habitat
Ecological CC, includes:
• Subsystem Density Level
• Tolerant Density Level
• Safe Density Level

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Time
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
S
i
z
e
Y- Max
X- Min
CC Economics
CC Ecological
Sigmoid Growth Chart
(Bailey, 1984)

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The Subsystem Density Level occurs if the population
growth is affected by the food.
Tolerant Density Level is the number of wild animals that
can be accommodated/supported by a habitat, in
conditions where intrinsic behavior and physiological
mechanisms dominate population control mechanisms.
Security Density Level = the number of wild animals that
can be accommodated in a habitat in conditions where
welfare factors play a role in suppressing the influence of
predation

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The theory of pressure (compression theory)
to explain the overpopulation of elephants in
several National Parks. The entry of elephants
into the National Park area is caused by
intensive hunting in the surrounding area, so
that they seek protection in the National Park
area.

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Terrestrial Fossil Ecosystems
Table Classification of Land Floras
Evolution
Floras
Characteristic Range
Cenophytic seed-bearing, flowering
angiosperms
mid-cretaceous-
recent
Mesophytic dominated by gymnosperms
including advanced cone-
bearing and seed-producing
forms
mid-permian-early
cretaceoy
Palaeophytic dominated by spore-bearing
land vascular plants
mid-ordovician-early
permian
Epeirophytic algal-microbial-land
assemblages
pre-mid-ordovician

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Conclusion
• Ecosystem = Biocoenocis = Microcosm =
Geobiocoenocis
• Ecosystem (A.G.Transley, 1935), England;
• Biocoenocis (Karl Mobius), Germany;
• Mikrocosm (S.A.Forbes), USA;
• Geobiocoenocis (V.U. Duhuchaev), Moscow/Rus