The study evaluated the effects of different spacing and fertilizer doses on yield and yield attributes of mukhikachu (Colocasia esculenta) in Bangladesh. Three spacing levels (60 cm x 60 cm, 60 cm x 45 cm, 60 cm x 30 cm) and three fertilizer doses (recommended, 25% less, 25% more) were tested over two years. Results showed the closer spacing (60 cm x 30 cm) with 25% higher fertilizer dose produced the highest average edible yield (20.04 t/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (2.93). The wider spacing (60 cm x 60 cm) with 25% less fertilizer yielded the lowest. Closer spacing and
Abstract— The study was carried out through on farm testing during kharif seasons of 2012 and 2013 under mid central table land zone of Odisha with an objective to evaluate the performances of short duration paddy Sahabhagi dhan as compared to the farmer’s practice (Khandagiri). The late matured (98.3 days) Sahabhagi dhan recorded higher germination(48.4 m-2), plant height(87.5 cm), effective tillers plant-1(13.2), Length of panicle(22.6 cm), filled grains panicle-1(125.3) with spikelet fertility(93.65 %) and 1000 grain weight(22.3 g) than khandagiri. The same also produced grain yield 35.5 q ha-1 which is 28.6 % higher yield than Khandagiri with harvest index ( 47.9) and water productivity(3.17 kg mm-1). The variety gave higher gross return Rs. 50365 ha-1 with a benefit- cost ratio 1.38 and additional net return Rs.6059 ha-1 as compared to farmers practice and thus the existing variety Khandagiri can be replaced by Sahabhagi dhan for higher productivity and income.
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Increasing rice productivity by manipulation of calcium fertilizer in ustic e...NurdinUng
This study investigated the effects of calcium fertilizer application on rice productivity in ustic endoaquert soil in Indonesia. The researchers applied different levels of potassium (K) fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha) following amendments of river sand, beach sand, coco peat, and banana peat. The results showed that K fertilizer significantly increased the number of grains, weight of 1000 grains, and total grain weight. Specifically, 200 kg/ha of K fertilizer produced the highest grain number and weight. While K fertilizer did not significantly affect stalk number or length, higher doses generally corresponded to more stalks. Overall, calcium fertilization improved rice yields the most when combined with
An Agronomic field study was conducted at University of Limpopo Experimental farm, Syferkuil, over two summer growing seasons to determine the optimum phosphorus (P) rate and also assess the productivity of pigeonpea under intercrop with maize. Five P rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha-1) were evaluated under sole and intercropped pigeonpea. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results revealed that variable P fertilizer rates exerted significant effect on pigeonpea grain yield in both seasons. Highest grain yields of 922 and 1141.7 kg ha-1 under sole and intercrop plots, respectively, were achieved at 45 kg P ha-1 during first and second seasons, respectively. However, the predicted optimum grain yield of 734 and 1034 kg ha-1 based on the response model was achieved at 52.67 kg P ha-1 and 42.84 kg P ha-1, in the respective seasons. Intercropping achieved a significantly higher pigeonpea grain yield (+37%) during second year than sole cropping following P addition; with over 21% mean grain yield advantage across the two planting seasons. Hence, depending on the inherent soil-P level, application of 42-53 kg P ha-1 under pigeonpea/maize intercrop represents the range at which P is optimum for maximum pigeonpea grain yield and better returns for farmers.
Adaptation, biomass and ethanol yields of sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l....Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the adaptation and yields of four sweet sorghum varieties and four organic manure rates in dryland areas of Bali, Indonesia. The varieties included three from Japan (FS501, FS902, KCS105) and one local variety from Indonesia (Local Belu). The study found that all four varieties adapted well to the dryland conditions, but variety KCS105 produced significantly higher biomass, sugar, and ethanol yields than the other varieties. Specifically, KCS105 yielded 28.2 tons/ha of fresh biomass, 9.7 tons/ha of dry biomass, 2.6 tons/ha of stem sugar, and 2.4 tons/ha of ethanol
Abstract— The study was carried out through on farm testing during kharif seasons of 2012 and 2013 under mid central table land zone of Odisha with an objective to evaluate the performances of short duration paddy Sahabhagi dhan as compared to the farmer’s practice (Khandagiri). The late matured (98.3 days) Sahabhagi dhan recorded higher germination(48.4 m-2), plant height(87.5 cm), effective tillers plant-1(13.2), Length of panicle(22.6 cm), filled grains panicle-1(125.3) with spikelet fertility(93.65 %) and 1000 grain weight(22.3 g) than khandagiri. The same also produced grain yield 35.5 q ha-1 which is 28.6 % higher yield than Khandagiri with harvest index ( 47.9) and water productivity(3.17 kg mm-1). The variety gave higher gross return Rs. 50365 ha-1 with a benefit- cost ratio 1.38 and additional net return Rs.6059 ha-1 as compared to farmers practice and thus the existing variety Khandagiri can be replaced by Sahabhagi dhan for higher productivity and income.
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Increasing rice productivity by manipulation of calcium fertilizer in ustic e...NurdinUng
This study investigated the effects of calcium fertilizer application on rice productivity in ustic endoaquert soil in Indonesia. The researchers applied different levels of potassium (K) fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha) following amendments of river sand, beach sand, coco peat, and banana peat. The results showed that K fertilizer significantly increased the number of grains, weight of 1000 grains, and total grain weight. Specifically, 200 kg/ha of K fertilizer produced the highest grain number and weight. While K fertilizer did not significantly affect stalk number or length, higher doses generally corresponded to more stalks. Overall, calcium fertilization improved rice yields the most when combined with
An Agronomic field study was conducted at University of Limpopo Experimental farm, Syferkuil, over two summer growing seasons to determine the optimum phosphorus (P) rate and also assess the productivity of pigeonpea under intercrop with maize. Five P rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha-1) were evaluated under sole and intercropped pigeonpea. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results revealed that variable P fertilizer rates exerted significant effect on pigeonpea grain yield in both seasons. Highest grain yields of 922 and 1141.7 kg ha-1 under sole and intercrop plots, respectively, were achieved at 45 kg P ha-1 during first and second seasons, respectively. However, the predicted optimum grain yield of 734 and 1034 kg ha-1 based on the response model was achieved at 52.67 kg P ha-1 and 42.84 kg P ha-1, in the respective seasons. Intercropping achieved a significantly higher pigeonpea grain yield (+37%) during second year than sole cropping following P addition; with over 21% mean grain yield advantage across the two planting seasons. Hence, depending on the inherent soil-P level, application of 42-53 kg P ha-1 under pigeonpea/maize intercrop represents the range at which P is optimum for maximum pigeonpea grain yield and better returns for farmers.
Adaptation, biomass and ethanol yields of sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l....Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the adaptation and yields of four sweet sorghum varieties and four organic manure rates in dryland areas of Bali, Indonesia. The varieties included three from Japan (FS501, FS902, KCS105) and one local variety from Indonesia (Local Belu). The study found that all four varieties adapted well to the dryland conditions, but variety KCS105 produced significantly higher biomass, sugar, and ethanol yields than the other varieties. Specifically, KCS105 yielded 28.2 tons/ha of fresh biomass, 9.7 tons/ha of dry biomass, 2.6 tons/ha of stem sugar, and 2.4 tons/ha of ethanol
Traditional Agronomic Practices for Typical Land Classes in the Context of Cl...Sai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
Traditional Agronomic Practices for Typical Land Classes in the Context of Climate Variability. Situational analysis over a period of time in the two villages in the semi-arid drought-prone area in southern India.
1. The study evaluated the CSM-CERES-Maize model for simulating maize growth and yield under different irrigation regimes in semi-arid conditions of Punjab, Pakistan.
2. Two maize hybrids were grown under 7 irrigation treatments, including no irrigation, irrigation at different growth stages, and irrigation scheduled using potential soil moisture deficit.
3. The model was calibrated using 2009 data and evaluated against 2010 data for a range of variables including yield, biomass, leaf area index, and evapotranspiration. The model performance was generally good with errors of less than 15% for most treatments.
Heritabiliy studies in some sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor. l. moench) genotypesAlexander Decker
This study estimated heritability in 30 genotypes of sweet sorghum. It found high heritability (>69%) for 8 traits including plant height, number of nodes, number of leaves, grain yield, and sugar content, indicating these traits are strongly influenced by genotype. Moderate heritability (55.9%) was observed for 1000 grain weight. Low heritability (1.5%) was observed for head weight. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were also calculated, with sugar content, grain yield, and plant height showing high GCV (>22%), indicating good potential to respond to selection.
Effect of Different Weed Control Practices On Proximate Composition, Nutrient...IOSRJAVS
A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), one- hoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoe- weedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.
Grain Yield Stability in Three-way Cross Hybrid Maize Varieties using AMMI an...Premier Publishers
A study to evaluate three-way cross hybrid maize varieties for wide adaptability and stability was conducted in eight environments in Sierra Leone using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. There were significant genotype and environment main effects, and genotype x environment interactions (GEI) effects. Differences due to environments accounted for 70.1% of the total treatments sum of squares while genotypes and genotype x environment interaction accounted for 9.9% and 20.0%, respectively. The first four interaction principal component axes (IPCA) were also highly significant and accounted for 38.7%, 25.2%, 14.3% and 8.6%, respectively of the total genotype x environment interaction variation. The polygon view of the GGE biplot revealed that hybrid G14 produced the highest grain yield in environments E1, E5 and E7 whereas G24 was adaptive in environments E6, E8, E3, E4 and E2. Hybrids G24, G9, G17 and G6 also produced high grain yields and were relatively stable. Both AMMI and GGE biplot effectively partitioned treatments sum of squares and were more appropriate in explaining genotype x environment interaction. The models also identified G24 as the most desirable hybrid in terms of high grain yield and stability across environments. Therefore, this hybrid is recommended for commercial release.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
Determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase or decreased yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields, and blanket recommendations were not appropriate. Regression equations were developed to map phosphorus levels and recommend rates tailored to individual fields.
11.determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields. Regression equations were developed to map soil phosphorus levels for individual fields and recommend phosphorus based on soil testing.
This document summarizes a research project on the effect of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on soybean growth. The project involved applying rates of 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg/ha of DAP fertilizer to soybean plots. Data was collected on plant emergence date, leaf length, plant height, and leaf number. Statistical analysis found plant height was significantly affected by phosphorus rate, with the tallest plants at 125 kg/ha. Emergence date, leaf length, and leaf number were not significantly different. The researchers recommend a rate of 125 kg/ha DAP for best soybean growth. Further research is needed on yield and multiple locations before making a definitive conclusion.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Ailanthus excelsa trees across eight districts in western Rajasthan, India. A total of 25 AM fungal species from five genera (Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis, and Scutellospora) were identified. Glomus was the most common and diverse genus. Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae were the most prevalent species infecting A. excelsa roots. AM fungal diversity and root colonization varied between sites and correlated with soil properties like pH, organic
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Evaluation of Hybrids for Milling and Eating Quality Traits Under Varying Env...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The present investigation was carried out on three notified rice hybrids namely, Hybrid 6201, Hybrid 6444 and Hybrid KRH 2 and one high yielding variety IR 64 during kharif 2006 and kharif 2007 at two locations i.e. Simbhaoli (U.P.) and Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) to compare the physical (milling and head rice recovery) and chemical characteristics ( amylase content, gelatinization temperature and aroma) of these hybrids and inbred variety IR 64. The results showed that the mean performance for milling recovery and head rice recovery were higher at Hyderabad during both the seasons. Amylose content and gelatinization temperature showed milar values at both the locations. Further, the milling and head rice recovery of V3 (Hybrid 6444) was more as compared to IR 64. Aroma of V3 (Hybrid 6444) lost after ageing of three and six months. Further, milling recovery and head rice recovery increased with increase in ageing from one month to six months. It can be recommended that if hybrids are planted at the density of 33 plants per hill with two seedlings planted per hill and the harvest is aged for six months before milling, high head rice yields can be obtained.
Response of intercropping and different row ratios on growth and yield of whe...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Majhagawan, Satna in rabi season 2013 and 2014 to study the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based intercropping(wheat+chickpea, wheat+linseed and wheat+mustard) and different row ratios (2:2, 4:2 and 6:2) under rainfed conditions of Kaymore Plateau. Intercropping reduced the values of growth parameters and yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), linseed (Linum usitatisetum) and mustard (Brassica campestris) compared with their sole crops. Intercropping with wheat +chickpea in 2:2 row ratio recorded significantly higher wheat equivalent yield (WEY) 46.04 q/ha, land equivalent ratio (LER) 1.36,net income Rs.42429/ha and benefit :cost ratio 3.64 in comparison of sloe crop of wheat 39.94 q/ha, 1, Rs.38882/ha and 3.45, sloe crop of chickpea 27.62 q/ha, 1, Rs.19146/ha and 1.71, sloe crop of linseed 26.82 q/ha, 1, Rs.19366/ha and 2.09, sloe crop of mustard 25.40 q/ha, 1, Rs.19589/ha and 2.15,respectively
Inheritance of grain yield and grain yield components in barleMuhammad Anas
The document summarizes a study on the inheritance of grain yield and yield components in four barley cultivars (Karan-19, Karan-201, Karan-4 and Karan-521) over two growing seasons. The highest average grain yield was observed in cultivar Karan-4 (4.935 t/ha). During both years, cultivar Karan-4 achieved the highest average 1000 grain weight (50.74 g) while cultivar Karan-19 had the highest average test weight (72.68 kg/hl). Weather conditions varied between the two growing seasons, with 2018/2019 receiving more rainfall overall.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
Impact of cropping system on soil health and crop productivityDeepak Gaikwad
This document discusses the impact of cropping systems on soil health and crop productivity. It begins with introducing facts about India's population, agricultural land area, and crop production. It then discusses issues with prevalent cereal-cereal cropping systems like soil fertility decline. The concepts and classifications of cropping systems are explained, along with methods to improve soil health. Several studies evaluating the effects of different cropping systems like rice, wheat, and cotton systems on soil chemical, physical and biological properties are summarized in tables. The studies found that diversified cropping systems improved soil organic carbon, nutrients, microbial activity and reduced compaction compared to cereal monocropping. The document concludes that appropriate cropping systems are important for sustaining
Effect of Cow Manure on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of MungbeanSYED TARIK MAHABUB
Cow manure had significant positive effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of mungbean plants. Applying 10 tons of cow manure per hectare resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, branches, and pods per plant. It also led to the earliest flowering, fastest maturity, longest pods, highest seed and stover yields, and greatest nutrient levels in the seeds. Applying 5 tons of cow manure per hectare produced similar beneficial results. The control treatment with no cow manure consistently had the lowest values. The study demonstrates that cow manure improves mungbean productivity by enhancing various growth parameters and nutrient uptake.
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
Profitability of sunflower cultivation in some selected sites of bangladeshJaminur Rahman
The study assessed the profitability and socioeconomic status of sunflower cultivation in Bogra and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh. A total of 100 farmers were surveyed, with 50 farmers from each district. Majority of farmers had 1 year of experience growing sunflower. The estimated per hectare cost of cultivation was 62,199 Taka, with a net return of 10,863 Taka and benefit-cost ratio of 1.18, indicating sunflower cultivation was profitable. The main challenges reported were lack of irrigation, lack of timely seed availability, absence of processing facilities, and low product demand. However, there was potential to expand sunflower cultivation given interest from female farmers and to fulfill local edible oil demand.
Purity analysis of nine pesticides collected from eight locations in bangladeshJaminur Rahman
This document analyzes the purity levels of nine common pesticides collected from various locations in Bangladesh. Laboratory tests found that 66.66% of pesticide brands contained over 90% of the labeled active ingredient. However, 12% contained 80-90% active ingredient and 21.34% contained less than 80%, with three brands containing no active ingredient at all. The results indicate issues with inconsistent pesticide purity in Bangladesh, which could contribute to overuse by farmers and development of pest resistance.
Traditional Agronomic Practices for Typical Land Classes in the Context of Cl...Sai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
Traditional Agronomic Practices for Typical Land Classes in the Context of Climate Variability. Situational analysis over a period of time in the two villages in the semi-arid drought-prone area in southern India.
1. The study evaluated the CSM-CERES-Maize model for simulating maize growth and yield under different irrigation regimes in semi-arid conditions of Punjab, Pakistan.
2. Two maize hybrids were grown under 7 irrigation treatments, including no irrigation, irrigation at different growth stages, and irrigation scheduled using potential soil moisture deficit.
3. The model was calibrated using 2009 data and evaluated against 2010 data for a range of variables including yield, biomass, leaf area index, and evapotranspiration. The model performance was generally good with errors of less than 15% for most treatments.
Heritabiliy studies in some sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor. l. moench) genotypesAlexander Decker
This study estimated heritability in 30 genotypes of sweet sorghum. It found high heritability (>69%) for 8 traits including plant height, number of nodes, number of leaves, grain yield, and sugar content, indicating these traits are strongly influenced by genotype. Moderate heritability (55.9%) was observed for 1000 grain weight. Low heritability (1.5%) was observed for head weight. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were also calculated, with sugar content, grain yield, and plant height showing high GCV (>22%), indicating good potential to respond to selection.
Effect of Different Weed Control Practices On Proximate Composition, Nutrient...IOSRJAVS
A field experiment was conducted during 2004 and 2005 cropping seasons to determine effect of different weed control practices on proximate composition, nutrient concentration and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea maysL.) at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. Seven treatments were used for the experiment, viz no weeding (control), Primextra (3.0kg a.i./ha), mulching (wood shavings), one- hoe weeding at 3 weeks after planting (WAP), two hoe- weedings at 3 and 7 WAP, cover cropping with melon minus hoe-weeding, cover-cropping with melon plus one hoe-weeding at 3WAP. The seven treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results showed that mulched plot with wood shavings had the lowest weed density and highest proximate composition, grain nutrient concentration, ear leaf concentration and nutrient uptake followed by Primextra treated plot .The study recommends that small holder farmers to adopt mulching technique with wood shaving to improve the nutritional quality of maize grain since it does not involve any technical rigor besides signifying a non-chemical weed control.
Grain Yield Stability in Three-way Cross Hybrid Maize Varieties using AMMI an...Premier Publishers
A study to evaluate three-way cross hybrid maize varieties for wide adaptability and stability was conducted in eight environments in Sierra Leone using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. There were significant genotype and environment main effects, and genotype x environment interactions (GEI) effects. Differences due to environments accounted for 70.1% of the total treatments sum of squares while genotypes and genotype x environment interaction accounted for 9.9% and 20.0%, respectively. The first four interaction principal component axes (IPCA) were also highly significant and accounted for 38.7%, 25.2%, 14.3% and 8.6%, respectively of the total genotype x environment interaction variation. The polygon view of the GGE biplot revealed that hybrid G14 produced the highest grain yield in environments E1, E5 and E7 whereas G24 was adaptive in environments E6, E8, E3, E4 and E2. Hybrids G24, G9, G17 and G6 also produced high grain yields and were relatively stable. Both AMMI and GGE biplot effectively partitioned treatments sum of squares and were more appropriate in explaining genotype x environment interaction. The models also identified G24 as the most desirable hybrid in terms of high grain yield and stability across environments. Therefore, this hybrid is recommended for commercial release.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
Determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase or decreased yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields, and blanket recommendations were not appropriate. Regression equations were developed to map phosphorus levels and recommend rates tailored to individual fields.
11.determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields. Regression equations were developed to map soil phosphorus levels for individual fields and recommend phosphorus based on soil testing.
This document summarizes a research project on the effect of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on soybean growth. The project involved applying rates of 0, 50, 75, 100, and 125 kg/ha of DAP fertilizer to soybean plots. Data was collected on plant emergence date, leaf length, plant height, and leaf number. Statistical analysis found plant height was significantly affected by phosphorus rate, with the tallest plants at 125 kg/ha. Emergence date, leaf length, and leaf number were not significantly different. The researchers recommend a rate of 125 kg/ha DAP for best soybean growth. Further research is needed on yield and multiple locations before making a definitive conclusion.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with Ailanthus excelsa trees across eight districts in western Rajasthan, India. A total of 25 AM fungal species from five genera (Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, Sclerocystis, and Scutellospora) were identified. Glomus was the most common and diverse genus. Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae were the most prevalent species infecting A. excelsa roots. AM fungal diversity and root colonization varied between sites and correlated with soil properties like pH, organic
Effective Recycling Of Paddy Straw through Microbial Degradation for Enhancin...iosrjce
The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station,
Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the
efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation
showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5
kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through
the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil. The highest population of N- fixing
microorganisms 27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively
during summer 2010 and 31.56 x 103
and 62.44 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application of recommended dose NPK (10.37 x
103
and 20.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and
11.52 x 103
and 21.87 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif
2010)27.16 x 103
and 51.00 x 103
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively). The
increased population of Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms 20.00 x 102
and 30 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time
of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during summer 2010 and 24.65 x 102
and 36.77 x 102
cfu /g soil at
the time of transplanting and 60 DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010 were recorded compared to application
of recommended dose NPK (11.00 x 102
and 14.33 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60 DAT,
respectively during summer 2010 and 11.87 x 102
and 15.22 x 102
cfu /g soil at the time of transplanting and 60
DAT, respectively during Kharif 2010).Similarly, the enhanced grain and straw yields were also confirmed the efficiency of organic matter degradability microorganisms
Evaluation of Hybrids for Milling and Eating Quality Traits Under Varying Env...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The present investigation was carried out on three notified rice hybrids namely, Hybrid 6201, Hybrid 6444 and Hybrid KRH 2 and one high yielding variety IR 64 during kharif 2006 and kharif 2007 at two locations i.e. Simbhaoli (U.P.) and Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh) to compare the physical (milling and head rice recovery) and chemical characteristics ( amylase content, gelatinization temperature and aroma) of these hybrids and inbred variety IR 64. The results showed that the mean performance for milling recovery and head rice recovery were higher at Hyderabad during both the seasons. Amylose content and gelatinization temperature showed milar values at both the locations. Further, the milling and head rice recovery of V3 (Hybrid 6444) was more as compared to IR 64. Aroma of V3 (Hybrid 6444) lost after ageing of three and six months. Further, milling recovery and head rice recovery increased with increase in ageing from one month to six months. It can be recommended that if hybrids are planted at the density of 33 plants per hill with two seedlings planted per hill and the harvest is aged for six months before milling, high head rice yields can be obtained.
Response of intercropping and different row ratios on growth and yield of whe...inventionjournals
A field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Research Institute, Majhagawan, Satna in rabi season 2013 and 2014 to study the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) based intercropping(wheat+chickpea, wheat+linseed and wheat+mustard) and different row ratios (2:2, 4:2 and 6:2) under rainfed conditions of Kaymore Plateau. Intercropping reduced the values of growth parameters and yield attributes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), linseed (Linum usitatisetum) and mustard (Brassica campestris) compared with their sole crops. Intercropping with wheat +chickpea in 2:2 row ratio recorded significantly higher wheat equivalent yield (WEY) 46.04 q/ha, land equivalent ratio (LER) 1.36,net income Rs.42429/ha and benefit :cost ratio 3.64 in comparison of sloe crop of wheat 39.94 q/ha, 1, Rs.38882/ha and 3.45, sloe crop of chickpea 27.62 q/ha, 1, Rs.19146/ha and 1.71, sloe crop of linseed 26.82 q/ha, 1, Rs.19366/ha and 2.09, sloe crop of mustard 25.40 q/ha, 1, Rs.19589/ha and 2.15,respectively
Inheritance of grain yield and grain yield components in barleMuhammad Anas
The document summarizes a study on the inheritance of grain yield and yield components in four barley cultivars (Karan-19, Karan-201, Karan-4 and Karan-521) over two growing seasons. The highest average grain yield was observed in cultivar Karan-4 (4.935 t/ha). During both years, cultivar Karan-4 achieved the highest average 1000 grain weight (50.74 g) while cultivar Karan-19 had the highest average test weight (72.68 kg/hl). Weather conditions varied between the two growing seasons, with 2018/2019 receiving more rainfall overall.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
Impact of cropping system on soil health and crop productivityDeepak Gaikwad
This document discusses the impact of cropping systems on soil health and crop productivity. It begins with introducing facts about India's population, agricultural land area, and crop production. It then discusses issues with prevalent cereal-cereal cropping systems like soil fertility decline. The concepts and classifications of cropping systems are explained, along with methods to improve soil health. Several studies evaluating the effects of different cropping systems like rice, wheat, and cotton systems on soil chemical, physical and biological properties are summarized in tables. The studies found that diversified cropping systems improved soil organic carbon, nutrients, microbial activity and reduced compaction compared to cereal monocropping. The document concludes that appropriate cropping systems are important for sustaining
Effect of Cow Manure on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of MungbeanSYED TARIK MAHABUB
Cow manure had significant positive effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of mungbean plants. Applying 10 tons of cow manure per hectare resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, branches, and pods per plant. It also led to the earliest flowering, fastest maturity, longest pods, highest seed and stover yields, and greatest nutrient levels in the seeds. Applying 5 tons of cow manure per hectare produced similar beneficial results. The control treatment with no cow manure consistently had the lowest values. The study demonstrates that cow manure improves mungbean productivity by enhancing various growth parameters and nutrient uptake.
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
Profitability of sunflower cultivation in some selected sites of bangladeshJaminur Rahman
The study assessed the profitability and socioeconomic status of sunflower cultivation in Bogra and Satkhira districts of Bangladesh. A total of 100 farmers were surveyed, with 50 farmers from each district. Majority of farmers had 1 year of experience growing sunflower. The estimated per hectare cost of cultivation was 62,199 Taka, with a net return of 10,863 Taka and benefit-cost ratio of 1.18, indicating sunflower cultivation was profitable. The main challenges reported were lack of irrigation, lack of timely seed availability, absence of processing facilities, and low product demand. However, there was potential to expand sunflower cultivation given interest from female farmers and to fulfill local edible oil demand.
Purity analysis of nine pesticides collected from eight locations in bangladeshJaminur Rahman
This document analyzes the purity levels of nine common pesticides collected from various locations in Bangladesh. Laboratory tests found that 66.66% of pesticide brands contained over 90% of the labeled active ingredient. However, 12% contained 80-90% active ingredient and 21.34% contained less than 80%, with three brands containing no active ingredient at all. The results indicate issues with inconsistent pesticide purity in Bangladesh, which could contribute to overuse by farmers and development of pest resistance.
Islamic view of women leadership as head of the stateJaminur Rahman
The document discusses the Islamic view of women serving as heads of state. It presents arguments both for and against the idea. Those against argue that some Quranic verses and hadiths suggest men have authority over women. However, others point to verses showing men and women have equal rights and responsibilities before Allah. The document aims to analyze the issue objectively and reach a balanced view based on Islamic scripture and history.
Yield-scaled N2O emissions in pastures:effect of earthworms and fertilizer ad...Sebastian Ayinbisa Yanore
1) The document summarizes a thesis that studied the effect of earthworm activity and fertilizer addition on yield-scaled N2O emissions in pasture systems.
2) A greenhouse experiment was conducted with grass, clover, and mixed pastures under different earthworm densities and fertilizer treatments.
3) The results showed that earthworm activity and fertilizer addition did not affect yield-scaled N2O emissions. Instead, higher water-filled pore space in the clover monocultures, likely due to slower establishment after soil sterilization, was the main driver of higher yield-scaled N2O emissions.
Effect of Rice production use of organic fertilizerNiazkawsar
1) The document discusses an experiment on the effect of organic fertilizers on the growth, yield, and quality of cauliflower.
2) The experiment found that treatment with poultry manure compost resulted in superior plant growth, larger curd size, higher yields, and better crop quality compared to treatments with kitchen waste compost or vermicompost.
3) Based on the results, the document recommends the use of organic farming practices like poultry manure compost for cauliflower cultivation to ensure soil fertility, food safety, and long-term agricultural sustainability.
The document examines the effects of split potassium fertilizer applications and straw on optimum potassium levels in rice plants grown in Sri Lanka's low country intermediate zone. Key findings include:
1) Applying potassium fertilizer in split doses and adding rice straw increased soil exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium levels compared to control plots without potassium additions.
2) Plants receiving both potassium fertilizer and straw had the highest potassium uptake and content in leaves and stems.
3) While tillering and panicle numbers were unaffected, treatments with both potassium fertilizer and straw yielded significantly more than control plots without added potassium.
This document discusses the basics of fertilizer and its impact on the environment. It outlines different types of fertilizers including organic and inorganic varieties. While fertilizers provide nutrients to improve soil and plant growth, they can also harm the environment if overused by polluting water sources and causing eutrophication. The document recommends supporting sustainable agriculture and using fertilizers strategically to reduce negative environmental impacts.
Effect of Water Stress & the Interaction between Fertilizer & Inoculum Concen...Bioversity International
Presentation given by Dennis Ochola, Bioversity International, on the 'Effect of Water Stress & the Interaction between Fertilizer & Inoculum Concentration'. The presentation was given at the International Horticultural Congress 2014.
Find out more at www.promusa.org
Read more about Dennis Ochola here:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/about-us/who-we-are/staff-bios/single-details-bios/ochola-dennis/
This document summarizes a presentation on fertilizer marketing, distribution and pricing in Bangladesh. It discusses how chemical fertilizers have contributed to increased crop production but also led to soil health deterioration from imbalanced use. It outlines objectives to review the country's fertilizer production, import, distribution and pricing systems, as well as farmers' accessibility. The presentation covers fertilizer consumption trends, subsidies, distribution channels, pricing policies and identifies gaps such as distortion from public interventions and monopoly import control of urea. It recommends progressive liberalization of the fertilizer system and a shift to need-based, bottom-up assessment of annual fertilizer demand.
This document discusses the effects of foliar application of liquid organic fertilizers on crop growth and quality. It begins with introducing liquid organic fertilizers and their benefits over solid organic fertilizers. The objectives are to understand the effects on crop growth, yield, and quality. Several tables show results of research experiments applying different liquid organic fertilizers like vermicompost wash, cow dung wash, and panchagavya on various crops like chickpeas, soybeans, and groundnuts. The results demonstrate increased plant growth parameters, yields, and quality from foliar application of liquid organic fertilizers compared to control treatments.
This document summarizes agriculture in Bangladesh. It notes that agriculture makes up 21% of Bangladesh's GDP and 48% of its labor force. Some of the key challenges facing Bangladeshi agriculture are population growth, climate change, lack of mechanization, and fragmented land plots. The document also discusses strategies to achieve food security and make Bangladesh a middle income country by 2022. It outlines both challenges posed by climate change and ways of adapting to and mitigating its effects, such as developing stress-tolerant varieties and coastal green belts. Collective efforts across different sectors are needed to ensure sustainable agricultural development.
Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (slf) prepared from sargassum wightii and...researchagriculture
The effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Sargassum wightii and Hypnea musciformis were evaluated on the seedling growth and biochemical parameters of the pulse, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L). The seeds of C. tetragonoloba soaked in SLF performed better when compared to the water soaked controls in terms of growth and certain biochemical attributes. The seeds were sown in soil and SLF were added to soil bed in four different concentrations separately (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5% w/v). C. tetragonoloba seedlings showed positive response at 0.5% concentration of aqueous seaweed extracts in almost all the growth parameters studied. Similarly, a significant increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments and biochemical constituents such as soluble protein and starch was noted. The use of Sargassum and Hypnea extracts proved to be effective.
Article Citation:
Thambiraj J, Lingakumar K and Paulsamy S.
Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) prepared from Sargassum wightii and Hypnea musciformis on the growth and biochemical constituents of the pulse, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 065-070.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0023.pdf
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The document describes research evaluating 13 maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer infestation in Kassala State, Sudan over two growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design. Data was collected on various agronomic traits and yield. Results showed that genotypes STB.G11, STB.G10, STB.G4, STB.G6 and STB.G8 produced the highest yields ranging from 3,302 to 4,132 kg/ha and had promising yield component traits, indicating greater tolerance to stem borer infestation compared to other genotypes tested. Yield was identified as the most promising indicator of tolerance.
Phasic pattern of dry matter production and accumulation in different parts o...inventionjournals
This document examines dry matter production and accumulation in different parts of three cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata) during growth stages in summer and rainy seasons over two years. Total dry matter production was higher in summer than rainy seasons and increased with plant age. Dry matter accumulated more in pods than leaves or stems. Among varieties, Maharani had the highest dry matter in stems (3.38 g/plant) and pods (25.26 g/plant) in summer, while Lafa performed best in rainy seasons with 1.98 g/plant in stems and 19.81 g/plant in pods. Dry matter partitioning varied between seasons and cultivars, with higher
1) The document outlines a research work on the economic analysis of pesticide use in soybean cultivation in Nagpur district.
2) The objectives are to study pesticide use patterns, costs and returns with pesticide use, optimal pesticide levels, and pesticide safety practices.
3) A literature review found studies showing excessive and improper pesticide use increased costs and led to pest resistance, and recommended integrated pest management.
Comparative efficiency of soil and foliar applied zinc inAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a field study that evaluated the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc in improving the yield and yield components of wheat variety Kiran-95. The study found that applying zinc through both soil (5 kg/ha at tillering and 5 kg/ha at booting stage) and foliar spray (0.2% at tillering and 0.2% at booting stage) led to maximum plant height, tillers, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, seed index, biological yield, and grain yield, followed closely by the foliar application treatment. While soil application of 10 kg/ha at tillering produced the third highest results, control plots without zinc application showed
Comparative efficiency of soil and foliar applied zinc inAlexander Decker
The study evaluated the comparative efficacy of soil and foliar applied zinc on the growth and yield of wheat variety Kiran-95. It found that applying zinc through both soil (5 kg/ha at tillering and 5 kg/ha at booting stage) and foliar spray (0.2% at tillering and 0.2% at booting stage) produced the maximum plant height, tillers, spike length, spikelets per spike, grains per spike, seed index, biological yield, and grain yield, followed closely by the foliar application treatment. While soil application of 10 kg/ha at tillering performed third best, it was found that both the split soil and split foliar applications were most effective and
Comparative potential on yield and its related characters in fine riceInnspub Net
This study evaluated 20 fine rice cultivars for yield and yield-related traits. Analysis of variance showed significant genetic variability for all measured characters. The cultivar Ranjit produced the highest yield of 4.96 t/ha. Two cultivars, Kalozira and Kalosoru, showed the highest aroma contents of 35% and 30%, respectively. Based on both high yield and aroma content, Kalozira was identified as the best aromatic rice cultivar for potential commercial cultivation and use in future breeding programs.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
1) The document discusses a study on the growth and yield of two types of aroids (Pondial kachu and Panchamukhi kachu) under different agroforestry systems providing various light levels.
2) The highest yields of both Pondial kachu (32.27 t/ha) and Panchamukhi kachu (30.60 t/ha) were obtained under a coconut and guava agroforestry system (T4) which allowed 70-80% photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).
3) In general, plant height and leaf length of the aroids increased with decreasing light levels. The tallest plants and
The combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yi...Open Access Research Paper
A study was conducted at Bina Sub-station Nalitabari, Sherpur Farm from June to October 2022 to investigate the effect of combining organic and inorganic fertilizers on rice growth and yield. It followed a randomized block design with three replications and a unit plot size of 3m×4m.The experiment consisted of five treatments: T1 100% STB (N90P15K75S12Zn2), T2 (85% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), T3 (85% CF+ 4t/ha vermicompost), T4 (70% CF+ 5t/ha cow dung), and T5 (70% CF+ 2t/ha vermicompost). The objective was to assess their impact on the growth, yield, and yield-contributing characteristics of the BINAdhan-17 rice variety. The study found that combining inorganic fertilizer with 2t/ha of vermicompost resulted in the highest yield. Chemical fertilizer (CF) with organic sources increased yield. The tallest plants were in T1 (104.9cm), while the shortest was in T4. The highest grain yield was in T3 (5.9t/ha), and lowest in T4 (4.7t/ha).When combining 4t/ha of vermicompost with 85% CF (77kg N, 13kg P, 64kg K, 12kg S, 2kg Zn), the parameters of tillers per plant, panicle length, filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield were maximized.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Using high-quality rice varieties and incorporating compost, alone or with chemical fertilizers, increases yields compared to full inorganic fertilizer. The study emphasizes the importance of judicious organic and chemical fertilizer application for significantly enhancing rice yields.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Technical Programme of P.h.D Experiment on Maize shikharverma26
This document provides details of a proposed PhD experiment on the effects of nano zinc, inorganic fertilizers, and organic manures on the growth and yield of maize. The experiment will have 21 treatments in a split plot design with 3 replications. Treatments will evaluate the effects of farmyard manure, vermicompost, and different combinations of recommended NPK doses with zinc sulfate and nano zinc on maize growth parameters, yield, nutrient uptake, and soil properties. Economic analysis of treatments will also be conducted.
Assessment of genotype by environment interactions and grainAlexander Decker
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Contributers: Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD, Cornell University, USA
Iswandi Anas, Biotechnology Lab, IPB, Indonesia
O.P. Rupela, former Principal Scientist, ICRISAT, India
A.K. Thakur, Directorate of Water Management, India
T.M. Thiyagarajan, Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ., India
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Effect of spacing and fertilizer management on the yield and yield attributes of mukhikachu
1. EFFECT OF SPACING AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ON
THE YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF MUKHIKACHU
Dr. M Jaminur Rahman, Head, Department of Food Science, The University of Comilla.
Abstract
Fieldexperimentswere carriedoutinthe Agronomyfieldof BARI, Joydebpur,RARS,Jamalpurand RARS,
Ishurdi duringtwoconsecutive kharifseasonsof 2012 and 2013 to determine the suitable plant spacing
and optimumfertilizerdose forhigheryield of mukhikachu. Three levels of spacing viz., 60 cm x 60 cm,
60 cm x 45 cm and 60 cm x 30 cm and three levels of fertilizer dose viz., recommended dose (3000-96-
27-81-18 kg ha-1 of CD-N-P-K-S), 25% less than the recommended dose and 25% higher than the
recommended dose were used as treatment variables. The experiments were laid out in factorial
randomizedcomplete blockdesignwiththree replications. Results revealed that the closer spacing (60
cm x 30 cm) incombinationwith25%higherthanthe recommended fertilizer dose gave the maximum
edible yield of mukhikachu (two years average) at all locations (20.04 t ha-1 , 20.75 t ha-1 and 16.63 t
ha-1 at Joydebpur,JamalpurandIshurdi,respectively). The wider spacing (60 cm x 60 cm) coupled with
25% less than the recommended fertilizer dose produced the lowest yield (two years average). The
maximum benefit- cost ratio (two years average) was obtained from the combination of the
recommended fertilizer dose and 60 cm x 30 cm spacing, that were 2.93 at Joydebpur and 3.42 at
Ishurdi, while at Jamalpur the maximum benefit-cost ratio (two years average) was found maximum
from 60 cm x 30 cm spacing with 25% higher than the recommended fertilizer dose (3.12). Keywords:
Mukhikachu, spacing, fertilizer, yield, benefit-cost ratio, Colocasia esculenta schott Introduction
Mukhikachu(ColocasiaesculentaSchott) isanimportanttubercropvegetable grownin kharif season in
Bangladesh.Itbelongstothe familyAraceae andiswell knownas taro. It is a carbohydrate, protein and
iron and vitamin ‘A’ rich vegetable which is generally grown during February/March to
September/October(Salam,2003).It isconsideredasan importantvegetable,particularly in the month
of August-October when the supply of other vegetables is scarce in the market (Siddique et al., 1988;
Basak and Maleque, 1992). The area and gross annual production of mukhikachu in Bangladesh is
increasingyearafter year, but its yield 1Scientific Officer, Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, 2Principle Scientific Officer, Physiology Division, BARI, Gazipur,
3Senior Scientific Officer, RARS, BARI, Ishurdi, 4Ex-Scientific Officer, BARI, Gzipur, 5Scientific Officer,
RARS, BARI, Jamalpur, Bangladesh. 714 AKTHER et al. per unit area is low (9.76 tha-1 ) (BBS, 2011) as
comparedwithChina(17.05 t ha-1 ) and Japan(11.59 t ha-1 ) (FAO,1999). Too low or wider spacing and
unbalancedfertilizermightbe twoimportantfactorsforthislow yieldof mukhikachu.It is reported that
itsyieldusuallyvariedwithdifferentplantdensities(Atikuzzaman,2008; Suminarti etal., 2016; Sikderet
al., 2014). Suitable plant spacing can lead to optimum yield whereas too high or too low plant spacing
couldresultinrelativelylow yield and quality. Application of fertilizer has great impact on growth and
yieldof cropplants.The requirementof fertilizerforanycrop varieswithcultivars,plantpopulation and
soil type in AEZs (Mitra et al., 1990). The tendency of the Bangladeshi farmers is to use closer spacing
2. and high amount of nitrogenous fertilizer because they think that more the plant population with
vigorusvegetativegrowthdue toN fertilizationandmore the yieldof mukhikachu.Mukhikachurequires
a high dose of nitrogen and potassium (Rashid, 1999; Bose and Som, 1986; Mohankumar et al., 1991)
because nitrogen is essential for growth and potassium for starch formation and potassium exerts a
blanching effect on both N and P and consequently important in mixed fertilizer. Potassium is very
importantfortuberformationbecause itisknowntobe essentialfor the synthesis and translocation of
carbohydrate (Bose and Som, 1986). The present experiment was therefore, carried out to find out
suitable plant spacing and optimum fertilizer dose for higher yield and maximum economic return in
differentAEZs.MaterialsandMethodFieldexperimentswere carriedoutinthe Agronomyfield of BARI,
Joydebpur, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur and RARS, Ishurdi of BARI during
two consecutive Kharif seasons of 2012 and 2013. In 2012, during experimentation the average
temperature of Gazipur,Ishurdi andJamalpurwas29.04oC, 27.30oC and24.22oC, respectivelywhereas,
in 2013 that were 28.60oC, 28.25oC and 28.60oC, respectively. In 2012, the total rainfall of Gazipur,
Ishurdi andJamalpurwas1104.80, 948.89 and 1552.30 mm, respectively,while in2013, the total rainfall
of Gazipur, Ishurdi and Jamalpur was 1583.60, 1172.72 and 1453.75 mm, respectively. The initial soil
analyses of Joydebpur, Ishurdi and Jamalpur are given in Table 1. At all locations the status of total N
was very low and P was below critical level. At Ishurdi and Jamalpur, the amount of K was below the
critical level whereas at Joydebpur the status of K was just above the critical level. At all locations the
amountof S wasjust above the critical level. Three levels of spacing i.e. S1= 60 cm x 60 cm, S2= 60 cm x
45 cm and S3= 60 cm x 30 cm and three levels of fertilizer dose i.e. F1= recommended dose (3000- 96-
27-81-18 kg ha-1 of CD-N-P-K-S, FRG, 2005), F2= 25 % less than the recommended dose and F3= 25%
higher than the recommended dose were used as treatment variables in the present study. The
experimentswereconducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications.
The unit plot size was 3.6 m x 3.6 m. The variety used in the experiment was ‘Bilashi’. The crop was
fertilized with as per treatment. EFFECT OF SPACING AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ON THE YIELD 715
Table 1. The initial soil analysesof Joydebpur,Ishurdi andJamalpurbeforeexperimentation Location PH
OM (%) Total N % P (ppm) K (meq./ 100 g soil) S (ppm) Joydebpur 6.25 0.62 0.10 8.64 0.23 17.30 Ishurdi
7.3 1.32 0.053 11 0.12 15 Jamalpur 5.6 1.79 0.094 5.60 0.10 17.0 Critical level - - - 14 0.2 14 The entire
amountof phosphorous(P),potassium(K) and sulphur (S) was applied as basal. N was applied at 15-20
and 40-45 days after planting. Cormel was planted in line. In the first year (2012), seed cormels of
mukhikachuwere plantedon 11 March at Jamalpur,12 March at Joydebpurand 30 March at Ishurdi and
harvested on 12 December at Jamalpur, 30 August at Joydebpur and 9 December at Ishurdi and in the
second year (2013), seed cormels of mukhikachu were planted on 23 March at Jamalpur, 21 March at
Joydebpurand16 March at Ishurdi andharvested at 4 November at Jamalpur, 30 October at Joydebpur
and 28 NovemberatIshurdi.Intercultural operationsweredone asandwhenrequired.Ten plants were
randomly selected from each plot for recording yield contributing characters. The yield data was
recordedfroman area of 12.96 m 2 ineach plotand per hectare yield was calculated. Secondary corms
and cormels were considered to calculate yield data which were mentioned as edible yield. All the
collected data were analyzed statistically and mean separation was done by the Least Significant
Difference (LSD) at5%level of probability(GomezandGomez,1984).Resultsand Discussion Number of
secondarycormsplant-1: Differentspacing in combination with fertilizer showed significant effect on
number of secondary corms plant-1 at all locations except Jamalpur (Tables 2, 3 & 4). At Joydebpur
3. number of corms plant-1 in different treatments were found identical in 2012 while that varied
significantly in 2013 (Table 2). In 2012, number of corms plant-1 ranged from 4.07 (S3F2) to 5.13 (S2F3).
In 2013, the highestnumberof cormsplant-1recordedinS1F1 (5.13) whichwas significantlyhigherthan
S2F2 but statistically similar with all other treatments. The lowest number of corms plant-1 was
obtained from S2F2 (3.53) combination. At Jamalpur, number of corms plant-1 was not significantly
variedindifferenttreatments (Table 3). However, number of corms plant-1 ranged from 3.40 (S1F2) to
5.40 (S1F1) in 2012 and in 2013, number of corms plant-1 ranged from 6.0 (S1F2) to 8.13 (S1F1). At
Ishurdi,numberof cormsplant-1variedsignificantlyindifferenttreatmentsduring both the years (2012
& 2013) (Table 4).In 2012, the highestnumberof corms plant-1 was recorded in 716 AKTHER et al. S1F3
(5.20) whichwere identical toall othertreatmentsexceptS3F2.The lowest number of secondary corms
plant-1 was obtained from S3F2 (3.70) combination. In 2013, the highest number of corms plant-1 was
recorded in S1F3 (5.86) which was closely followed by all other treatments except S3F1 and S3F2. The
lowest number of secondary corms plant-1 was obtained from S3F2 combination in both the years.
Suminarti etal.(2016) reportedthatapplicationof 125 kg N ha-1 and 62 kg K ha-1 gave the highestyield
of mukhikachu (16.45 t/ha) and number of corms plant-1 decreased with the increase of plant
population.Weightof secondarycormsplant-1(g):Combinationof spacingand fertilizer put significant
effectonweightof secondarycormsplant-1at all the locations(Tables2,3 & 4). At Joydebpur,different
treatmentsdidnotdiffersignificantlyinrespectof weightof secondarycormsplant-1 in 2012 while that
varied significantly in 2013 (Table 2). In 2012, weight of secondary corms plant-1 ranged from 233.30 g
(S3F1) to 274 g (S1F3) indifferenttreatments.In2013, the maximumweightof secondarycorms plant-1
was recorded in S1F3 (232.90 g) which was closely followed by S1F1, S1F2, S2F1 and S2F3. The lowest
weight of secondary corms plant-1 was obtained from S3F1 (198.30 g) combination in 2013. At
Jamalpur,weightof secondarycormsplant-1variedsignificantlyindifferenttreatmentsduring both the
years (2012 & 2013) (Table 3). In 2012, the maximum weight of secondary corms plant-1 was recorded
inS1F3 (393.30 g) closelyfollowedby S1F1 and S2F3 and the lowest weight of secondary corms plant-1
was obtained from S3F1 (206.70 g) treatment. In 2013, the highest weight of secondary corms plant-1
was recordedinS1F3 (456.60 g) whichwas statisticallysimilarwithS1F2and S2F1 combinationsand the
lowest weight of secondary corms plant-1 was obtained from S3F1 (246.60 g) combination. At Ishurdi,
different combinations had significant effect on weight of secondary corms plant- 1 in both the years
(2012 & 2013) (Table 4). In 2012, the highest weight of secondary corms plant-1 was recorded in S1F3
(135.50 g) which was identical with S2F3. The lowest weight of secondary corms plant-1 was obtained
from S3F2 (95 g) combination. In 2013, the highest weight of secondary corms plant-1 was recorded in
S1F3 (155.72 g) which was identical with S2F3 and the lowest weight of secondary corms plant-1 was
obtainedinS3F2 (115.24 g) treatment.Weightof cormsplant-1increasedatwiderspacingmightbe due
to lesscompetitionfornutrients,moisture and light among the plants. Suminarti et al. (2016) obtained
the highest yield of corms and cormels plant-1 from 60 cm x 40 cm spacing. Sikder et al. (2014) also got
the maximum and minimum individual corm from 60 cm x 50 cm and 60 x 20 cm spacing, respectively.
Numberof cormelsplant-1: Differentspacingcoupledwithfertilizertreatmentshowedsignificanteffect
on numberof cormelsplant-1at all locations(Tables2,3 & 4). At Joydebpur,numberof cormels plant-1
was found identical in different treatments in 2012 while that varied significantly in 2013 (Table 2). In
2012, EFFECT OF SPACINGANDFERTILIZERMANAGEMENT ON THE YIELD 717 numberof cormelsplant-1
ranged from 24.53 (S3F2) to 28.4 (S1F3) while in 2013, the highest number of cormels plant-1 was
4. recorded in S3F1 (14.93) which was statistically similar with all other treatments except S3F2 and the
lowest number of cormels plant-1 was obtained from S3F2 (10.07) treatment in 2013. At Jamalpur,
number of cormels plant-1 was found identical in different treatments in 2012 while that varied
significantly in 2013 (Table 3). In 2012, number of cormels plant-1 ranged from 6.60 (S3F2) to 9.90
(S2F1) but in 2013, the highest number of cormels plant-1 was recorded in S1F1 (17.80) and the lowest
number of cormels plant-1 was obtained from S3F2 (9.50) treatment. At Ishurdi, different treatments
varied significantly in terms of number of cormels plant-1 in both the years (2012 & 2013) (Table 4). In
2012, the highestnumberof cormelsplant-1wasrecordedinS1F3 (16.88) whichwas statistically similar
with S1F1 and the lowest number of cormels plant-1 was obtained from S3F2 (13.90) treatment. In
2013, the highestnumberof cormelsplant-1wasrecordedinS1F3 (17.46) whichwas identical withS1F1
and the lowestweightof numberof cormelsplant-1wasobtained from S3F2 (14.48) treatment. Weight
of cormelsplant-1:Differentspacingincombinationwithfertilizer treatments exerts significant effect
on weight of cormels plant-1 at all locations (Tables 2, 3 & 4). At Joydebpur, weight of cormels plant-1
variedsignificantlyin2012 while didnotvary significantly in 2013 (Table 2). In 2012, the highest weight
of cormels plant-1 was recorded in S1F3 (594 g) which was statistically similar with S2F1 and S2F2
treatments and the lowest weight of cormels plant-1 was obtained from S2F2 (534 g) treatment. In
2013, weight of cormels plant-1 ranged from 400.50 g (S2F2) to 445.50 g (S1F3). At Jamalpur, weight of
cormelsplant-1variedstatisticallydue to different treatments in both years (2012 & 2013) (Table 3). In
2012, the maximum weight of cormels plant-1 was recorded in S2F1 (124.70 g) which was statistically
similar with S1F1 and S1F3 and the lowest weight of cormels plant-1 was obtained from S3F2 (64 g)
treatment. In 2013, the highest weight of cormels plant-1 was recorded in S2F1 (200 g) which was
statisticallysimilarwiththe S1F2 andthe lowestweightof numberof cormelsplant-1wasobtainedfrom
S3F2 (83.3 g) treatment.AtIshurdi,weightof cormelsplant-1indifferenttreatmentsvariedsignificantly
in both the years (2012 & 2013) (Table 4). In 2012, the maximum weight of cormels plant-1 was
recordedinS1F3 (245 g) whichwas statisticallysimilarwiththe treatmentof S2F3and the lowestweight
of cormelsplant-1wasobtainedfromS3F2(187.50 g) treatment.In2013, the highestweight of cormels
plant-1was recordedinS1F3 (268.47 g) whichwas identical withS2F3andthe lowestweight of cormels
plant-1 was obtained from S3F2 (210.97 g) treatment. The results revealed that wider spacing (60 cm x
60 cm) gave the maximumweightof cormelsplant-1andcloserspacing(60cm x 30 cm) gave the lowest
weight.Thisisinagreementwiththe results of Mannan et al. (1988) and Dhar (1989). 718 AKTHER et al.
Table 2. Combined effect of spacing and fertilizer on yield contributing characters of mukhikachu at
Joydebpur in kharif 2012 and 2013 Treatment No. of secondary corms plant-1 Weight of secondary
corms plant-1 (g) No. of cormels plant-1 Weight of cormels plant-1 (g) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013
2012 2013 S1F1 4.50 5.13 270.6 230.1 27.80 13.53 576.6 432.5 S1F2 4.47 3.80 259.3 220.4 28.07 13.07
585.3 439.0 S1F3 4.80 3.60 274.0 232.9 28.40 12.20 594.0 445.5 S2F1 4.80 3.87 244.6 208.0 26.27 13.27
540.0 405.0 S2F2 4.43 3.53 242.6 206.3 25.67 12.47 534.0 400.5 S2F3 5.13 4.13 256.0 217.6 26.73 14.60
547.0 410.3 S3F1 5.00 3.73 233.3 198.3 24.80 14.93 593.3 445.0 S3F2 4.07 4.00 234.6 199.5 24.53 10.07
574.6 431.0 S3F3 4.73 4.00 240.6 204.6 26.67 13 572.0 429.0 LSD (0.05) NS 1.54 NS 25.27 NS 2.98 48.46
NS CV (%) 8.90 9.91 7.2 8.2 5.80 5.90 10.9 5.12 S1=60 cm x 60 cm, S2=60 cm x 45 cm, S3= 60 cm x 30 cm,
F1 = Recommended fertilizer dose (3000-97-27-81-18 kg ha-1 of CD- NPKS), F2 = 25% less than
recommendeddose andF3= 25% higherthanrecommended dose Table 3. Combined effect of spacing
and fertilizer on yield contributing characters of mukhikachu at Jamalpur in kharif 2012 and 2013
5. TreatmentNo.of secondaryCormsplant-1Weightof secondaryCormsplant-1(g) No. of cormelsplant-1
Weight of cormel plant-1 (g) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 S1F1 5.40 8.13 353.30 373.3
8.50 17.80 123.30 106.60 S1F2 3.40 6.00 246.70 453.3 7.13 11.50 67.30 193.30 S1F3 4.33 6.93 393.30
456.6 8.90 13.90 118 163.30 S2F1 4.60 8.00 320.0 426.6 9.90 14.90 124.70 200 S2F2 3.60 6.93 330.0
316.6 7.30 12.40 75.30 120 S2F3 5.13 7.70 386.70 356.6 7.50 10.90 77.30 118 S3F1 4.0 6.10 206.70
246.6 7.50 9.90 91.30 103.30 S3F2 4.80 6.66 290.0 336.6 6.60 9.50 64.0 83.30 S3F3 4.20 6.63 300.0
333.3 6.90 10.40 78 116.60 LSD (0.05) NS NS 56.90 53.3 NS 2.18 22.70 28.30 CV (%) 8.01 12.40 10.20
8.24 12.20 0.94 14.0 11.87 S1=60 cm x 60 cm, S2=60 cm x 45 cm, S3= 60 cm x 30 cm, F1 =
Recommended fertilizer dose (3000-97-27-81-18 kg ha-1 of CD- N-P-K-S), F2 = 25% less than
recommendeddose andF3= 25% higher thanrecommended dose EFFECT OF SPACING AND FERTILIZER
MANAGEMENT ON THE YIELD 719 Table 4. Combined effect of spacing and fertilizer on yield
contributing characters of mukhikachu at Ishurdi in kharif 2012 and 2013 Treatment No. of Secondary
corms plant-1 Weight of secondary corms plant-1 (g) No. of cormels plant-1 Weight of cormels plant-1
(g) 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 S1F1 5.10 5.75 123.50 143.73 15.70 16.27 230.50 253.96
S1F2 4.80 5.45 119.50 139.72 14.80 15.37 212.00 235.47 S1F3 5.20 5.86 135.50 155.72 16.88 17.46
245.00 268.47 S2F1 4.80 5.45 115.50 135.71 14.90 15.48 219.50 242.99 S2F2 4.70 5.35 110.50 130.74
14.76 15.34 209.00 232.49 S2F3 5.0 5.65 135.00 155.21 15.10 15.68 236.00 259.46 S3F1 5.0 5.31 111.00
130.72 14.00 14.88 212.80 236.29 S3F2 3.70 4.35 95.00 115.24 13.90 14.48 187.50 210.97 S3F3 4.90
5.56 112.00 132.22 14.70 15.30 223.00 246.48 LSD (0.05) 0.55 0.54 6.50 1.84 1.49 1.50 13.60 13.61 CV
(%) 6.63 5.80 3.20 2.73 5.72 5.54 3.50 3.24 S1=60 cm x 60 cm, S2=60 cm x 45 cm, S3= 60 cm x 30 cm, F1
= Recommended fertilizer dose (3000-97-27-81-18 kg ha-1 of CD-N-P-K-S), F2 = 25% less than
recommended dose and F3 = 25% higher than recommended dose Edible yield of mukhikachu The
combinationof spacingandfertilizertreatmentsputsignificant effect on edible yield of mukhikachu at
all locations(Table 5).AtJoydebpur,differenttreatmentsvariedsignificantlyinrespectof edibleyield in
both the years (2012 & 2013). In 2012, the maximum edible yield was recorded in S3F3 (19.87 t ha-1 )
closelyfollowed by S3F1 (16.23 t ha-1 ) and the lowest edible yield was obtained in S1F2 (14.94 t ha-1 )
treatment. In 2013, the highest edible yield was recorded in S3F3 (20.21 t ha-1 ) which was identical
with S3F1 (19.92 t ha-1 ) and the lowest edible yield was obtained from S1F2 (9.54 t ha-1 ) treatment.
Maximum edible yield (two years average) was obtained from S3F3 (20.04 t ha-1 ) closely followed by
S3F1 (19.58 t ha-1 ) and the lowest (average of two years) from S1F2 (12.24 t ha- 1 ) treatment. At
Jamalpur, the highest edible yield was recorded in S3F3 (21.60 t ha-1 in 2012 and 19.90 t ha-1 in 2013)
which was identical with the treatments S2F2, S3F1 and S3F2 in 2012 and S3F1 and S3F2 in 2013. The
lowest edible yield was obtained from S1F2 treatment (11.80 t ha-1 in 2012 and 15.30 t ha-1 in 2013).
From the twoyearsaverage data, it was revealed that the maximum edible yield was recorded in S3F3
(20.75 t ha-1 ) closely followed by S3F2 (19.05 tha-1 ) and the lowest was found in S1F2 (14.30 t ha-1 )
treatment.At Ishurdi location, the highest 720 AKTHER et al. edible yield was found in S3F3 (15.94 and
17.32 tha-1 in 2012 and 2013, respectively) closely followed by S2F3 and S3F1 treatments. The lowest
edible yield was obtained from S1F2 (12.09 t ha-1 in 2012 and 13.47 t ha-1 in 2013). On the basis of two
yearsaverage data,the maximum edible yield was recorded in S3F3 (16.63 t ha-1 ) which was identical
withS3F1 (16.49 t ha-1 ) andthe lowestwasfoundinS1F2 (12.78 t ha-1 ) treatment.Asthe soil nutrient
content of Jamalpur was comparatively poor compared to Joydepur and Ishurdi (Table 1), it required
25% higher than the recommended dose for maximum yield of mukhikachu. Edible yield increased at
6. closerspacingoverwiderspacingmaysolelybe ascribed onthe functionof the highestplantdensityper
unit area of land. Table 5. Combined effect of spacing and fertilizer on edible yield of mukhikachu at
Joydebpur,JamalpurandIshurdi locations Treatment Edible yield (t ha-1 ) Joydebpur Jamalpur Ishurdi
2012 2013 Average 2012 2013 Average 2012 2013 Average S1F1 15.30 11.52 13.41 15.90 15.30 15.60
13.13 14.52 13.83 S1F2 14.94 9.54 12.24 11.80 16.80 14.30 12.09 13.47 12.78 S1F3 15.25 11.43 13.34
14.20 15.70 14.95 13.42 14.81 14.12 S2F1 17.23 11.51 14.37 15.40 17.10 16.25 14.29 15.67 14.98 S2F2
15.20 10.62 12.91 19.00 15.40 17.20 12.76 14.14 13.45 S2F3 16.82 14.41 15.62 17.60 15.60 16.60 14.88
16.25 15.57 S3F1 19.23 19.92 19.58 19.90 17.60 18.75 15.80 17.18 16.49 S3F2 18.49 13.32 15.91 19.20
18.90 19.05 14.08 15.47 14.78 S3F3 19.87 20.21 20.04 21.60 19.90 20.75 15.94 17.32 16.63 LSD (0.05)
0.90 1.34 1.21 2.77 2.91 1.82 1.67 1.66 1.32 CV (%) 3.10 10.12 11.20 9.08 7.79 10.15 6.85 6.23 9.56
S1=60 cm x 60 cm, S2=60 cm x 45 cm, S3= 60 cm x 30 cm, F1 = Recommended fertilizer dose (3000-97-
27-81-18 kg ha-1 of CD-N-P-K-S), F2 = 25% less than recommended dose and F3 = 25% higher than
recommendeddose Itrevealedthatat all three locations, the maximum edible yield were recorded in
S3F3 treatment.Imranetal.(2010) obtainedthe maximumyield of cormels (37.29 t ha-1 ) by fertilizing
Compost, Urea, TSP and MoP @ 15000, 62.5, 62.5 and 50 kg ha-1 . Gill et al. (2005) got the highest yield
of mukhikachu at closer spacing than at wider spacing. This is also in agreement with the findings of
Basak etal. (1999) whoevaluatedmulti locationtrial of Colocasiaesculentaunderdifferent spacing and
fertilizerlevel andfoundthatperplantyieldwashigherinwiderspacingbuttotal yieldwashigherinthe
closerspacing.Atiquzzanman (2008) obtained the maximum yield of corms and cormel (edible EFFECT
OF SPACING AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ON THE YIELD 721 yield) (20.24 t ha-1 ) at 60 x 25 cm
spacingwhereasSikder (2014) got maximum yield (31.8 t ha-1 from 60cm x 40 cm spacing. Oglbonna et
al. (2015) stated that closest spacing gave the highest yield of taro. Table 6. Economic analysis of
mukhikachuundervariable spacingandfertilizermanagementatdifferentlocations(twoyearsaverage)
Treatment Gross return (Tk ha-1 ) Cultivation cost (Tk ha-1 ) Benefit Cost Ratio Joydebpur Ishurdi
Jamalpur Joydebpur Ishurdi Jamalpur Joydebpur Ishurdi Jamalpur S1F1 201150 207375 234000 92364
68465 88456 2.18 3.03 2.64 S1F2 183600 191700 214500 89780 65337 86314 2.05 2.94 2.48 S1F3
200100 211725 224250 94940 71594 91594 2.11 2.96 2.45 S2F1 215550 224700 243750 96864 70465
92031 2.23 3.19 2.65 S2F2 193650 201750 258000 94280 67337 88889 2.06 3.00 2.90 S2F3 234225
233475 249000 99440 73594 95169 2.36 3.17 2.62 S3F1 293625 247350 281250 100204 72465 94268
2.93 3.42 2.98 S3F2 238575 221625 285750 99780 69337 94014 2.39 3.20 3.03 S3F3 300600 249450
311250 104940 75594 99794 2.69 3.30 3.12 S1=60 cm x 60 cm, S2=60 cm x 45 cm, S3 = 60 cm x 30 cm,
F1 = Recommended fertilizer dose (3000-97-27-81-18 kg ha-1 of CD-N-P-K-S) , F2 = 25% less than
recommended dose and F3 = 25% higher than recommended dose and Produce price = Tk. 15 kg-1
EconomicanalysisThe maximumgrossreturnwasfoundin25% higherthanthe recommendedfertilizer
dose (96-27-81-18 kg ha-1 of NPKS) with 60 cm x 30 cm spacing (Tk. 300600, Tk. 249450 and Tk. 311250
at Joydebpur,Ishurdi andJamalpur,respectively)andthe lowestgrossreturnwasfoundin25% lessthan
the recommended dose with 60 cm x 45 cm spacing (Tk. 201150, Tk. 207375 and Tk. 234000 at
Joydebpur,Ishurdi andJamalpur,respectively) (Table 6). The highest cultivation cost was found in 25%
higher than the recommended dose with 60 cm x 30 cm spacing (Tk. 104940, Tk. 75594 and Tk. 99794 at
Joydebpur, Ishurdi and Jamalpur, respectively) and the lowest cultivation cost was found in 25% less
than the recommended dose with 60 cm x 45 cm spacing (Tk. 89780, Tk. 65337 and Tk. 86314 at
Joydebpur,Ishurdi andJamalpur,respectively).The maximumbenefit-cost ratio was recorded from the
7. 722 AKTHER et al. recommended fertilizer dose with 60 cm x 30 cm spacing at Joydebpur (2.93) and
Ishurdi (3.42), while at Jamalpur the maximum benefit-cost ratio was observed from 25% higher than
the recommended fertilizer dose with 60 cm x 30 cm spacing (3.12). Conclusion The results of the
experimentledtothe conclusionthatthe farmersof JodebpurandIshurdi regionmightbe suggested to
use the recommendedfertilizerdose of 3000-96-27-81-18 kg ha-1 of CD-N-P-K-Sin combination with 60
cm x 30 cm spacing while the farmers of Jamalpur region suggested to cultivate mukhikachu by using
25% higherthanthe recommendedfertilizerdose at60 cm x 30 cm spacing.References Atiquzzanmam,
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Dr. M Jaminur Rahman, Head, Department of Food Science, The University of Comilla.