- Effective stress is the stress borne by the soil skeleton and is equal to the total stress minus the pore water pressure.
- Effective stress increases as the groundwater table lowers or under surcharge loading. It increases under downward seepage and decreases under upward seepage.
- In saturated soils, effective stress depends on the depth of soil and fluctuations in groundwater table. In unsaturated soils above the water table, pore water pressure is negative and effective stress is higher due to tension in the soil.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #6: Stress Distribution in Soil]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #6: Stress Distribution in Soil]Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation covers the topic of particle size classification, dry sieve analysis, wet sieve analysis, sedimentation analysis, stokes law, methods of sedimentation analysis, Indian Standard Soil classification system.
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
Lecture 11 Shear Strength of Soil CE240Wajahat Ullah
Shear Strength of Soil
Shear strength in soils
Introduction
Definitions
Mohr-Coulomb criterion
Introduction
Lab tests for getting the shear strength
Direct shear test
Introduction
Procedure & calculation
Critical void ratio
Determination of consolidation properties (like CV, CC, CS, t90, mv, av) of the given soil specimen (Dhanauri Clay) by conducting one-dimensional consolidation test using fixed ring type setup.
Learning Outcomes:-
1. From consolidation test, the following information can be determined:
a) Amount of settlement experienced by a soil-structure after load application
b) Rate of consolidation of soil under a normal load
c) Degree of consolidation at any time
d) Pressure void ratio relationship
e) Coefficient of consolidation at various successively increasing pressure
f) Permeability of soil at various stages of loading
g) Compression index of soil
2. The general procedure for laboratory evaluation of consolidation characteristics of soils involves a one-dimensional consolidation.
This is necessary because of:
• Difficulty of instrumentation for recording volume change and natural strains.
• Complexities in mathematical analysis of three-dimensional consolidation.
3. The underlying assumptions in the derivation of the mathematical equations are as follows:
• The clay layer is homogeneous.
• The clay layer is saturated, the compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume only, which in turn, is due to the squeezing out of water from the void spaces.
• Darcy’s law is valid.
• Deformation of soil occurs only in the direction of the load application.
4. Effects of ring friction
• During loading reduce stress acted on the specimen, specimen compresses less.
• During rebound reduce the swelling tendency specimen swell less.
• Flatten the swelling curve at low stress level.
5. Resultant Cv decreases with increasing stress, implying its NC clay.
6. Sample was preserved in polybag to check loss of moisture content.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This presentation covers the topic of particle size classification, dry sieve analysis, wet sieve analysis, sedimentation analysis, stokes law, methods of sedimentation analysis, Indian Standard Soil classification system.
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
Lecture 11 Shear Strength of Soil CE240Wajahat Ullah
Shear Strength of Soil
Shear strength in soils
Introduction
Definitions
Mohr-Coulomb criterion
Introduction
Lab tests for getting the shear strength
Direct shear test
Introduction
Procedure & calculation
Critical void ratio
Determination of consolidation properties (like CV, CC, CS, t90, mv, av) of the given soil specimen (Dhanauri Clay) by conducting one-dimensional consolidation test using fixed ring type setup.
Learning Outcomes:-
1. From consolidation test, the following information can be determined:
a) Amount of settlement experienced by a soil-structure after load application
b) Rate of consolidation of soil under a normal load
c) Degree of consolidation at any time
d) Pressure void ratio relationship
e) Coefficient of consolidation at various successively increasing pressure
f) Permeability of soil at various stages of loading
g) Compression index of soil
2. The general procedure for laboratory evaluation of consolidation characteristics of soils involves a one-dimensional consolidation.
This is necessary because of:
• Difficulty of instrumentation for recording volume change and natural strains.
• Complexities in mathematical analysis of three-dimensional consolidation.
3. The underlying assumptions in the derivation of the mathematical equations are as follows:
• The clay layer is homogeneous.
• The clay layer is saturated, the compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume only, which in turn, is due to the squeezing out of water from the void spaces.
• Darcy’s law is valid.
• Deformation of soil occurs only in the direction of the load application.
4. Effects of ring friction
• During loading reduce stress acted on the specimen, specimen compresses less.
• During rebound reduce the swelling tendency specimen swell less.
• Flatten the swelling curve at low stress level.
5. Resultant Cv decreases with increasing stress, implying its NC clay.
6. Sample was preserved in polybag to check loss of moisture content.
Bligh’S CREEP THEORY
LIMITATIONS OF BLIGH’S THEORY
LANE’S WEIGHTED CREEP THEORY
KHOSLA’S THEORY AND CONCEPT OF FLOW NETS
COMPARISON OF BLIGH’S THEORY AND KHOSLA’S THEORY
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
2. Saturated Soil Mass
Let us consider cross sectional area of the soil prism = A
Total weight of the soil prism = vertical force (P)
h
A
)
Ah
(
)
(
stress
Total sat
sat
)
Ah
(
P sat
Pore water pressure (u) is the pressure due to water filling the voids of the soil.
h
)
u
(
pressure
water
Pore w
)
u
(
pressure
water
pore
)
(
stress
total
)
,
or
'
(
stress
Effective
3. u
'
h
h
h
' sub
w
sat
When the ground water table is at ground surface,
Pore water pressure is also termed as neutral stress.
Effective stress is also termed as intergranular stress.
u
'
u
A
N
A
A
uA
N
A
uA
N
A
U
N
)
P
(
force
vertical
Total
w
w
N = intergranular force
U = force taken by pore water
- Effective stress is dependent on the
intergranular force, but not same as contact
stress. It can not be directly measured in
laboratory. It is estimated as the numerical
difference between total stress and pore water
pressure.
4. Effect of water table fluctuations on effective stress
At section XX at a depth of H, while
the GWT is at depth H1,
2
sat
1 H
H
)
(
stress
Total
2
wH
)
u
(
pressure
water
Pore
2
sub
1
2
w
sat
1
2
w
2
sat
1
H
H
'
H
)
(
H
'
H
)
H
H
(
'
u
)
'
(
stress
Effective
As the ground water table lowers down, the effective stress increases.
5. Effective stress in a soil mass under hydrostatic
condition
At level AA,
H
)
(
stress
Total w
H
u w
0
u
'
At level BB,
1
1
sat
w H
H
1
w H
H
u
1
1
sub
1
w
1
1
sat
w
H
'
H
H
H
H
'
u
'
6. At level CC,
2
2
sat
1
1
sat
w H
H
H
2
1
w H
H
H
u
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
2
1
w
2
2
sat
1
1
sat
w
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
H
H
'
u
'
7. Increase in effective stress due to surcharge
At level AA,
q
)
(
stress
Total
0
u q
u
'
At level BB,
1
1H
q
0
u
1
1H
q
u
'
At level CC,
2
2
sat
1
1 H
H
q
2
wH
u
2
2
sub
1
1
2
w
2
2
sat
1
1
H
H
q
'
H
H
H
q
'
u
'
8. Effective stress in soils saturated by capillary action
If the soil above the water table is saturated by capillary action,
the pore water pressure above the water table is negative. Above
water table, the soil comes under tension due to negative pore water
pressure and effective stress increases.
at water table, pore water pressure is zero.
below water table pore water pressure is positive.
Capillary
fringe
-
PWP Diagram
At point E,
h
u w
Capillary rise in a glass tube
9. At level AA,
0
)
(
stress
Total
0
u 0
u
'
At level DD,
1
'
H
"
H
u 1
w
"
H
'
H
'
)
"
H
(
'
H
'
u
'
1
w
1
1
w
1
- Due to capillary rise of water, at section DD effective stress increased by an
amount of γwH1"
At level BB,
1
sat
1 "
H
'
H
0
u
1
sat
1
1
sat
1 "
H
'
H
0
"
H
'
H
'
u
'
Capillary
fringe
γ
10. 2
wH
u
At level CC,
2
sub
1
sat
1
2
w
2
sat
1
sat
1
H
"
H
'
H
'
H
H
"
H
'
H
'
u
'
Capillary
fringe
2
sat
1
sat
1 H
"
H
'
H
- Due to capillary rise of water, at section BB and CC, effective stress
increased due to increase in unit weight of soil in the capillary fringe.
11. Effective stress under steady seepage conditions
(a) Downward seepage/ flow of water
At level AA,
w
wH
)
(
stress
Total
w
wH
u
0
u
'
At level BB,
1
1
sat
w
w H
H
1
w
wH
u
1
w
w
1
w
1
1
sub
1
w
w
w
w
1
w
1
1
sub
1
w
w
1
1
sat
w
w
H
H
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
'
H
H
H
'
u
'
1
w
1
1
sub
1
1
1
w
w
1
w
1
1
sub
H
i
H
'
H
H
H
H
H
H
'
12. At level CC,
2
2
sat
1
1
sat
w
w H
H
H
0
u
w
2
1
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
w
w
2
w
1
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
2
2
sat
1
1
sat
w
w
H
H
H
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
H
'
0
H
H
H
'
u
'
2
1
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
2
1
2
1
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
H
H
i
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
h
H
H
'
L
i
)
p
(
pressure
Seepage
w
s
L = length of soil sample in
the direction of flow
14. (b) Upward seepage/ flow of water
At level AA,
w
wH
)
(
stress
Total
w
wH
u
0
u
'
At level BB,
1
1
sat
w
w H
H
1
w
wH
u
)
H
H
(
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
'
H
H
H
'
u
'
w
1
1
w
w
1
1
sub
1
w
w
w
w
1
w
1
1
sub
1
w
w
1
1
sat
w
w
1
w
1
1
sub
1
1
w
1
1
w
w
1
1
sub
H
i
H
'
H
H
H
H
H
H
'
15. At level CC,
2
2
sat
1
1
sat
w
w H
H
H
2
w
wH
u
h
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
'
u
'
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
w
2
1
2
w
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
w
w
2
w
1
w
2
w
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
2
w
w
2
2
sat
1
1
sat
w
w
2
1
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
2
1
2
1
w
2
2
sub
1
1
sub
H
H
i
H
H
'
H
H
H
H
h
H
H
'
L
i
)
p
(
pressure
Seepage
w
s
L = length of soil sample in
the direction of flow
16. For downward seepage of water through soil, the
effective stress increases as compared to the hydrostatic
condition. The amount of increase in effective stress is
equal to seepage pressure.
For upward seepage of water through soil, the effective
stress decreases as compared to the hydrostatic
condition. The amount of decrease in effective stress is
equal to seepage pressure.
17. Quick sand condition
The effective stress gets reduced due to upward flow of water. When the
head causing flow is increased, a stage is reached when the effective
stress reduces to zero. The condition so developed in coarse grained soils
is known as quick sand condition.
Upward seepage of water
At level CC,
L
sat
1
w
wH
u
L
i
L
'
h
L
'
L
H
L
'
H
L
L
'
H
L
'
u
'
w
sub
w
sub
1
w
w
sub
1
w
w
w
sub
1
w
w
sat
w
sub
c
w
c
sub
i
0
L
i
L
,
0
'
if
ic is termed as critical
hydraulic gradient.
18. The effective stress is zero at critical hydraulic gradient.
Shear strength (s) of soil is expressed as, '
tan
'
'
c
s n
c' = cohesion, ф' = angle of internal friction, σn' = effective normal stress
When effective stress reduces to zero at critical hydraulic gradient,
- for cohesionless soil, shear strength (s) = 0
- for cohesive soil, shear strength (s) = c
The cohesionless soil looses its shear strength entirely at critical
hydraulic gradient. This condition is called as quick sand condition.
If the critical gradient is exceeded, the soil particles move upward
and the soil surface appears to be boiling. The quick condition is also
known as boiling condition. During this stage, a violent and visible
agitation of particles occurs.
19. The discharge suddenly increases due to an increase in the coefficient of
permeability occurred in the process. Reaching quick sand condition, the
soil behaves as a liquid slurry having no shear strength. If a weight is
placed on the soil surface, it sinks down.
The cohesive soil does not become quick at zero effective stress,
as it still possesses some shear strength equal to the cohesion
intercept.
A quick sand condition is most likely to occur in silt and fine sand.
The discharge required to maintain a quick sand condition increases as the
permeability of the soil increases. For gravel, quick sand condition is
generally not developed as it requires very high discharge that may not be
available.
The quick sand is not a special type of soil. It is a hydraulic
condition.
21. - Seepage is the flow of water under gravitational force in a
permeable medium. Flow of water takes place from a point of high
head to a point of low head.
- The flow is generally laminar.
- The path taken by a water particle is represented by a flow line.
Although an infinite number of flow lines can be drawn, for
convenience, only a few are drawn.
- At certain points on different flow lines, the total head will be the
same. The lines connecting points of equal total head can be
drawn. These lines are known as equipotential lines.
- The equipotential lines cross the flow lines at right angles. The
flow lines and equipotential lines together form a flow net. The flow
net gives a pictorial representation of the path taken by water
particles and the head variation along that path.
22.
23.
24. Flow net for field condition for a sheet pile wall storing water
Graphical method (Flow net construction):
25.
26. Characteristics of flow net
(1)The equipotential lines should be orthogonal to the
flow lines. They should intersect at right angle.
(2)The discharge between any two adjacent flow lines is
constant. It means that the discharge through all the
flow channels is same.
(3) The drop of head between two adjacent equipotential
lines is constant.
(4)The ratio of the length and width of each field is
constant. The ratio is generally taken as unity for
convenience. In other words, the flow net consists of
approximate squares.
32. Flow net for a dam
Flow net construction for a concrete dam
33.
34. Failure may occur in downstream slope due to seepage through the earthen
embankment, if no filter is provided at the downstream side.
Flow through earthen embankment
This course is intended to provide a basic understanding of soil behavior in appreciation of basic principles of soil mechanics. Before venturing into the subject, let’s look into the origin of soil and the necessity of study of soil mechanics.
This course is intended to provide a basic understanding of soil behavior in appreciation of basic principles of soil mechanics. Before venturing into the subject, let’s look into the origin of soil and the necessity of study of soil mechanics.