Abstract
The objective of present investigation was to study the effect of granulated blast furnace slag as substitute for fine aggregate in cement mortar and concrete. Now a days, river sand becomes scarce and costly too, which is one of the very important ingredient of concrete and cement mortar mix especially in India and the world consumption of sand in concrete generation along is around 1000 to 1100 million tonnes per year, making its scarce and limited. Shortage of river sand resulted into the over dredging of river sand which causes environmental threat and loss of aquatic life also. In this paper granulated blast furnace slag is used as substitute for river sand in cement mortar and concrete, to overcome the environmental problems created due to over mining. In this investigation, in a cement mortar and concrete replacing natural sand by granulated blast furnace slag in a range of 20%, 40%, 60%,80% and 100%. The workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete with varying percentage of granulated blast furnace slag substitute which is then compare with workability and strength of conventional concrete. To determine the workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete, cubes of standard sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm (for concrete) and 70mm x 70mm x 70mm (for cement mortar) for 3rdday (cement mortar), 7th day and 28th days were casted and tested under compression testing machine . The work is extending to 100% replacement of natural sand with granulated blast furnace slag for M-20 grade of concrete and cement mortar. The compressive strength and flow characteristic of various mixes at various curing periods are studies. The study has shown that, the granulated blast furnace slag can be used as best alternative construction material over river sand. By these substitution and study one can achieve environmental protection as well as economy.
Use of silica sand as cement replacement in ppc concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation is part of comprehensive study carried out to explore the possibility of partial replacement of cement in concrete. Silica sand which is naturally available material available in the vicinity of certain hilly area was used as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Replacement levels were 3-24% at an interval of 3%. A nominal mix (1:1.667:3.33) with 0.5 water cement ratio was used. Specimens were cast for determination of compressive and split tensile strength. The referral conventional concrete as well as concrete made using silica sand as partial replacement of cement were tested for workability in green state and for compressive & split tensile strength after 7,28 & 56 days curing. Results showed that silica sand (upto12%) can effectively being used as partial replacement of cement in concrete without compromising the strength of concrete. Keywords- Silica sand, Workability, Compressive strength, Tensile stremgth.
Experimental Investigation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ond Quarry Dust a...IJSRD
In this experimental work ninety nine cubes has been prepared having dimension 70.7x70.7x70.7 mm are cast as per IS:4031 (2000). In this experimental investigation cement mortar mix 1:3 by volume were selected for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% partially replacement of natural sand (NS) by Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD) [3 cubes on each parameter respectively] for W/C ratio of 0.55 respectively. All the cubes were tested under compressive testing machine. To compare the average compressive strength of natural sand (NS) with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD).
Concept of Regression Analysis in Concrete Mix Designijtsrd
In civil engineering, on site concrete mixing is very important .To determine compressive strength of concrete mix, statistical method is very useful. Regression analysis is an effective statistical technique. By analysing the laboratory concrete block/ cylinder tests , we can determine not only the correlation between compressive strength at different curing ages of concrete but also variation in material properties, ratios and variation in % of fly ash as a partial replacement of concrete. Manisha S. Kukade | Trupti S. Joshi | Sumit D. Sanghani"Concept of Regression Analysis in Concrete Mix Design" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10708.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/10708/concept-of-regression-analysis-in-concrete-mix-design/manisha-s-kukade
Use of silica sand as cement replacement in ppc concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation is part of comprehensive study carried out to explore the possibility of partial replacement of cement in concrete. Silica sand which is naturally available material available in the vicinity of certain hilly area was used as partial replacement of cement in concrete. Replacement levels were 3-24% at an interval of 3%. A nominal mix (1:1.667:3.33) with 0.5 water cement ratio was used. Specimens were cast for determination of compressive and split tensile strength. The referral conventional concrete as well as concrete made using silica sand as partial replacement of cement were tested for workability in green state and for compressive & split tensile strength after 7,28 & 56 days curing. Results showed that silica sand (upto12%) can effectively being used as partial replacement of cement in concrete without compromising the strength of concrete. Keywords- Silica sand, Workability, Compressive strength, Tensile stremgth.
Experimental Investigation of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ond Quarry Dust a...IJSRD
In this experimental work ninety nine cubes has been prepared having dimension 70.7x70.7x70.7 mm are cast as per IS:4031 (2000). In this experimental investigation cement mortar mix 1:3 by volume were selected for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% partially replacement of natural sand (NS) by Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD) [3 cubes on each parameter respectively] for W/C ratio of 0.55 respectively. All the cubes were tested under compressive testing machine. To compare the average compressive strength of natural sand (NS) with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and quarry dust (QD).
Concept of Regression Analysis in Concrete Mix Designijtsrd
In civil engineering, on site concrete mixing is very important .To determine compressive strength of concrete mix, statistical method is very useful. Regression analysis is an effective statistical technique. By analysing the laboratory concrete block/ cylinder tests , we can determine not only the correlation between compressive strength at different curing ages of concrete but also variation in material properties, ratios and variation in % of fly ash as a partial replacement of concrete. Manisha S. Kukade | Trupti S. Joshi | Sumit D. Sanghani"Concept of Regression Analysis in Concrete Mix Design" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10708.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/10708/concept-of-regression-analysis-in-concrete-mix-design/manisha-s-kukade
Rubberized concrete project of final year B.techNagendra Sah
Concrete is most widely used building material in the world, as well as the largest user of natural resources with annual consumption of 12.6 billion.so we have selected project that was based on concrete and our project is about RUBBER CONCRETE . Materials used were cement, fine aggregate , coarse aggregate ,rubber powder , fly ash , glass fiber , super plasticizer. Hence we in this project aimed to study effectiveness of rubber as substitute of fine aggregate and Utilization of Fly ash & Glass fiber were included for economical and increasing the strength of the concrete.
KEYWORDS: Tyre rubber power ,flyash, glass fiber, compressive, split tensile and flexural strength
Investigation on fine aggregate by broken tiles in concreteIJARIIT
This examination manages the effect on the concrete by the partial replacement of fine aggregate by ceramic
aggregate. Studies were done on a concrete, with various replacement. The impacts of various replacements 0, 10, 20, 30&40
percent of the waste ceramic tile by weight of concrete with M-30 review. At last, it was reasoned that all the strength qualities
(compressive strength, flexural strength & split tensile strength) of concrete increases with the various replacements.
Wood ash as an effective raw material for concrete blockseSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of wood ash as a partial substitution for cement is one of the promising method to increase the strength and thermal insulation for cement blocks. The present study focused to use wood ash as a partial replacement for cement material during sand cement block manufacturing. The concrete mixtures have been mixed with 10%, 15% 20% and 25% of wood ash as a partial replacement for cement with sand and tested for compressive strength, water absorption and heat release. Higher compressive strength was observed in the samples of 15% containing wood ash replacement material. All the samples other than 25% of wood ash replacement were shown lower water absorption and highest was found in 15% wood ash content. Slower heat release was observed in the samples of 15% and 20% of wood ash replacement after 21 days of curing time. Addition of 15% wood ash for the manufacturing of concrete blocks was developed and these blocks meet standard limits.
Keywords: wood ash, water absorption, compressive strength, cement block.
Effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine aggregate ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Steel slag is a waste product generated during the production of steel. These wastes are disposed in the form of landfills causes an enormous amount of land pollution. So for the increasing demand to protect the normal environment, especially in build-up areas, the needs to use these wastes are very important. In this paper, two types of concrete mixes were prepared with the different mixes for each type i.e. low strength and high strength concrete namely M25 and M50 respectively. The compressive, split tensile and flexural properties of concrete containing steel slag are compared with that of concrete containing river sand and also manufactured sand. But in this paper only the effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine agate on compressive strength and workability is discussed. The properties of steel slag are also verified with the addition of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag) as a replacement for cement. Keywords: River sand, steel slag, OPC, GGBS, M Sand, compressive strength.
A review of the production of ferromanganese in blast furnaceJorge Madias
The production of high-carbon ferromanganese in blast furnaces is reviewed, based on public literature and
requests to consultants and suppliers to the industry.
The review includes an overview of the FeMn production in blast furnaces during latest decades; main
features of raw materials and reductants, and its influence on the process; raw materials preparation, including
sintering; design features of the blast furnaces, lining, cooling, operating practice, combination with hot metal
production, offgas treatment, specific consumption of coke and Mn ore, casting practice, and a comparison
with submerged arc furnaces.
To download, head to -
http://solarreference.com/parabolic-trough-collectors-comparison/
A detailed comparison of different types of parabolic trough collectors on the basis of specifications, technology, material etc. If CSP is your arena, this is one presentation you just can't miss !!!
Source: NREL
For more quality resources visit us at http://solarreference.com
Rubberized concrete project of final year B.techNagendra Sah
Concrete is most widely used building material in the world, as well as the largest user of natural resources with annual consumption of 12.6 billion.so we have selected project that was based on concrete and our project is about RUBBER CONCRETE . Materials used were cement, fine aggregate , coarse aggregate ,rubber powder , fly ash , glass fiber , super plasticizer. Hence we in this project aimed to study effectiveness of rubber as substitute of fine aggregate and Utilization of Fly ash & Glass fiber were included for economical and increasing the strength of the concrete.
KEYWORDS: Tyre rubber power ,flyash, glass fiber, compressive, split tensile and flexural strength
Investigation on fine aggregate by broken tiles in concreteIJARIIT
This examination manages the effect on the concrete by the partial replacement of fine aggregate by ceramic
aggregate. Studies were done on a concrete, with various replacement. The impacts of various replacements 0, 10, 20, 30&40
percent of the waste ceramic tile by weight of concrete with M-30 review. At last, it was reasoned that all the strength qualities
(compressive strength, flexural strength & split tensile strength) of concrete increases with the various replacements.
Wood ash as an effective raw material for concrete blockseSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of wood ash as a partial substitution for cement is one of the promising method to increase the strength and thermal insulation for cement blocks. The present study focused to use wood ash as a partial replacement for cement material during sand cement block manufacturing. The concrete mixtures have been mixed with 10%, 15% 20% and 25% of wood ash as a partial replacement for cement with sand and tested for compressive strength, water absorption and heat release. Higher compressive strength was observed in the samples of 15% containing wood ash replacement material. All the samples other than 25% of wood ash replacement were shown lower water absorption and highest was found in 15% wood ash content. Slower heat release was observed in the samples of 15% and 20% of wood ash replacement after 21 days of curing time. Addition of 15% wood ash for the manufacturing of concrete blocks was developed and these blocks meet standard limits.
Keywords: wood ash, water absorption, compressive strength, cement block.
Effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine aggregate ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Steel slag is a waste product generated during the production of steel. These wastes are disposed in the form of landfills causes an enormous amount of land pollution. So for the increasing demand to protect the normal environment, especially in build-up areas, the needs to use these wastes are very important. In this paper, two types of concrete mixes were prepared with the different mixes for each type i.e. low strength and high strength concrete namely M25 and M50 respectively. The compressive, split tensile and flexural properties of concrete containing steel slag are compared with that of concrete containing river sand and also manufactured sand. But in this paper only the effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine agate on compressive strength and workability is discussed. The properties of steel slag are also verified with the addition of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag) as a replacement for cement. Keywords: River sand, steel slag, OPC, GGBS, M Sand, compressive strength.
A review of the production of ferromanganese in blast furnaceJorge Madias
The production of high-carbon ferromanganese in blast furnaces is reviewed, based on public literature and
requests to consultants and suppliers to the industry.
The review includes an overview of the FeMn production in blast furnaces during latest decades; main
features of raw materials and reductants, and its influence on the process; raw materials preparation, including
sintering; design features of the blast furnaces, lining, cooling, operating practice, combination with hot metal
production, offgas treatment, specific consumption of coke and Mn ore, casting practice, and a comparison
with submerged arc furnaces.
To download, head to -
http://solarreference.com/parabolic-trough-collectors-comparison/
A detailed comparison of different types of parabolic trough collectors on the basis of specifications, technology, material etc. If CSP is your arena, this is one presentation you just can't miss !!!
Source: NREL
For more quality resources visit us at http://solarreference.com
Dear Readers,
In this presentation, I have tried to explain main raw material sources of iron making process. Also, with my experience, I have tried to give a concept about the plant engineering related to raw material. I hope that, this presentation will be helpful for young engineers. With this presentation they will get a broad idea about the raw material, based on which they can study more on the subject.
Regards,
Nirjhar.
The Step by Step Process of Extracting Iron from its Ore using the Blast Furnace with details of Chemical Reactions. Question Answers based on the process of extraction of metals.
A five-step study method - BLAST- based on activities to complete before lecture, during lecture, after lecture, to study, and to test. Primarily designed for college classes but would be applicable to any course with instructor lectures. Includes some practice and examples. Created by Coleman's Classroom.
Utilization of pond fly ash as a partial replacement in fine aggregate with u...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in the growth of industrial sectors the power requirement of the country is rapidly increasing. India depends on Thermal Power as its main source, thus increase in power requirement every year. Present scenario of our country shows 75 % of country’s total installed power generation is thermal of which coal-based generation is 90%. The coal reserves of the country are predominately of lower grades (average of 35% ash content), non cooking and as a result more than 110 million MT coal ash is being generated every year. Ash generation may likely reach to 170 million MT by 2012. Use of coal brings huge amount of ash every year. Lots of research has been carried out for effective utilization of fly ash in construction industries due to its fine particles and Pozzolonic properties. But little literature is available on pond ash utilization. Pond ash being coarser and less Pozzolonic than fly ash can be used as fine aggregates in concrete by partial replacement of sand. As per M60 Mix Design in this project we will replace the alccofine and fine fly ash partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. In mix G1, G2, G3 we will replace cement with alccofine 4% and fine fly ash 26% and pond fly ash varies 10%, 20%, and 30% as replacement of F.A. Similarly in mix G4,G5,G6 alccofine 6% and fine fly ash 24% and pond fly ash same as 10%,20%,30%. The Concrete specimens will tested at different age level for Mechanical Properties of concrete, namely, Cube Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength with other properties such as Compacting Factor, with respect to 7,28,56,90 Days strength. The main aim of our study as project is to get the economical and eco friendly High strength Concrete (HSC).
Effect of robo sand on strength characteristic of recycled aggregate concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
With increased depletion of natural construction materials, alternative means must be sought for substitution of the same. Excessive energy consumption in the production of construction materials, environmental setbacks and debris disposal are some of the other burning issues fuelling the need for reuse of the raw materials. With the need of natural sand, there is an urgent need for a product that matches the properties of natural sand in concrete. Construction- Demolition waste and ROBO Sand are some of the upcoming resources which enables effective replacement of the materials of mineral origin. In the present work, natural coarse aggregate was replaced with recycled coarse aggregate and river sand was replaced with ROBO Sand in different percentages in plain cement concrete. Different strength test were conducted with combination of ROBO Sand and recycled aggregate to study the effect of these two materials on strength Concrete with a characteristic compressive strength of 30 N/mm2 (M30 grade), was used for our study. In total, 16 sets of 6 cubes each were cast and tested.
Keywords: ROBO Sand, recycled aggregate
Study on properties of concrete by partially replacing cement with GGBSNajeer Ahamad
India has an enormous growth in the industry of steel and copper. These industries produce hazardous by products like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). If they were not disposed off properly, they may cause hazards to the atmosphere. Considering the long term performance and stability of structures, this study suggests replacing some percentage of cement withGGBS to develop high performance concrete. This paper presents an experimental investigation to know the use of GGBS in concrete as a replacing agent of cement.. To accomplish this 53 grade Ordinary Portland cement were used in preparing concrete mix with a w/c ratio of 0.40 with suitable superplasticizers. In order to confirm the use of GGBS as a replacing agent tests were conducted. Cement was replaced with 0% to 40% with GGBS respectively. Concrete control specimens without replacement were also cast for comparison. After casting the cube moulds specimens were tested for various tests likecompressive strength test, tensile strength test, flexural strength test.
Durability Studies on Concrete with Hypo Sludge as Partial Replacement of CementIJERA Editor
This paper summarizes the research work on the properties of hypo sludge when used as partial replacement for
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete. OPC was replaced with hypo sludge by weight at 0%, 5%, 10%,
15%, 20% and 25%. 0% replacement served as the control. Compacting factor test was carried out on fresh
concrete while Compressive Strength test was carried out on hardened 150mm concrete cubes after 7, 14 and 28
days curing in water. The results revealed that the Compacting factor decreased as the percentage replacement
of OPC with hypo sludge increased. The compressive strength of the hardened concrete also decreased with
increasing OPC replacement with hypo sludge. It is recommended that further studies be carried out to gather
more facts about the suitability of partial replacement of OPC with hypo sludge in concrete.
Many countries are witnessing a rapid growth in the construction industry which involves the use of natural resources for the development of the inf rastructure. In order to reduce dependence on natural aggregates as the main source of aggregate in concrete,artificially manufactured aggregates and artificial aggregates generated from industrial wastes provide an alternative for the construction industry. The present study encour aged the utilization of industrial waste copper slag as replacement of natural aggregates in concre te. The results indicate that the use of copper slag in concrete increases the flexural strength of about 17% with that of control mixture. It is recommended that up to 40% of copper slag can be us e as replacement of fine aggregates.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and TechnologyCompar...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative study of cement concrete and geopolymer masonry blockseSAT Journals
Abstract
It is well known that the production of cement is extremely resource and energy intensive process producing an equal amount of CO2
per ton of cement. Hence, due to growing environmental concerns of the cement industry, there is a need to develop alternative
materials such as fly ash, Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Also there is a need to develop masonry units using these
alternative materials for sustainability. Geopolymer technology makes use of fly ash which is a byproduct of thermal power plants. In
the present research, cement and geopolymer blocks are produced by the same method. The basic properties of these masonry units
such as compressive strength, density, modulus of elasticity, Initial rate of absorption (IRA) and water absorption are determined and
compared. The results indicate that Geopolymer blocks posses superior properties compared to traditional cement blocks.
Geopolymer blocks can be recommended for the use as masonry units for structural masonry. Thus the use of conventional cement
can be eliminated.
Keywords: Geopolymer, cement, comparative study, compressive strength, water absorption, stress strain relationship.
Similar to Effect of granulated blast furnace slag as substitute for fine aggregate in cement mortar and concrete (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
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Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
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Effect of granulated blast furnace slag as substitute for fine aggregate in cement mortar and concrete
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 177
EFFECT OF GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG AS SUBSTITUTE
FOR FINE AGGREGATE IN CEMENT MORTAR AND CONCRETE
C.G.Konapure1, S.S.Patil2
1
Civil Engineering Department, Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, Solapur University, India
2
Civil Engineering Department, Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, Solapur University, India
Abstract
The objective of present investigation was to study the effect of granulated blast furnace slag as substitute for fine aggregate in
cement mortar and concrete.Now a days, river sand becomes scarce and costly too, which is one of the very important ingredient
of concrete and cement mortar mix especially in India and the world consumption of sand in concrete generation along is around
1000 to 1100 million tonnes per year, making its scarce and limited. Shortage of river sand resulted into the over dredging of
river sand which causes environmental threat and loss of aquatic life also. In this paper granulated blast furnace slag is used as
substitute for river sand in cement mortar and concrete, to overcome the environmental problems created due to over mining. In
this investigation, in a cement mortar and concrete replacing natural sand by granulated blast furnace slag in a range of 20%,
40%, 60%,80% and 100%. The workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete with varying percentage of granulated
blast furnace slag substitute which is then compare with workability and strength of conventional concrete. To determine the
workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete, cubes of standard sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm (for concrete) and
70mm x 70mm x 70mm (for cement mortar) for 3rd
day (cement mortar), 7th
day and 28th
days were casted and tested under
compression testing machine . The work is extending to 100% replacement of natural sand with granulated blast furnace slag for
M-20 grade of concrete and cement mortar. The compressive strength and flow characteristic of various mixes at various curing
periods are studies. The study has shown that, the granulated blast furnace slag can be used as best alternative construction
material over river sand. By these substitution and study one can achieve environmental protection as well as economy.
Keywords- River Sand (RS), Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBS), Cement Mortar, Concrete, Workability,
Compressive Strength.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In the developing country like India, there is fast growth in
infrastructure and residential field. In past few years
construction of huge structures such as mega highways,
dams, bridge etc has took place and still going on. It requires
massive quantity of concrete for such a construction work
and river sand being important constituent in concrete, the
demand for river sand is increasing day by day, which is
now become expensive and scarce. In the construction, river
sand is used as an important building material, and the world
consumption of sand in concrete generation along is around
1000 to 1100 million tonnes per year, making its scarce and
limited.
Due to high increase in demand of river sand for
construction of massive structures which has created the
shortage of the same and caused treat to environment and
society,created the situation to substitute the river sand. The
growing environmental restrictions to the exploitation of
river sand from river-bed in a search of alternative sand,
particularly near the large developing areas. The deep
dredging of river bed created ecological and environmental
imbalance, which in turn affected the vegetation on the river
banks and disturbed the aquatic life. It also caused the
lowing of water table in the wells etc which affected the
agriculture as well. By these substitution and study one can
achieve environmental protection as well as economy. From
previous study, the world steel industry produces about 780
Million tons of crude steel and simultaneously
approximately 300 Million tons of solid wastes. Thus an
average of about 200 to 400 Kg of solid by-product is
generated per ton of crude steel. The total steelproduction in
India is about 25Million Tonnes and the waste generated
annually is around 10 Million Tonnes (considerably higher
than the world average) but hardly25 % is being used mostly
in cement production.
So, now a day the granulated blast furnace slag can be best
substitution for fine aggregate in a cement mortar and
concrete. Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GBS) is
manufactured from molten blast furnace slag, a by-product
produced simultaneously with iron. Therefore, it could be
possible to prevent the environmental pollution especially in
the region with excessive steel production.
In India, the steel manufacturing is one of the most
successful industries. So application of these industrial
waste like granulated blast furnace slag to reduce
consumption of natural resources and pollution of the
environment. The feasibility of the usage of granulated blast
furnace slag (GBS) as percentage substitutes for fine
aggregate in cement mortar and concrete is proposed to
study.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 178
This paper demonstrates the use of GBS as partially and
fully replacement by river sand in a cement mortar and
concrete.
2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
2.1 Investigation of Cement Mortar
In this work, cement mortar mix with 1:4 and 1:6 was
selected for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % substitution of
natural sand with GBS for constant w/c ratio of 0.4 and 0.5.
2.1.1 For 1:4 Cement-Sand Ratio
Table-1: Compressive strength at 3rd, 7th and 28th day for
different percentage substitution of GBS with 0.4 w/c ratio
Combination
Compressive Strength,
N/mm²
3days 7days 28 days
100%NS 34.63 40.89 51.30
20%GBS+ 80% NS 34.32 40.04 51.40
40%GBS+ 60% NS 34.94 40.13 50.80
60%GBS+ 40% NS 34.69 39.11 48.58
80%GBS+ 20% NS 34.00 38.10 46.84
100%GBS 35.56 36.80 46.15
Fig-1: Variation of compressive strength at 3rd, 7th and 28th
day for different percentage substitution of GBS with w/c
ratio 0.4
Table-2: Variation of compressive strength at 3rd, 7th and
28th day for different percentage substitution of GBS with
w/c ratio 0.5
Combination
Compressive Strength,
N/mm²
3days 7days 28 days
100%NS 23.82 33.75 48.50
20%GBS+ 80% NS 26.13 33.20 48.01
40%GBS+ 60% NS 25.96 31.68 48.20
60%GBS+ 40% NS 25.09 30.55 46.29
80%GBS+ 20% NS 22.96 29.69 45.80
100%GBS 22.90 29.00 43.61
Fig-2: Variation of compressive strength at 3rd ,7th and 28th
day for different percentage substitution of GBS with w/c
ratio 0.5
2.1.2 For 1:6 Cement-Sand Ratio
Table-3: Variation of compressive strength at 3rd, 7th and
28th day for different percentage substitution of GBS with
0.4 w/c ratio
Combination
Compressive Strength,
N/mm²
3days 7days 28 days
100%NS 36.65 43.80 53.64
20%GBS+ 80% NS 36.72 43.54 53.15
40%GBS+ 60% NS 36.56 43.45 52.98
60%GBS+ 40% NS 35.91 43 51.98
80%GBS+ 20% NS 35.50 42.50 49.32
100%GBS 34.35 42.26 49.95
Fig-3: Variation of compressive strength at 3rd, 7th and 28th
day for different percentage substitution of GBS with w/c
ratio 0.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 Days 3 Days 7 Days 28
Days
0% GBS
20% GBS
40 % GBS
60 % GBS
80 % GBS
100% GBS
Compressivestrength
Age in Days
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 Days 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
0% GBS
20% GBS
40 % GBS
60 % GBS
80 % GBS
100% GBS
CompressiveStrength
Age in Days
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 Days 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
0% GBS
20% GBS
40 % GBS
60 % GBS
80 % GBS
100% GBS
Compressivestrength
Age in Days
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 179
Table-4: Compressive strength at 3rd, 7th and 28th day for
different percentage substitution of GBS with w/c ratio 0.5
Combination
Compressive Strength,
N/mm²
3days 7days 28 days
100%NS 25.80 36.51 52.04
20%GBS+ 80% NS 24.95 36.33 52.00
40%GBS+ 60% NS 24.69 36.27 51.70
60%GBS+ 40% NS 25.09 35.54 49.67
80%GBS+ 20% NS 24.18 35.51 48.64
100%GBS 24.31 34.66 48.32
Fig.4: Variation of compressive strength at 3rd, 7th and 28th
day for different percentage substitution of GBS with w/c
ratio 0.5
Observation
Strength gaining as per age is found less for the mortar
(1:4) due to 100% substitution of GBS.
For Rich mortar (1:4) sand content is less, substitution
of GBS make the mortar harsh. So strength observed is
less.
Mortar in which sand content is more, substitution of
GBS is preferable. The reduction in strength due to
substitution of GBS is almost 5% to 7%.
Discussion
Strength gaining in early age (3th day) is observed good
at w/c ratio 0.4 for both the proportion of mortar 1:4
and 1:6. The strength gaining at early age (3th day) is
low at w/c ratio 0.5 for both the proportions but there is
marginal difference at 28th day strength between 0.4 and
0.5 w/c ratio.
3. M20 GRADE OF CONCRETE (M20)
A total of six series of concrete mixes were prepared in
order to examine the effect of substituting of Granulated
Blast Furnace Slag. An experiment investigation is carried
out on a concrete containing granulated blast furnace slag in
a range of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% for M-20 grade.
The workability and strength of cement mortar and concrete
with varying percentage of granulated blast furnace slag
substitute which is then compare with workability and
strength of conventional concrete. To determine the
workability and strength of concrete, cubes of standard sizes
150mm x 150mm x 150mm, for 7th day and 28th days were
casted and tested under compression testing machine.
Proportions
W/C ratio (lit.) C (kg) FA (kg) CA (kg)
0.51 1 2.1 3.55
3.1.1 Properties of Concrete in Fresh State
Fresh state of concrete in which workability & density of
concrete can be tested.
Table-5: Following are the table and figures showing workability & density results.
Sr. no. Designation of Substituted Mix Combination of NS & GBS
Workability
Fresh Density (kg/m3)
Slump (mm) C.F.
1 M1 100% NS 70 0.91 2814.815
2 M2 20% GBS+80% NS 60 0.90 2616.296
3 M3 40% GBS+60% NS 15 0.82 2770.37
4 M4 60% GBS+40% NS 15 0.77 2681
5 M5 80% GBS+20% NS 10 0.86 2607
6 M6 100% GBS 5 0.84 2548
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 Days 3 Days 7 Days 28 Days
0% GBS
20% GBS
40 % GBS
60 % GBS
80 % GBS
100% GBS
Age in Days
compressivestrength
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 180
Fig-5: Relation between Compaction factor & Density for
M20 grade of Concrete
Observations & Discussions
1. As the % of GBS increases the workability reduces.
2. As the % of GBS increases the slump reduces. However
compaction factor is also reducing as % of GBS
increases but up to60% GBS substitution i.e. M4. The
compaction factor (C.F) is increasing for M5 and M6 in
which GBS % is high.
3. Mix with natural sand (NS) has given highest density.
As % of GBS increases, the density of concrete
decreases by 9.5%.
3.1.2 Properties of Hardened Concrete
1. Compressive Strength
Table-6: Compressive strength at 7th day for M20 Grade of GBS with different % of GBS substitution
Sr. no. Designation of Substituted Mix Combination of NS & GBS
Compressive Strength
7th Day
1 M1 100% NS 17.87
2 M2 20% GBS+80% NS 17.85
3 M3 40% GBS+60% NS 19.08
4 M4 60% GBS+40% NS 17.61
5 M5 80% GBS+20% NS 16.14
6 M6 100% GBS 18.89
Fig-6: Graph representing Compressive strength at 7th day
for M20 Grade of GBS with different % of GBS substitution
Observations and Discussions
1. For 7th day compressive strength, the values of M1 and
M2 mix are almost same.
2. Higher 7th day strength is observed for mix M3 (40%).
3. Graph shows reduction in 7th day compressive strength
for M4 and M5 mix. Again the strength is increasing for
M6 as compared to M4 and M5 mixes.
Table-7: Compressive strength at 28th day for M20 Grade of GBS with different % of GBS substitution
Sr. no. Designation of Substituted Mix Combination of NS & GBS Compressive Strength
28th Day
1 M1 100% NS 24.25
2 M2 20% GBS+80% NS 24.13
3 M3 40% GBS+60% NS 29.025
4 M4 60% GBS+40% NS 20.195
5 M5 80% GBS+20% NS 22
6 M6 100% GBS 26.48
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
CompactionFactor
Density
Compaction Factor
Compaction
Factor
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 181
Fig-7: Graph representing Compressive strength at 28th day
for M20 Grade of GBS with different % of GBS content
Observations and Discussions
1. The 28th day compressive strength is almost same for
M1 & M2 mixes.
2. Higher 28th day strength is observed for mix M3 (40%).
3. Graph shows reduction in 28th day compressive strength
for M4 mix. Again the strength is increasing for M5 and
M6 as compared to M4.
Fig-8: Combined graph for 7th& 28th day compressive
strength for M20 grade of GBS concrete
Observation
1. The 7th and 28th day compressive strength are almost same
for M1 and M2 mix. The gain in 7th day and 28th day
compressive strength is observed for M3 mix.
2. Again the strength at 7th day and 28th day is reducing for
M4 & M5 mixes.
3. The strength improvement is observed for M6 mix (100%
GBS) as compared to M4 and M5.
3.1.3 Improvement of Workability of Concrete
As the workability (slump) for mixes M3 (40% GBS), M4
(60% GBS), M5 (80% GBS), M6 (100% GBS) is not
satisfactory, the strength is reasonable. So an attempt is
made to improve the slump of M3, M4, M5 and M6 mixes.
However the admixtures dosages with different % were tried
to get desired workability. Following admixture dosages are
finalized and again the properties of concrete have studied.
Table-8: Content of admixture in each mix
Sr.
No.
Designation
of
Substituted
Mix with
Admixture
Combination of NS & GBS
with admixture
1 MA1 40% GBS+60% NS+1% Adm.
2 MA2 60% GBS+40% NS+1% Adm.
3 MA3 80% GBS+20% NS+1% Adm.
4 MA4 100% GBS+1.3% Adm.
Table-9: Workability results of mixes with admixture
Sr.
no.
Designation
of
Substituted
Mix
Combination
of NS &
GBS
Workability
Slump
1 MA1
40%
GBS+60%
NS
150
2 MA2
60%
GBS+40%
NS
135
3 MA3
80%
GBS+20%
NS
75
4 MA4 100% GBS 75
Table-10: Compressive strength at 7th day & 28th day for
M20 Grade of GBS with different % of GBS substitution
with Admixture
Sr.
no.
Designation
of
Substituted
Mix
Combination
of NS &
GBS
Strength
7th
Day
28th
Day
1 MA1
40%
GBS+60%
NS
20.51 25.81
2 MA2
60%
GBS+40%
NS
18.49 23.94
3 MA3
80%
GBS+20%
NS
17.85 24.68
4 MA4 100% GBS 21.32 26.40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
CompressiveStrength(N/mm2)
Various mixcategories with different%of GBS
content
7th Day
28th Day
24.3
17.9
24.1
17.9
29.0
20.2
19.1
17.6
22
16.1
26.5
18.9
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 182
Observations & Discussions
1. After several trials the % of dosage of admixture is
finalised as 1%. The slump obtained for above dosage
of admixture is reducing as % of GBS increasing.
2. While MA4 mix (100% GBS) requires 1.3% of dosage
of admixture.
3. The 7th day strength is marginally increased for the
mixes with admixture when compared to mixes without
admixture i.e. M3, M4, M5, and M6.
4. CONCLUSION
4.1 Cement Mortar
1. For Rich mortar (1:4), especially for plaster work if
sand is coarser; the substitution of GBS is limited to
20%.
2. For mortar proportion having 1:6 and more than that,
the substitution of GBS is limited to 60%.
3. In practical sense (purpose) for brick mortar if natural
sand is coarser the substitution of GBS is 40% and if
natural sand is finer the substitution of GBS is 30%.
4.2 M 20 Grade of Concrete
1. The compaction factor and Density is reducing as
percentage of Granulated blast furnace slag increasing,
the compacting factor is reduced from M1 to M4 and
again increased for M5, M6.
2. The workability of concrete is inversely proportional to
the % substitution of granulated blast furnace slag.
3. The mix M3 (40% GBS) has given highest 7th and 28th
day compressive strength but workability especially
slump is affected. 20% substitution of Granulated blast
furnace slag in natural sand has given medium
workability (Slump=60mm and C.F=0.9) and
reasonable strength. So 20% substitution in natural sand
is preferable when chemical admixture is not used.
4. The major impact on concrete due to substitution of
Granulated blast furnace slag is low slump and the
reduction in slump is observed when 40% and more
than 40% granulated blast furnace slag is substituted in
natural sand. Super plasticizer with 1% dosage is
required for concrete in which 40% to 80% Granulated
blast furnace slag is substituted in Natural sand. 1.3% is
the dosage required for 100% GBS to achieve desired
workability.
5. If chemical admixture is used in concrete, 40% GBS
substitution is suggested which gives high workability
and required strength.
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