1) The document investigates the effects of friction stir processing (FSP) on the microstructure and superplasticity of in situ nano-ZrB2/2024Al composites.
2) After FSP, the coarse grains of the cast composites were refined to about 1 μm in size and the uniformity of the nano-ZrB2 reinforcements was improved.
3) Under the same testing conditions, the FSP composite exhibited a superplastic elongation of 292.5% while the cast composite elongation was less than 100%, demonstrating improved superplastic properties from FSP.
Knowledge and Experience of Menopause - A Rural Based Study in Aligarhjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The menopause is a transitional phase in women’s life.The level of oestrogen is decreased ,because of which a variety of symptoms such as hot flushes, mucosal dryness, excessive sweating, emotional fluctuations, psychoses, decr-eased strength and calcification of bones occurs. Attitudes, perception and expectations are part of the psychosocial phenomenon surrounding menopause. Natural menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea not associated with a pathological cause. Menopause is a gradual process that lasts for about 2 years, called climacteric. It is normal and should not be taken as a disease or syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and experience of menopausal symptoms among women who had attained menopause
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
Knowledge and Experience of Menopause - A Rural Based Study in Aligarhjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The menopause is a transitional phase in women’s life.The level of oestrogen is decreased ,because of which a variety of symptoms such as hot flushes, mucosal dryness, excessive sweating, emotional fluctuations, psychoses, decr-eased strength and calcification of bones occurs. Attitudes, perception and expectations are part of the psychosocial phenomenon surrounding menopause. Natural menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea not associated with a pathological cause. Menopause is a gradual process that lasts for about 2 years, called climacteric. It is normal and should not be taken as a disease or syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and experience of menopausal symptoms among women who had attained menopause
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
Analysis and quantification of grain size in various dhp copper tubes manufac...Rautomead Limited
Abstract. Deoxidized High Phosphorus (DHP) Copper tubes are frequently used in numerous
industrial and household applications. To ensure the acceptability of DHP copper tubes prepared by
various industrial processes, the quality of the DHP copper tubes must be evaluated and one of the
best ways to do so is to examine the microstructure and metallography and quantify grain size. In
this paper the authors considered the average grain size of copper tube samples made traditionally
as well as by the planetary rolling and CastTube process. Because of the small thickness of the
CastTube samples, in certain circumstances traditional methods of grain counting were not
plausible and a new procedure for grain counting needed developed. This paper is about the
development and evaluation of grain sizes in continuously cast tube samples using both the
planimetric procedure (ASTM E112) and a new method, which will be herby, referred to as the
“total grain counting method”. This paper also concludes that there is a large difference in the grain
size of tubes with different manufacturing methods.
Experimental Behaviour of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with partial Replac...ijtsrd
Concrete is generally used due to the abundance of uncooked material, low manufacturing and protection cost, excellence in compression, corrosion aspects, and versatility in forming more than a few shapes and its limitless structural purposes in aggregate with metal reinforcement. All these elements have contributed pressures to decrease cement consumption and to intensify lookup in exploring the probabilities of improving strength, sturdiness and corrosion discount via the use of pozzolonas as supplementary cementing materials. Fibre bolstered concrete FRC is a fibre reinforcing cementitious concrete composite, and by way of including discrete brief fibres randomly in concrete it famous many appreciably multiplied engineering residences It is manufactured from kaolin which makes the concrete extra long lasting and ecofriendly. In the current investigation mechanical residences of concrete containing each Fly ash and Metakaolin at a number of combos are studied. For the a range of mixtures of Fly ash and Metakaolin, cubes cylindrical and prism specimens are casted with 1 of fibres and the compression strength, break up tensile energy and flexural energy take a look at consequences are got and in contrast with the traditional combine having 1 fibres. It is thereby counseled that utilization of these cementitious substances in concrete will decrease the requirement for cement thereby marching in the direction of green construction. M. Sankaran | Dr. M. Gunasekaran | M. Loganathan "Experimental Behaviour of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with partial Replacement of Fly Ash & Metakaolin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33163.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33163/experimental-behaviour-of-steel-fiber-reinforced-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-fly-ash-and-metakaolin/m-sankaran
The present research work is on bronze alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash particulate in
weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9%. The specimens can be produced by Liquid metallurgy technique (Stir casting
method) will be used to produce metal matrix composites using Aluminum Copper alloys as matrix material. The
produced composites will be characterized with respect to mechanical properties and wear properties. Results
obtained from the above investigation, it can be seen that the rate of wear is decreased with increasing bronze and
will be helpful for the end of users in the foundry of automobile and aerospace industries.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
SiC and ZrO2 Weigh Percentage Effects on Microstructure of Al Based Matrix Co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
SiC and ZrO2 particle are succesfully reaction synthesized from powder of Al, ZrO2 and SiC using spark plasma sintering method. The XRD of sintered composite and microstructure of the aas-sintered products. With the ZrO2 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the and the ZrO2 and nano SiC particles are dispersing more uniformly in Al matrix, forming a homogeneous structure with the least porosity.
Effect of stacking sequence and hybridization on the tensile and flexural properties of composite
laminates between basalt, jute and flax with E-glass reinforced epoxy have been investigated experimentally. It
was found that stacking sequence is not highly significant on tensile properties, contrasting with flexural strength
and modulus which were strongly dependent on the hybrid configuration between sandwich-like (SL) and
intercalation (IC) sequences. Specific modulus based on the variation densities of the hybrid laminates was used
to discover the best combination either basalt, jute or flax with E-glass exhibits superior properties concerning
on the strength to weight- ratio. Hence, stacking sequences and material selection are among predominant factors
that influence on mechanical properties and very crucial in designing composite hybrid system to meet the desired
requirements.
Influence of Ion Beam and Carbon Black Filler Type on the Mechanical and Phys...Editor IJCATR
Five types of carbon black nanofillers, namely Intermediate Super-Abrasion Furnace ISAF (N220), High-Abrasion Furnace
HAF-LS (N326), Fast Extruding Furnace FEF (N550), General Purpose Furnace GPF (N660) and Semi-Reinforcing Furnace SRF-HS
(N774) were incorporated with butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) in order to improve its physical properties. Young's modulus was
found to increase with nanofiller content. Percolation concentration was detected in mechanical as well as in Physico-chemical behavior.
The experimental values of the normalized Young's modulus fit well with Pukanszky et al. model; taking into consideration the difference
in carbon black-filler type. It is noticed that the characteristic time of swelling in toluene, τ is higher for NBR loaded with 30 phr ISAF
and for the rest of samples it increases with increasing of particle size. Finally oxygen ion beam irradiation for percolative loading NBR
nanocomposites increases Young's modulus nearly by 2-3 times.
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characteristics of Hypoeutectic Cu-Zr Alloy Rods Manufactured by Vertical Upw...Rautomead Limited
The focus in this study is therefore on applying a vertical upwards continuous casting (VUCC) mass-production
method to the pilot-scale manufacturing of Cu-Zr alloy rods. The microstructure and physical characteristics of these
VUCC rods were subsequently investigated and compared with rods produced by CMC. In addition, the wire-drawing
capability of the VUCC rods was examined, and the adaptability of the VUCC method to the mass production of
hypoeutectic Cu-Zr alloys was fully investigated.
2.
EFFECT OF ANTIMONY ADDITION RELATIVE TO MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERT...Rautomead Limited
It is well documented that the addition of antimony in pure lead increases tensile strength and reduced elongation. The goal of the present work is to identify the cause of these phenomena by investigation of the effects of the addition of Sb (1.25%) on the structure of pure continuously cast lead and lead alloy rods. The microstructure and morphology of both pure lead and lead 1.25% antimony were examined by digital optical microscope and scanning electron microscope respectively. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify alloying elements. The results showed that the effect of additions of antimony on mechanical properties of lead-antimony alloys is mainly due to the solid solubility of the antimony element. Homogenized distribution of the antimony results in a decrease in the grain size of the pure lead. These smaller grains mean higher strength so long as there is a homogeneous grain structure
Analysis and quantification of grain size in various dhp copper tubes manufac...Rautomead Limited
Abstract. Deoxidized High Phosphorus (DHP) Copper tubes are frequently used in numerous
industrial and household applications. To ensure the acceptability of DHP copper tubes prepared by
various industrial processes, the quality of the DHP copper tubes must be evaluated and one of the
best ways to do so is to examine the microstructure and metallography and quantify grain size. In
this paper the authors considered the average grain size of copper tube samples made traditionally
as well as by the planetary rolling and CastTube process. Because of the small thickness of the
CastTube samples, in certain circumstances traditional methods of grain counting were not
plausible and a new procedure for grain counting needed developed. This paper is about the
development and evaluation of grain sizes in continuously cast tube samples using both the
planimetric procedure (ASTM E112) and a new method, which will be herby, referred to as the
“total grain counting method”. This paper also concludes that there is a large difference in the grain
size of tubes with different manufacturing methods.
Experimental Behaviour of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with partial Replac...ijtsrd
Concrete is generally used due to the abundance of uncooked material, low manufacturing and protection cost, excellence in compression, corrosion aspects, and versatility in forming more than a few shapes and its limitless structural purposes in aggregate with metal reinforcement. All these elements have contributed pressures to decrease cement consumption and to intensify lookup in exploring the probabilities of improving strength, sturdiness and corrosion discount via the use of pozzolonas as supplementary cementing materials. Fibre bolstered concrete FRC is a fibre reinforcing cementitious concrete composite, and by way of including discrete brief fibres randomly in concrete it famous many appreciably multiplied engineering residences It is manufactured from kaolin which makes the concrete extra long lasting and ecofriendly. In the current investigation mechanical residences of concrete containing each Fly ash and Metakaolin at a number of combos are studied. For the a range of mixtures of Fly ash and Metakaolin, cubes cylindrical and prism specimens are casted with 1 of fibres and the compression strength, break up tensile energy and flexural energy take a look at consequences are got and in contrast with the traditional combine having 1 fibres. It is thereby counseled that utilization of these cementitious substances in concrete will decrease the requirement for cement thereby marching in the direction of green construction. M. Sankaran | Dr. M. Gunasekaran | M. Loganathan "Experimental Behaviour of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with partial Replacement of Fly Ash & Metakaolin" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33163.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33163/experimental-behaviour-of-steel-fiber-reinforced-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-fly-ash-and-metakaolin/m-sankaran
The present research work is on bronze alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash particulate in
weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9%. The specimens can be produced by Liquid metallurgy technique (Stir casting
method) will be used to produce metal matrix composites using Aluminum Copper alloys as matrix material. The
produced composites will be characterized with respect to mechanical properties and wear properties. Results
obtained from the above investigation, it can be seen that the rate of wear is decreased with increasing bronze and
will be helpful for the end of users in the foundry of automobile and aerospace industries.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Investigation of the distribution of lead in three different combinations of ...Rautomead Limited
The main objective of this paper was to assess three leaded
brass samples (pending application with Copper Development
Association) using optical microscopy and mass
spectrometry to compare the distribution of lead. Based on
the mass spectrometry data, a great deal of variation was
not found within each of the samples based on five different
sample locations. Optical microscopy, scanning electron
microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
confirmed that the lead was homogenously distributed in
brass.
SiC and ZrO2 Weigh Percentage Effects on Microstructure of Al Based Matrix Co...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
SiC and ZrO2 particle are succesfully reaction synthesized from powder of Al, ZrO2 and SiC using spark plasma sintering method. The XRD of sintered composite and microstructure of the aas-sintered products. With the ZrO2 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the and the ZrO2 and nano SiC particles are dispersing more uniformly in Al matrix, forming a homogeneous structure with the least porosity.
Effect of stacking sequence and hybridization on the tensile and flexural properties of composite
laminates between basalt, jute and flax with E-glass reinforced epoxy have been investigated experimentally. It
was found that stacking sequence is not highly significant on tensile properties, contrasting with flexural strength
and modulus which were strongly dependent on the hybrid configuration between sandwich-like (SL) and
intercalation (IC) sequences. Specific modulus based on the variation densities of the hybrid laminates was used
to discover the best combination either basalt, jute or flax with E-glass exhibits superior properties concerning
on the strength to weight- ratio. Hence, stacking sequences and material selection are among predominant factors
that influence on mechanical properties and very crucial in designing composite hybrid system to meet the desired
requirements.
Influence of Ion Beam and Carbon Black Filler Type on the Mechanical and Phys...Editor IJCATR
Five types of carbon black nanofillers, namely Intermediate Super-Abrasion Furnace ISAF (N220), High-Abrasion Furnace
HAF-LS (N326), Fast Extruding Furnace FEF (N550), General Purpose Furnace GPF (N660) and Semi-Reinforcing Furnace SRF-HS
(N774) were incorporated with butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (NBR) in order to improve its physical properties. Young's modulus was
found to increase with nanofiller content. Percolation concentration was detected in mechanical as well as in Physico-chemical behavior.
The experimental values of the normalized Young's modulus fit well with Pukanszky et al. model; taking into consideration the difference
in carbon black-filler type. It is noticed that the characteristic time of swelling in toluene, τ is higher for NBR loaded with 30 phr ISAF
and for the rest of samples it increases with increasing of particle size. Finally oxygen ion beam irradiation for percolative loading NBR
nanocomposites increases Young's modulus nearly by 2-3 times.
Improving Mechanical Properties of AL 7075 alloy by Equal Channel Angular Ext...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Fabrication and Micro structural Analysis of Carbon Nano Tube Materials by Ad...IJERA Editor
The application spectrum of low cost material reinforced metal matrix composites is growing rapidly in various
engineering fields due to their superior mechanical and thermal properties. In the present study it is proposed to
explore the possibilities of reinforcing aluminum alloys (AlSiC and Al6061) with locally available inexpensive
rice husk and fly ash for developing a new composite material. A sample of TiB2 also added to one sample to
get better phenomena’s in matrix composites. A rice husk and fly ash particles of 5, 10 and15% each by weight
are proposed to develop metal matrix composites using liquid metal processing route. Stir cast and in-situ
methods are used to prepare composites. Fabrication did by considering constant stirrer RPM. The fabricated
samples analyzed to study internal bonding applications and properties by using SEM and OM. Thermal
conductivity voltage constants also observed in microstructure analysis and flow of material also analyzed.
Nanocoating GDZ is compared with Conventional YSZ coating for Hot Corrosion Resistance in presence of V2O5 and Na2SO4 salt which are formed at high temp in gas turbines.
Investigation on the behaviour of alfa composite in pre and post heat treated...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Of the many types of particulate reinforcements fly ash is one type that is being used from the recent past to develop the composites. In the current research fly ash is reinforced in the aluminium alloy AA2024 to develop ALFA (ALuminium Fly Ash) composites. The stir casting technique is employed in the development of the said composite as this technique is economical and would produce a composite with fairly uniform distribution of the fly ash reinforcement in the alloy matrix. The fly ash was added in 2.5 and 5% by weight to the molten metal. Increase in the percentage weight of fly ash reinforcement resulted improvement in the mechanical properties. The composite is tested for hardness, tensile strength and wear performance under pre-heat treatment, as quenched and in peak hardened conditions. The peak hardened composite showed a superior hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance than the others.
Keywords: stir casting, fly ash composites, heat treatment, and characterization
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
Study of the effects of carbon and glass fibre reinforcement and other filler...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, composite materials required for elevated temperature applications were fabricated using vacuum bagging technique. Epoxy Resin (ER-VP401) was used as the matrix and Glass fibre was used as reinforcement. SiC, Al2O3 and others were used as fillers to bring in elevated temperature resistance. These composites were subjected to mechanical tests like Tensile, Hardness and Impact test. Tribological tests like two body abrasion and Pin on disc (POD) were carried out. Tensile strength, hardness and impact energy were improved with increase in fillers content. Wear resistance also improved with increase in percentage of fillers substantially. SEM micrographs are used to explain the mechanism of the material strengthening at elevated temperatures. Keywords: Epoxy resin, Glass Fiber (GF), Al2O3, SiC, Elevated Temperature Resistance.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption.
AXIAL CRUSHING OF GFRP FRUSTA: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Experimental and numerical analysis of the axial crushing of glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) frusta tubes are presented in this study. The frusta tubes
are fabricated from plain woven C-glass fabric bonded with the epoxy system LY-556
resin and HY951 hardener. Two semi-apical angles 5º and 10º with 95mm height and
1.4mm wall thickness were studied under quasi-static crush conditions. All specimens
showed progressive damage in region starts from the contact with the crushing
crosshead and spreads about 7mm ahead the crushing surface. Mix of tiny debris and
strip shaped chunks are generated in the crushing zone. The debris is accumulated as
outside or inside fronds formation. The strip shaped chunks are generated
peripherally due to shear effects by crusting from the frusta body and crack growth at
the outmost crush zone points from the crushing surface. The 5º frusta showed better
crashworthiness performance than 10º frusta. Simulation results showed good
agreement with the experimental findings in both collapse mode and energy
absorption
Similar to Effects of-friction-stir-processing-on-the-micros 2016-progress-in-natural-s (20)
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. H O S T E D B Y
Progress in Natural
Science
Materials International
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2016) 69–77
Original Research
Effects of friction stir processing on the microstructure and superplasticity
of in situ nano-ZrB2/2024Al composite
Yutao Zhaon
, Xizhou Kai, Gang Chen, Weili Lin, Chunmei Wang
School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Received 20 July 2015; accepted 2 November 2015
Available online 23 February 2016
Abstract
In this study, in situ nano-ZrB2/2024Al composites fabricated from 2024Al–K2ZrF6–KBF4 system were processed by friction stir processing
(FSP) to achieve superplasticity of the composites. And the effects of particle contents (1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%), matrix grain size (micron or sub-
micron), strain rates (5 Â 10À3
sÀ1
, 1 Â 10À2
sÀ1
, 2 Â 10À2
sÀ1
) and deformation temperatures (400 K, 480 K, 600 K, 700 K, 750 K) on the
superplasticity of the composites were investigated. After the friction stir processing, the coarse grains of the cast composites with matrix grain
size of about 80–100 μm and nano-ZrB2 reinforcement size of 30–100 nm were crushed into small grains about 1 μm in size, and the uniformity
of the nano-ZrB2 reinforcements was also improved. And under the same superplastic tensile testing condition at the temperature of 750 K and
strain rate of 5 Â 10À3
sÀ1
, the FSP nano 3 wt%ZrB2/2024Al composite exhibited an superplastic elongation of 292.5%, while the elongation of
the corresponding cast composite was only less than 100%. Meanwhile, the m values of the FSP composites were always higher than the cast
composites, especially the FSP composites with 3 wt% particles has the m value of 0.5321 i.e., the FSP composites should had better superplastic
properties than cast ones. Furthermore, the FSP composites had higher apparent deformation activation energy (Q) than that of the lattice
diffusion of pure aluminium, indicating that the deformation mechanisms of the FSP composites should be grain boundary sliding mechanisms.
& 2016 Chinese Materials Research Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords: In situ nano-ZrB2/2024Al composite; Friction stir processing; Superplasticity; Deformation mechanism
1. Introduction
With high specific strength, high specific modulus, good wear
resistance and good thermostability, particle-reinforced aluminum
matrix composites (PRAMCs) have been widely used in the
fields of aerospace, military, transportation and electronic packa-
ging [1–4]. However, with the introduction of the reinforcement
particles, the plasticity and toughness of the composites decreased
dramatically, and lead to difficulty in parts forming, especially for
the complex components. As a result, the superplastic deforma-
tion, especially the superplasticity with high strain rates
(_ϵ Z10À2
sÀ1
) of the PRAMCs has attracted great attention of
the scientists. Nevertheless, the traditional PRAMCs are always
difficult to achieve superplasticity, due to the large scale of the
reinforcement particles and matrix grains [5–7]. On the one hand,
the sharp-angled ceramic reinforcements of the traditional
PRAMCs fabricated by exterior methods are always larger than
1 μm, which cannot deform and lead to stress concentration and
cracks easily during the deformation, and hence result in early
fracture of the composites. On the other hand, the traditional
PRAMCs fabricated by powder metallurgy [5] or squeeze casting
[6] exhibit a matrix grain size of larger than 10 μm, which cannot
meet the key factor of superplasticity, that the grain size should be
smaller than 10 μm [7–9].
In this study, the in situ technology was employed to
fabricate nano-ZrB2/2024Al composites from 2024Al–
K2ZrF6–KBF4 system, which has been proved to be a feasible
strategy for mass production of nanoparticle reinforced alumi-
num matrix composites, where the composites with small
reinforcements, such as the nanoparticles, always exhibit much
more improvement in strength with little sacrifice of ductility
[10]. At the same time, the friction stir processing was further
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1002-0071/& 2016 Chinese Materials Research Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ86 051188797900.
E-mail address: zhaoyt@ujs.edu.cn (Y. Zhao).
Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Materials Research Society.
2. used to refine matrix grains and improve the uniformity of the
in situ nanoparticles to achieve superplasticity of the compo-
sites. And the effects of particle contents, matrix grain size,
strain rates and deformation temperatures of the composites on
the superplastic properties were investigated in detail.
2. Experiments
The raw materials of the composites were 2024Al, K2ZrF6 and
KBF4 powders. Table 1 shows the element content of 2024Al
alloy. In order to avoid the explosion hazard induced by crystal
water of the powders or the adsorptive water vapor of the air on
the powder surface, the K2ZrF6 and KBF4 reactant powders were
dehydrated at 573 K for 3 h firstly. Then the dried mixture
powders were added to the molten 2024Al alloy at 1143 K for the
in situ synthesis of ZrB2 reinforcements, where the mass ratio of
K2ZrF6 and KBF4 was 52:48, an excess of KBF4 to avoid the
generation of Al3Zr phase. After the in situ reaction, about
20 min, C2Cl6 was used to degas and purify the composite melt,
and then the composite melt was cooled to about 993 K and pour
to the copper mold to obtain the ZrB2/2024Al composites. Fig.1
shows the fabricating process of the composites.
The cast composites was then machined to sheets with 4 mm
in thickness for the friction stir processing (FSP) on a FSW-3LM-
002 gantry friction stir welding machine. And the size of the stir-
welding head and FSP parameters are listed in Tables 2 and 3,
respectively.
The composition and microstructure of the fabricated com-
posites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical
microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), trans-
mission electron microscope (TEM) and high-resolution TEM
(HRTEM). And the high temperature tensile test was carried out
on an S-2000X material testing machine, where the tensile test
specimens were machined according to GB/T 2039-1997.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of the cast composites
The possible chemical reactions of the Al–K2ZrF6–KBF4
system are as follows [10,11]:
2KBF4þ3Al¼AlB2 þ2KAlF4 (1)
3K2ZrF6þ13Al¼3Al3ZrþK3AlF6 þ3KAlF4 (2)
AlB2 þAl3Zr¼ZrB2þ4Al (3)
Table 1
Chemical constituents of 2024Al (mass fraction, %).
Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Al
0.50 0.50 3.8–4.9 0.30–1.0 1.2–1.8 0.10 0.25 Bal.
Fig. 1. Fabricating process of ZrB2/2024Al composite from 2024Al–K2ZrF6–
KBF4 reaction system.
Table 2
Size of stir-welding head.
Shoulder
diameter (mm)
Bottom
diameter of stir
pin (mm)
Head diameter
of stir pin (mm)
Length of
sir pin (mm)
Thread
direction
12 5 4 3.7 Left-hand
thread
Table 3
Technological parameters of FSP process.
Rotate
speed (r/
min)
Movement speed
(mm/min)
Press amount
(mm)
Tilt angle of
stir head (1)
Type of the
stir head
1000 70 3.75 2.5 Thread head
Fig. 2. XRD pattern of the fabricated 5 vol% ZrB2/2024Al composite.
Y. Zhao et al. / Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2016) 69–7770
3. Where the KAlF4 and K3AlF6 are oily liquids above the
alloy melt, and can be removed with slags after the reactions.
Fig. 2 shows the XRD pattern of the in situ 5 vol% ZrB2/
2024Al composite fabricated from Al–K2ZrF6–KBF4 system.
The diffraction peaks of Al, CuAl2, and ZrB2 phases are all
observable. And there are no peaks of Al3Zr phase due to the
excess of B element (KBF4). And the total reaction in this
study can be expressed as:
3K2ZrF6 þ6KBF4þ10Al¼3ZrB2 þ9KAlF4þK3AlF6 (4)
Fig.3 shows SEM, TEM, and EDS images of the 5 vol%
ZrB2/2024Al composite. As shown in Fig. 4a and b, the
reinforcement particles are mostly rectangular or nearly hex-
agonal with size from 30 to 100 nm in diameter. Combining the
EDS analysis of the reinforcement which is mainly composed of
Zr and B elements shown in Fig. 3c, and the XRD analysis of
the composite in Fig.3, these nanoparticles should be ZrB2. Fig.
3d shows the TEM image of the in situ ZrB2 nanoparticles. And
Fig. 3e shows the HRTEM image around the interface of the
ZrB2 and Al matrix. It can be seen that the in situ nano-ZrB2
and Al matrix have a good and clean interface bonding without
any inclusions or intermediate products.
Fig. 4 shows the optical micrographs of 2024Al alloy and in
situ nano-ZrB2/2024Al composites. It can be seen that the cast
Fig. 3. SEM (a and b), EDS pattern (c), TEM (d) and HRTEM images (e) of the 5 vol% ZrB2/2024Al composite.
Y. Zhao et al. / Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2016) 69–77 71
4. 2024Al alloy exhibits a coarse and dendritic grain microstruc-
ture, shown in Fig. 5a. However, with the introduction of in
situ nano-ZrB2 reinforcement particles, the matrix of the
composites exhibit a thin and small dendritic grain micro-
structure as shown in Fig. 5b and c, due to the grain-refine
effects of the in situ nano-sized ZrB2 particles [11–13].
3.2. Microstructures of the FSP composites
Fig. 5 shows the macrograph of the cross section,
perpendicular to the FSP deformation direction of the
composites. It can be seen that the composite in FSP zone
been well refined. In fact, the materials in the FSP zone are in
semi-solid states during the friction stir processing and
subjected to severe plastic deformation, due to the tempera-
ture rising induced by both the stirring of the processing head
and the mechanical shear stress of the high-speed rotational
stirring head. Finally, the reinforcement particles of the
composites in FSP zone were redistributed uniformly and
the matrix grain size of the composites were refined drama-
tically. Fig. 5b and c show the OM images of the zone
marked in Fig.5a. Fig.5b is the typical structure of the cast
composites, and Fig.5c is the characteristic of the structure of
FSP composites, showing a dramatic structure refinement
compared with the corresponding cast one. SEM images of
composites before and after FSP, shown in Fig. 5d and e,
indicate that the clusters of nanoreinforcements are well
broken and the reinforcements distribute uniformly in the
matrix.
And this uniformity improvement of the in situ nanoparticles
can also be seen from the TEM images of the composites
before and after FSP shown in Fig. 6. The in situ ZrB2 particles
of the cast composites are always agglomerated in local area,
shown in Fig. 5d and Fig. 6a. However, the in situ ZrB2
particles of the FSP composites distribute uniformly shown in
Fig. 6b, which should be benefit for the mechanical improve-
ment, especially for the ductility enhancement of the metal
matrix nanocomposites.
3.3. Superplastic properties of the FSP composites
Fig. 7 shows the tensile specimens of the 3 wt% ZrB2/
2024Al composites at the temperature of 750 K and strain rate
of 5 Â 10À3
sÀ1
. It can be seen that the FSP composite
exhibits an elongation of 292.5%, while the corresponding
cast composite only deformed to failure at 62.9%. From the
structure analysis of the composites in Section 3.2, we can
know that this superplastic property improvement of the FSP
composite should be attributed to the grain refinement and
uniform distribution of the nanoparticles. And the early
researches have shown that thermally-stable small grains and
uniform distribution of reinforced phases are the key factors to
achieve superior superplasticity of metallic materials.
Fig. 4. OM images of the 2024Al (a) and the nano-ZrB2/2024Al composites with different content of ZrB2 reinforcement: (b) 3 wt%, (c) 5 wt%.
Y. Zhao et al. / Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2016) 69–7772
5. Fig. 5. (a) Cross-sectional macrograph of composites after FSP process and images of the composites before (OM: b, SEM: d) and after (OM: c, SEM: e) FSP
process.
Fig. 6. TEM images of reinforcements before (a) and after (b) FSP process.
Y. Zhao et al. / Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2016) 69–77 73
6. It is well known that the extrinsic factors of temperature and
initial strain rates are also the essential conditions for super-
plastic deformation of the materials. Fig. 8 shows the true stress-
true strain curves of the FSP ZrB2/2024Al composites with
different content of ZrB2 reinforcement at different test tem-
peratures for the given stain rate of 0.01 sÀ1
. It can be easily
seen that with the increasing of the deformation temperature, the
elongation increased and the stress decreased. However, for the
same deformation condition, the 3 wt% ZrB2/2024Al composite
exhibited the largest elongation, where the high content of
agglomerated in situ nano-ZrB2 particles in 5 wt% ZrB2/2024Al
composite should be the key factor for the elongation decreasing
compared with the 3 wt% ZrB2/2024Al composite.
The strain rate sensitivity factor, m, represents the ability of
the composite to resist necking during deformation and is
usually used as the criterion for the superplasticity of materials.
Fig. 7. Tensile specimens of the 3 wt% ZrB2/2024Al composites at temperature of 750 K and strain rate of 5 Â 10À3
sÀ1
: (a) undeformed, (b) cast composite and
(c) FSP composite.
Fig. 8. True stress-true strain curves of the FSP ZrB2/2024Al composites with different content of ZrB2 reinforcements at different test temperatures for the given
stain rate of 0.01 sÀ1
: (a) 1 wt%, (b) 3 wt% and (c) 5 wt%.
Y. Zhao et al. / Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2016) 69–7774
7. Here, the high-temperature flow stress (s) of superplastic
materials can be related to the strain rate (_ε) by a power-law
relationship as:
s ¼ Kεn
_εm
ð5Þ
Where s is the true stress, K is constant, ε is the true strain, _ε is
the train rate, and m is the strain rate sensitivity factor. Taking
logarithm of Eq. (5) on both sides, the m can be determined to
be:
m ¼
d ln s
d ln _ε
ð6Þ
With the data of the true stain–true stress curves under
different strain rates, shown in Fig. 9, the ln_ε–lns curves could
be obtained as Fig. 10 and the slopes of the curves would be
the values of m. To make sure the veracity of the m values, the
range of the measured strain was located in the range of 0.2–
0.5 in this study [14].
Fig. 10 shows the ln_ε–lns curves and the m values of the FSP
composites at different true strains. It can be seen that the m values
of the 3 wt% ZrB2/2024Al composite and 5 wt% ZrB2/2024Al
composite are higher than that of 1 wt% ZrB2/2024Al composite,
which indicates that the introduction of the nanoparticles could
improve the superpalsticity of the composites. And among the
three composites, the 3 wt% ZrB2/2024Al composite exhibits the
largest m value, meaning best superplasticity, which is in
accordance with the true stress–true strain curves. In addition, all
the m values of the composites were higher than 0.3 at strain rate
higher than 0.01 sÀ1
, so the in situ nano-ZrB2/2024Al composites
have good high strain rate superplastic properties.
The activation energy for a particular deformation process
always gives an idea about the rate-controlling mechanism.
Assuming that the deformation during high temperature tensile
tests are thermally activated, the strain rate can be expressed as
shown in Eq. (7), which is usually used to analyze the
superplastic deformation mechanisms:
_ε ¼ Asn
exp À
Q
RT
ð7Þ
Where _ε is the strain rate, s is the flow stress, Q was the
deformation activation energy, A is a constant of the material,
R is the gas diffusion constant, T is the absolute temperature,
and n meant strain exponent, n¼1/m. And the Q value can be
calculated as:
Q ¼
1
m
R
∂ ln s
∂ð1=TÞ
ð8Þ
Therefore, the thermal activation Q can be estimated from the
slope of lns-1/T at a given value of _ε. Choosing the true strain of
0.3 as an example, according to the date of different temperatures
and strain rates, the plot of lns–1000TÀ1
was established in
Fig. 9. True stress–true strain curves of different composites after FSP under different strain rate: (a) 1 wt%, (b) 3 wt% and (c) 5 wt%.
Y. Zhao et al. / Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2016) 69–77 75
8. Fig.11. And the activation energy Q was calculated to be 412, 279,
and 498 kJ/mol for the 1 wt%, 2 wt% and 3 wt% ZrB2/2024Al
composites, respectively, which are all higher than that of the
lattice diffusion activation energy of pure aluminum (142 kJ/mol).
As a result, the deformation mechanism of the FSP composites
should be the grain boundary sliding and dynamic recrystallization
mechanisms, where a higher energy is needed compared with that
of lattice diffusion mechanisms.
4. Conclusion
(1) The in situ nano-ZrB2/2024 composites were successfully
fabricated from 2024Al–K2ZrF6–KBF4 system at 1143 K,
The ZrB2 particles showed hexagonal or square morphol-
ogies with average size between 30–100 nm. The intro-
duction of ZrB2 particles results in matrix grain refinement
of the composites.
(2) Through the friction stir processing (FSP), the matrix
grains were refined dramatically, and the agglomerated in
situ synthesized nano-ZrB2 particles were redistributed
uniformly in the matrix. And the FSP composites exhibit
better superplasticity than the corresponding cast ones. As
a example, the FSP 3 wt% ZrB2/2024Al composite exhi-
bits an superplastic elongation of 292.5% under the test
condition of 750 K and 5 Â 10À3
sÀ1
, while the elongation
of the corresponding cast composite was only less
than 67.2%.
(3) The introduction of the nanoparticles could improve the m
value, strain rate sensitivity factor, of the composites and
result in the superplastic enhancement. However, the high
content of nanoparticles is not benefit for the superplasticty
due to the difficulty in uniform distribution of these
nanoparticles.
Fig. 10. ln_ε–lns curves of the FSP composites at different true strains: (a) 1 wt%, (b) 3 wt% and (c) 5 wt%.
Fig. 11. Lns –1000TÀ1
curves of the composites after FSP process.
Y. Zhao et al. / Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 26 (2016) 69–7776
9. (4) The deformation activation energy (Q) of FSP composites
were estimated and are always higher than that of lattice
diffusion of pure aluminum and indicate that the key
deformation mechanisms of the FSP composites should be
the grain boundary sliding and dynamic recrystallization
mechanisms.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support
of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(51174098), the Special Research Foundation of Doctoral
Program in institutions of higher learning (20133227110023),
Research Foundation for Advanced Talents of Jiangsu Uni-
versity (14JDG125), the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of
Jiangsu Provincial (1501029B), and the Fourth ‘333’ Project
Research Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BRA2012135).
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