Muscle fatigue is a common experience in daily life. Many authors have defined it as the incapacity to maintain the required or expected force, and therefore, force, power and torque recordings have been used as direct measurements of muscle fatigue. In addition, the measurement of these variables combined with the measurement of surface electromyography sEMG recordings which can be measured during all types of movements during exercise may be useful to assess and understand muscle fatigue. EMG signal can be easily analyzed in time domain, frequency domain and time frequency domain. The time domain features are the most popular in EMG pattern recognition because they are easy and quick to calculate and they do not require a transformation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fatigue and to study the endurance occurrence in the Gastrocnemius muscle with a pre defined exercise protocol for the targeted muscle. For this purpose, sEMG Amplitude parameters were characterized. Relation between EMG features like mean, force, standard deviation, etc. is verified for fatigue detection as well as to identify the Endurance developed in the Gastrocnemius muscle. Gaurav Patti | Poonam Kumari "Effect of Endurance on Gastrocnemius Muscle with Exercise by Employing EMG Amplitude Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33222.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/33222/effect-of-endurance-on-gastrocnemius-muscle-with-exercise-by-employing-emg-amplitude-parameters/gaurav-patti
Motor Unit Conduction Velocity During Sustained Contraction Of The Vastus Med...Nosrat hedayatpour
in the current study, we analyzed the
Effect of eccentric exercise on the conduction velocity of
individual motor units at two locations of the vastus
medialis muscle during sustained contractions.
Review of Software to Analyse the Physical Conditions of the Athletes using sEMGijtsrd
Electromyography measures muscle responses of a nerve's simulation of the muscle. EMG is generally measured or recorded through surface, needle or wired electrodes. The surface electromyography is a commonly used technique for measuring the muscle exhilaration. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the use of sEMG in the practical context and to translate the given context to the appropriate analysis. The sEMG are used on the athletes while they are running and respective results are being noted. By using this technique our project wishes to implement an android iOS application to calculate the corresponding values which are being noted by the particular device which we have been made. The signals which are being given by the device is converted into the appropriate percentage values or graphs which can be determined into giving a complete overview about the person whom he is checking and can suggest the diets and exercises to make that person fit to the expectations. This software is mainly look forward for the development of the future athletes which can win the prizes. This platform provides immense forms of diets which are based on the values or results which have been depicted. Performance analysis in sports is considered to be an integral component of understanding the requirements of the optimal performance. Several measurement techniques have been used to inspect the performance of the best athletes today. it is mostly commonly done in laboratory where physiology and bio mechanics can be analyzed. in this system first, the coaches conduct a study about the agility, strength and nutrition of the excellent players of the country. Then the coaches of the respective clubs or the schools check each and every student's physical condition and compare with the stored data in order to train them. The project has got direct advantage to the aspiring future athletes of the country and also to the health conscious society by providing them a device to calculate on their body metrics and work around to improve on it. Tenwin James K | Varun Vincent | Lino Louis | Vishnuraj T | Aneesh Chandran "Review of Software to Analyse the Physical Conditions of the Athletes using sEMG" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31546.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/embedded-system/31546/review-of-software-to-analyse-the-physical-conditions-of-the-athletes-using-semg/tenwin-james-k
INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON MUSCLE ACTIVITY PATTERNS DURING NORMAL AND FAST WALKING ijbesjournal
Electromyography (EMG) signals are often described as electrical manifestation of neuromuscular
activation associated with the muscles. These signals are commonly utilized as principal input signals to
control several prosthetic devices such as prosthetic hands, arm, lower limbs, and exoskeleton robots as
well as in designing of rehabilitation and assistive devices. It is well proven that EMG signals vary among
subjects and gender is one of the major factors that play a significant role in this variation. This study
detects the possible gender differences by measuring changes in the EMG activity during different phases
of human walking by acquiring the surface EMG signals from Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings (biceps
femoris), Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Soleus muscles of the leg with the healthy subjects walking
barefoot at two paces-normal and fast. The statistical analysis of the results showed no gender differences
at normal speed of walking but when speed of walking changed; it showed clear differences in the
behavior of these muscles. The results from this study would aid in designing closed loop control strategy
for designing a smart functional electrical stimulator (FES) which is the larger goal of this research.
To Compare the Effect of Muscle Energy Technique and Ultrasound on Jaw Range ...ijtsrd
Introduction Temporomandibular joint is a horse shaped bone that articulates with the temporomandibular bone. When TM joint is not working properly, the condition is known as temporomandibular joint dysfunction joint. The TMJ is positioned Right in front of ear canals. Objective The aim and objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique MET and Ultrasound in patient with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Methods 20 subjects with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction were divided conveniently into two groups Group A was receiving Muscle Energy Technique MET and Group B was receiving Ultrasound. The treatment was continued for 5 days and readings were taken 1st and 5th day. Result The study showed non significant improvements in R.O.M following 5 sessions of treatment within both groups. Conclusion Muscle Energy Technique MET and Ultrasound both are effective in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Dr Jaspinder Kaur | Dr Shilpy Jetly ""To Compare the Effect of Muscle Energy Technique and Ultrasound on Jaw Range of Motion in Subjects with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23579.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23579/to-compare-the-effect-of-muscle-energy-technique-and-ultrasound-on-jaw-range-of-motion-in-subjects-with-temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction/dr-jaspinder-kaur
Motor Unit Conduction Velocity During Sustained Contraction Of The Vastus Med...Nosrat hedayatpour
in the current study, we analyzed the
Effect of eccentric exercise on the conduction velocity of
individual motor units at two locations of the vastus
medialis muscle during sustained contractions.
Review of Software to Analyse the Physical Conditions of the Athletes using sEMGijtsrd
Electromyography measures muscle responses of a nerve's simulation of the muscle. EMG is generally measured or recorded through surface, needle or wired electrodes. The surface electromyography is a commonly used technique for measuring the muscle exhilaration. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the use of sEMG in the practical context and to translate the given context to the appropriate analysis. The sEMG are used on the athletes while they are running and respective results are being noted. By using this technique our project wishes to implement an android iOS application to calculate the corresponding values which are being noted by the particular device which we have been made. The signals which are being given by the device is converted into the appropriate percentage values or graphs which can be determined into giving a complete overview about the person whom he is checking and can suggest the diets and exercises to make that person fit to the expectations. This software is mainly look forward for the development of the future athletes which can win the prizes. This platform provides immense forms of diets which are based on the values or results which have been depicted. Performance analysis in sports is considered to be an integral component of understanding the requirements of the optimal performance. Several measurement techniques have been used to inspect the performance of the best athletes today. it is mostly commonly done in laboratory where physiology and bio mechanics can be analyzed. in this system first, the coaches conduct a study about the agility, strength and nutrition of the excellent players of the country. Then the coaches of the respective clubs or the schools check each and every student's physical condition and compare with the stored data in order to train them. The project has got direct advantage to the aspiring future athletes of the country and also to the health conscious society by providing them a device to calculate on their body metrics and work around to improve on it. Tenwin James K | Varun Vincent | Lino Louis | Vishnuraj T | Aneesh Chandran "Review of Software to Analyse the Physical Conditions of the Athletes using sEMG" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31546.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/embedded-system/31546/review-of-software-to-analyse-the-physical-conditions-of-the-athletes-using-semg/tenwin-james-k
INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON MUSCLE ACTIVITY PATTERNS DURING NORMAL AND FAST WALKING ijbesjournal
Electromyography (EMG) signals are often described as electrical manifestation of neuromuscular
activation associated with the muscles. These signals are commonly utilized as principal input signals to
control several prosthetic devices such as prosthetic hands, arm, lower limbs, and exoskeleton robots as
well as in designing of rehabilitation and assistive devices. It is well proven that EMG signals vary among
subjects and gender is one of the major factors that play a significant role in this variation. This study
detects the possible gender differences by measuring changes in the EMG activity during different phases
of human walking by acquiring the surface EMG signals from Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings (biceps
femoris), Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Soleus muscles of the leg with the healthy subjects walking
barefoot at two paces-normal and fast. The statistical analysis of the results showed no gender differences
at normal speed of walking but when speed of walking changed; it showed clear differences in the
behavior of these muscles. The results from this study would aid in designing closed loop control strategy
for designing a smart functional electrical stimulator (FES) which is the larger goal of this research.
To Compare the Effect of Muscle Energy Technique and Ultrasound on Jaw Range ...ijtsrd
Introduction Temporomandibular joint is a horse shaped bone that articulates with the temporomandibular bone. When TM joint is not working properly, the condition is known as temporomandibular joint dysfunction joint. The TMJ is positioned Right in front of ear canals. Objective The aim and objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique MET and Ultrasound in patient with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Methods 20 subjects with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction were divided conveniently into two groups Group A was receiving Muscle Energy Technique MET and Group B was receiving Ultrasound. The treatment was continued for 5 days and readings were taken 1st and 5th day. Result The study showed non significant improvements in R.O.M following 5 sessions of treatment within both groups. Conclusion Muscle Energy Technique MET and Ultrasound both are effective in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Dr Jaspinder Kaur | Dr Shilpy Jetly ""To Compare the Effect of Muscle Energy Technique and Ultrasound on Jaw Range of Motion in Subjects with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23579.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23579/to-compare-the-effect-of-muscle-energy-technique-and-ultrasound-on-jaw-range-of-motion-in-subjects-with-temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction/dr-jaspinder-kaur
Non-uniform electromyographic activity during fatigue and recovery of the vas...Nosrat hedayatpour
The aim of the study was to investigate EMG signal features
during fatigue and recovery at three locations of the vastus
medialis and lateralis muscles.
As expected when the ActivMotion Bar was compared to medicine balls and standard bars in the same movements there was consistently much higher muscle activation all over the body!
Three Techniques, One System: How to Effectively Characterize Complete Muscle...InsideScientific
An essential resource for all muscle researchers interested in methodology, best-practices, and techniques for in-vivo, in-vitro, and in-situ muscle experimentation.
As muscle researchers know, functional measurements and assays are the foundation of successful research and are a growing necessity for publication. However, choosing the right experimental technique to answer a broad array of questions can be a challenge.
In this exclusive webinar sponsored by Aurora Scientific, Drs. Christopher Ward and Ramzi Khairallah will discuss methodology, best-practices, and show attendees how to perform basic in-vivo, in-situ, in-vitro experimentation. Discussions will focus on how these techniques can answer questions about animal phenotyping, compound screening, and be used to evaluate interventions and therapies longitudinally. In addition, presenters will review how these techniques can be integrated with other whole animal physiology measurements, biological assays, and genetic tests to provide greater insights into muscle function.
PhD Dissertation Defense - Melissa Mazzo - Estimates of neural drive and the ...Melissa Mazzo
A brief background on motor unit physiology and some of the findings from my PhD research projects involving quantification of the neural command to the calf muscles and adjustments in neural drive in response to stretching.
Crimson Publishers- The Effect of Medial Hamstring Weakness on Soft Tissue Lo...CrimsonPublishers-SBB
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions are frequently performed in the United States of America. The medial hamstrings graft has been shown to produce lower rates of osteoarthritis (OA) than the patellar tendon graft. The goal of this study was to determine how altering medial hamstring strength during surgery affects soft tissue loading, and hence the joint’s proclivity towards OA. Muscle-actuated forward dynamic simulations of running were performed for normal muscle strength and decreased medial hamstring strength. The results show weakening the medial hamstrings caused an overall decrease in total hamstrings force by 7%, in total quadriceps force by 35%, and in cartilage contact force by 6%. This decreased force may be protective against long-term OA.
Monitoring muscle strength is one of the ways physical therapists and other healthcare practitioners can objectively assess overall health. The best tool for accurately evaluating muscle strength are what is know as Hand Held Dynamometers. Every move a body makes is powered by muscle strength. Muscle strength describes the force generated when a muscle (or group of muscles) contract. Maintaining muscle strength is an important part of daily life as it affects many aspects.
Electromyography Analysis for Person IdentificationCSCJournals
Physiological descriptions of the electromyography signal and other literature say that when we make a motion, the motor neurons of respective muscle get activated and all the innervated motor units in that zone produce motor unit action potential. These motor unit action potentials travel through the muscle fibers with conduction velocity and superimposed signal gets recorded at the electrode site. Here we have taken an analogy from the speech production system model as the excitation signal travels through vocal tract to produce speech; similarly, an impulse train of firing rate frequency goes through the system with impulse response of motor unit action potentials and travels along the muscle fiber of that person. As the vocal tract contains the speaker information, we can also separate the muscle fiber pattern part and motor unit discharge pattern through proper selection of features and its classification to identify the respective person. Cepstral and non uniform filter bank features models the variation in the spectrum of the signals. Vector quantization and Gaussian mixture model are the two techniques of pattern matching have been applied.
EMG Investigations Regarding Handle Size, Grip Force and Stroke Rotation In S...Waqas Tariq
The present study investigated the effect of handle size (35mm and 40mm), grip type (loose grip and tight grip) and supine stroke rotation (30 ? , 45 ? and 60 ? ) on electromyography i.e. EMG activity of forearm muscles for a screwing task in an experimental simulation. The eight participants performed the screw driving task for a 2 minutes duration (supination). The EMG activities of forearm muscles were recorded during this task. The muscles selected for EMG recording were FCR, FCU, FDS and ECRB muscles. The results showed that the flexor muscles were more activated than extensor muscles. Among giving conditions, 40mm handle size using loose grip with 60 ? stroke was most comfortable.
Motor unit conduction velocity during sustained contraction of the vastus med...Nosrat hedayatpour
The aim of the study was to analyze motor unit conduction
velocity at varying force in the distal part of the
vastus medialis muscle during sustained contraction.
Non-uniform electromyographic activity during fatigue and recovery of the vas...Nosrat hedayatpour
The aim of the study was to investigate EMG signal features
during fatigue and recovery at three locations of the vastus
medialis and lateralis muscles.
As expected when the ActivMotion Bar was compared to medicine balls and standard bars in the same movements there was consistently much higher muscle activation all over the body!
Three Techniques, One System: How to Effectively Characterize Complete Muscle...InsideScientific
An essential resource for all muscle researchers interested in methodology, best-practices, and techniques for in-vivo, in-vitro, and in-situ muscle experimentation.
As muscle researchers know, functional measurements and assays are the foundation of successful research and are a growing necessity for publication. However, choosing the right experimental technique to answer a broad array of questions can be a challenge.
In this exclusive webinar sponsored by Aurora Scientific, Drs. Christopher Ward and Ramzi Khairallah will discuss methodology, best-practices, and show attendees how to perform basic in-vivo, in-situ, in-vitro experimentation. Discussions will focus on how these techniques can answer questions about animal phenotyping, compound screening, and be used to evaluate interventions and therapies longitudinally. In addition, presenters will review how these techniques can be integrated with other whole animal physiology measurements, biological assays, and genetic tests to provide greater insights into muscle function.
PhD Dissertation Defense - Melissa Mazzo - Estimates of neural drive and the ...Melissa Mazzo
A brief background on motor unit physiology and some of the findings from my PhD research projects involving quantification of the neural command to the calf muscles and adjustments in neural drive in response to stretching.
Crimson Publishers- The Effect of Medial Hamstring Weakness on Soft Tissue Lo...CrimsonPublishers-SBB
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions are frequently performed in the United States of America. The medial hamstrings graft has been shown to produce lower rates of osteoarthritis (OA) than the patellar tendon graft. The goal of this study was to determine how altering medial hamstring strength during surgery affects soft tissue loading, and hence the joint’s proclivity towards OA. Muscle-actuated forward dynamic simulations of running were performed for normal muscle strength and decreased medial hamstring strength. The results show weakening the medial hamstrings caused an overall decrease in total hamstrings force by 7%, in total quadriceps force by 35%, and in cartilage contact force by 6%. This decreased force may be protective against long-term OA.
Monitoring muscle strength is one of the ways physical therapists and other healthcare practitioners can objectively assess overall health. The best tool for accurately evaluating muscle strength are what is know as Hand Held Dynamometers. Every move a body makes is powered by muscle strength. Muscle strength describes the force generated when a muscle (or group of muscles) contract. Maintaining muscle strength is an important part of daily life as it affects many aspects.
Electromyography Analysis for Person IdentificationCSCJournals
Physiological descriptions of the electromyography signal and other literature say that when we make a motion, the motor neurons of respective muscle get activated and all the innervated motor units in that zone produce motor unit action potential. These motor unit action potentials travel through the muscle fibers with conduction velocity and superimposed signal gets recorded at the electrode site. Here we have taken an analogy from the speech production system model as the excitation signal travels through vocal tract to produce speech; similarly, an impulse train of firing rate frequency goes through the system with impulse response of motor unit action potentials and travels along the muscle fiber of that person. As the vocal tract contains the speaker information, we can also separate the muscle fiber pattern part and motor unit discharge pattern through proper selection of features and its classification to identify the respective person. Cepstral and non uniform filter bank features models the variation in the spectrum of the signals. Vector quantization and Gaussian mixture model are the two techniques of pattern matching have been applied.
EMG Investigations Regarding Handle Size, Grip Force and Stroke Rotation In S...Waqas Tariq
The present study investigated the effect of handle size (35mm and 40mm), grip type (loose grip and tight grip) and supine stroke rotation (30 ? , 45 ? and 60 ? ) on electromyography i.e. EMG activity of forearm muscles for a screwing task in an experimental simulation. The eight participants performed the screw driving task for a 2 minutes duration (supination). The EMG activities of forearm muscles were recorded during this task. The muscles selected for EMG recording were FCR, FCU, FDS and ECRB muscles. The results showed that the flexor muscles were more activated than extensor muscles. Among giving conditions, 40mm handle size using loose grip with 60 ? stroke was most comfortable.
Motor unit conduction velocity during sustained contraction of the vastus med...Nosrat hedayatpour
The aim of the study was to analyze motor unit conduction
velocity at varying force in the distal part of the
vastus medialis muscle during sustained contraction.
The wavelet packet based filtering/denoising performance is analyzed by using Balance Sparsity-norm & fixed form thresholding (soft &hard) methods where the Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) & Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) is calculated at different global threshold for healthy, myopathic & neuropathic EMG signals. The intension is to extract the residuals of healthy and diseased EMG signals which provide the significant results for classification of healthy, myopathic & neuropathic EMG signals. The features are extracted or the coefficients are generated using “haar-3”. These two methods have a fairly large accuracy percentage which can be used as a diagnostic tool in medical field. The technique mentioned in this paper is a mathematical tool for the detection of myopathy and neuropathy as compared to the conventional instrumental ones. Hence, it is faster, efficient and robust as it is resistant to environmental hazards.
Hand motion pattern recognition analysis of forearm muscle using MMG signalsjournalBEEI
Surface Mechanomyography (MMG) is the recording of mechanical activity of muscle tissue. MMG measures the mechanical signal (vibration of muscle) that generated from the muscles during contraction or relaxation action. It is widely used in various fields such as medical diagnosis, rehabilitation purpose and engineering applications. The main purpose of this research is to identify the hand gesture movement via VMG sensor (TSD250A) and classify them using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). There are four channels MMG signal placed into adjacent muscles which PL-FCU and ED-ECU. The features used to feed the classifier to determine accuracy are mean absolute value, standard deviation, variance and root mean square. Most of subjects gave similar range of MMG signal of extraction values because of the adjacent muscle. The average accuracy of LDA is approximately 87.50% for the eight subjects. The finding of the result shows, MMG signal of adjacent muscle can affect the classification accuracy of the classifier.
This power point presentation is presented by Satyajit Mohanty, MSPT,MIAP, MHPC(UK), a specialist physiotherapist in sports physiotherapists. This presentation till take you through the manual therapy prospective of lumbar spinal paraspinal EMG.
have a happy reading. Thank you.
Analytical study of flexible stimulation waveforms in muscle fatigue reduction IJECEIAES
This paper presents the analytical study of flexible stimulation waveforms in muscle fatigue reduction for functional electrical stimulator (FES)-assisted hemiplegic muscle activities. The major challenge of muscle contraction induced by FES is early muscle fatigue which greatly limits activities such as FES-assisted standing and walking. The fixed stimulation pattern applied on a same motor unit has resulted the motor unit to be overworked and fatigue easily. Therefore, in this work, the stimulus parameters, which include the pulse width duration and the frequency were varied to create a few flexible stimulation waveforms using MATLAB/Simulink. The pulse width duration was modulated from 100µs – 500µs to generate five types of flexible stimulation waveforms such as Rectangular, Trapezoidal, Ramp Up, Ramp Down and Triangular. Concurrently, a few ranges of stimulus frequency were also used, which include 20Hz, 30Hz and 50Hz. The generated flexible stimulation waveforms were applied onto a humanoid muscle model to investigate and analyse the muscle output response and early muscle fatigue reduction. From the conducted simulation results and analyses, it was observed that flexible stimulation waveforms such as Triangular, Ramp Up and Ramp Down could reduce early muscle fatigue phenomenon by having lower average of negative slope, in the range of 0.012 to 0.013 for the muscle fitness. In contrast, the Rectangular and Trapezoidal shapes were found to have higher negative slope of muscle fitness in the range of 0.028 to 0.031. The Ramp Down shape was found to have the lowest average of negative slope (0.012) while Rectangular was found to have the highest average of negative slope (0.031). Therefore, it can be concluded that flexible stimulation waveforms such Ramp Down, Ramp Up and Triangular shapes could reduce early muscle fatigue phenomenon with Ramp Down shape having the highest muscle fatigue reduction.
Current motorized limb prostheses provide rudimentary functionality for the application in everyday life. Together with a
poor cosmetic appearance, this is the reason why a large percentage of amputees do not use their prosthetic device regularly. This
paper seeks to present an overview of current state of the art research on neural interfaces. The focus lies on non-invasive
recording with EMG and especially High-Density EMG sensors. Additionally, direct machine learning and pattern recognition
algorithms for the decoding of the recorded signals are discussed. Finally, promising research directions for advanced prosthesis
control will be discussed. The bionic arm uses EMG signals to control each action of the hand. In order to control them, we need to
record the EMG signal for different actions. And compare it with real-time values to move the hand in a different manner. There
are separate servo motors to control the actions of each finger separately. So these are programmed by using microcontrollers.
Statistical analysis of range of motion and surface electromyography data for...IJECEIAES
This work introduces a statistical analysis of knee range of motion (ROM) and surface electromyography (EMG) data gathered from a knee extension rehabilitation device. Real-time ROM and EMG signals of rehabilitation users are measured using a single angle sensor and a two-channel EMG device (for the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles). These signals are collected by the NI-myRIO embedded device in accordance with the designed rehabilitation program. The main contribution and novelty of this study is that real-time signals are automatically processed and transformed into statistical data for use by users and medical experts. A solution for extracting raw signals is proposed, in which several statistical functions such as range, mean, standard deviation, skewness, percentiles, interquartile range, and total knee holding times above the threshold level, are implemented and applied. The proposed solution is tested using data acquired from healthy people, which includes gender, age, body size, knee side, exercise behavior, and surgical experience. Results indicated that real- time signals and related statistical data on the knee’s performance can be efficiently monitored. With this solution, rehabilitation users can practice and learn about their knee performance, while medical experts can evaluate the data and design the best rehabilitation program for users.
The development of wireless body area sensor network (WBASN) is offer many promising
new application in the area of remote health monitoring. This paper presents a system consisting
of a force measuring device for estimation of the force ability of human muscle groups which
means (Arm Strength). It comprises at least one (pressing element) strength sensor which works
together with a force measuring microcontroller based electronic unit. This unit can accurately
measure the force exerted onto strength sensor placed inside the force measuring unit. According
to how the equipment is assorted muscle strength of different muscle group can be measured.
The measured value are converted to digital form and stored in memory.
Electromyogram Signal Analysis in Frequency Domain of Uterine Muscle Contract...AM Publications
A research on signal processing in the uterine muscle contraction of normal birth mother was committed. The processed signals are the result of signal recording by electromyogram (EMG). EMG is used to detect the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when the muscle contraction and relaxation. Muscle electrical signals can be obtained through the installation of EMG electrodes placed on the skin surface of the normal birth maternal uterine muscle that its data signal would be taken. After this EMG data acquisition, then the signal processing was performed using MATLAB R2015b. Several steps were taken in this research are inputting signal, pre-processing signal by providing a band-pass filter (BPF) which then performed the domain signal change from the time domain into the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). In the frequency domain, feature extraction was carried out to see information on the signals. Some characteristic parameters were observed in this research, those are the value of Mean Power (MNP), Mean Frequency (MNF), and Total Power (TTP). Results obtained from this research are; The first patient have an average of mean power of 0.019535, average of mean frequency of 133.6642, and average of total power of 5.861746. For the second patient, it has an average of mean power of 0.018487, average of mean frequency of 135.1483, and average of total power of 5.541304.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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1. Mean Absolute Value
Mean Absolute Value (MAV) is similar to average rectified
value (ARV). It can be calculated using the moving average
of full-wave rectified EMG. In other words, it is calculated
by taking the average of the absolute value of sEMG signal.
It is an easy way for detection of muscle contraction levels
and it is a popular feature used in myoelectric control
application.[3] It is defined as
2. Median Frequency
MDF is a frequency value at which the EMG power
spectrum is divided into two regions with an equal
integrated power. [4] It is calculated by
where Pj is the EMG power spectrum at a frequency bin j
and M is the length of frequency bin. Power spectra
density 𝑃 was calculated by the method of Periodogram
Welch.
3. Standard Deviation
It is defined as the standard deviation is a measure of the
amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. A low
standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be
close to the mean of the set, while a high standard
deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a
wider range. The standard deviation is given by:
where 𝑥̅ is the mean value.
4. Force
Muscular force is the force applied using parts of the body
like arms or legs. It is force that results due to the action of
muscles, and is a contact force, since there is a contact
between the surfaces. In our project, dynamometer is used
for measuring the maximum isometric strength and force
of the leg. [5]
Endurance
We always come across a fact that as one gets sore
muscles after physical activity, known as delayed onset
muscle soreness (DOMS), can occur when you start a new
exercise program, change your exercise routine, or
increase the duration or intensity of your regular workout.
When muscles are required to work harder than they're
used to or in a different way, it's believed to cause
microscopic damage to the muscle fibres, resulting in
muscle soreness or stiffness. Anyone can develop DOMS,
even those who have been exercising for years, including
elite athletes. The good news is that the soreness will
decrease as your muscles get used to the new physical
demands being placed upon them. The soreness is part of
an adaptation process that leads to greater stamina and
strength as the muscles recover and build. DOMS typically
lasts between 3 and 5 days. [6]
Literature Review
The following papers were studied and analyzed in detail and hence summarized in the below table:
Table 1: Papers Reviewed
Topic of Paper Features Analyzed Tools Used Application
1. The Effect of
Endurance Exercise on
Muscle Force
Generating Capacity of
the Lower Limbs [7]
Maximal isokinetic
torque, Mean +/-
Standard deviation, Force
generating capacity
Six-second cycle test,
Isokinetic test, Concentric
squat jump
To investigate the recovery of
muscle force generating
capacity (FGC) of the lower
limbs following a session of
cycle exercise (CE).
2. Muscle Fatigue
Analysis for Healthy
Adults Using TVAR
Model with
Instantaneous
Frequency Estimation
[8]
Instantaneous frequency
and Mean frequency
estimation
Short time Fourier
Transform, Time varying
auto regressive method
This study confirms
that TVAR can be a better tool
for analyzing the level of
Muscle fatigue which further
leads to better performance in
sports personnel.
3. The Use of Surface
Electromyography in
Biomechanics [9]
Fatigue index, Motor unit
firing rate, Amplitude,
duration, and shape of the
MUAPs
Spectral modification, Cross
correlation, signal scaling
Three groups of applications
are considered: those
involving the activation timing
of muscles, the force/EMG
signal relationship, and the use
of the EMG signal as a fatigue
index.
4. A Surface EMG based
muscle fatigue
evaluation in
biomechanics [10]
Muscle fibre conduction
velocity (CV), median
frequency (MDF), RMS
value
Zero-crossing rate (ZCR),
Spike analysis, Fourier-
based spectral estimators,
Joint analysis of EMG
spectrum and amplitude
(JASA)
This paper aims to present a
state of art in the area of local
muscle fatigue evaluation in
biomechanics by using sEMG
information.
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5. Surface EMG signal
processing during
isometric contractions
[11]
Amplitude variables,
spectral variables and
muscle fiber conduction
velocity
Signal scaling, spectral
compression approach,
Fourier Transform, Choi–
Williams transform
Modeling approach may
indeed be useful for the non-
invasive characterization of
superficial muscles and of
their motor units and
interpretation of the different
rate of change of spectral
variables.
III. METHODS AND MATERIAL
Firstly, raw sEMG signal data of Gastrocnemius muscle was recorded using EMG system recorder. Secondly, the acquired
signal was analyzed for determination of various sEMG Amplitude parameters.
Figure 2: EMG and Fatigue recording setup
The Gastrocnemius Muscle
Gastrocnemius forms the major bulk at the back of lower leg and is a very powerful muscle. It is a two joint or biarticular
muscle and has two heads and runs from back of knee to the heel. When running, walking or jumping the gastrocnemius
provides a significant amount of propulsive force. Consider the amount of force required to propel the body into the air,
triceps surae can generate a lot of force.
Figure 3: The Gastrocnemius Muscle
The sEMG of 11 healthy male adults (age 25±02 years) was recorded for 10 days with one-day break. The eleven
participants were willing to reach physical fatigue state but not psychological one. They all were healthy and free from any
pain and disease during previous year. Another thing volunteers had moderate (non-extreme) level of self-reported daily
physical activity.
After being fully informed of the nature of the experiment, they signed an informed consent. First normal EMG, before
starting the exercise protocol, was recorded for all of them. Then they performed the exercise and again EMG was
recorded. Exercise included the three sets of calf muscle exercise as depicted in Figure 4 below.
Figure 4: Exercise Protocol
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The steps involved are as follows:
1. The maximum isometric strength and force of the leg were measured using a Dynamometer.
2. Goniometer was placed on the right side of the leg muscle to measure the ankle angle w.r.t ground floor.
3. The hair were completely removed from the location where the EMG electrodes were to be placed and the skin was
cleaned with ciprit in order to eliminate any wetness or sweat on the skin.
4. sEMG electrodes were placed on the participant’s calves muscle to acquire sEMG readings.
5. The participants were asked to do calves exercise consisting of total three sets with a rest of 30 seconds between each
set.
6. The participants were stopped when they reach fully fatigue stage and the data was recorded using the EMG data
recording system.
7. The same task was repeated for 10 days.
Based on the obtained readings, the sEMG Amplitude parameters were extracted to predict the fatigue so as to obtain the
desired results.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study was to analyze the fatigue and to study the endurance occurrence in the Gastrocnemius muscle
with a pre-defined exercise protocol for the targeted muscle. For this purpose, sEMG Amplitude parameters were
characterized.
A. Mean and Force
Table 2: Parameters values of Pre-Exercise Protocol Day
Subject Day Force Mean ± Standard Deviation Median Value
Subject 1 Normal 26.5 619.31 ± 1.189 619
Subject 2 Normal 10 618.70 ± 2.227 619
Subject 3 Normal 8 618.24 ± 1.486 618
Subject 4 Normal 11.5 620.31 ± 1.489 620
Subject 5 Normal 7 620.49 ± 1.358 621
Subject 6 Normal 18 619.31 ± 1.795 620
Subject 7 Normal 9.5 618.53 ± 1.812 619
Subject 8 Normal 12 618.09 ± 1.29 618
Subject 9 Normal 32 619.24 ± 1.214 619
Subject 10 Normal 19 619.07 ± 1.467 619
Subject 11 Normal 12 618.68 ± 1.356 619
Table 3: Parameters values of the Max Fatigue Day
Subject Day Force Mean ± Standard Deviation Median Value
Subject 1 2nd 28 618.50 ± 1.464 619
Subject 2 7th 8 617.76 ± 1.672 618
Subject 3 1st 8 618.06 ± 1.659 618
Subject 4 2nd 12.5 618.92 ± 1.584 619
Subject 5 4th 9.5 618.49 ± 1.51 619
Subject 6 3rd 21 618.07 ± 1.292 618
Subject 7 3rd 8.5 617.86 ± 1.966 618
Subject 8 1st 12 617.82 ± 1.776 618
Subject 9 4th 20.5 617.84 ± 1.143 618
Subject 10 2nd 13 618.11 ± 1.539 618
Subject 11 3rd 5 617.91 ± 1.463 618
Table 2 and Table 3 shows the Pre exercise protocol (Normal muscle) and Post Exercise EMG Parameter calculations
respectively for all the subjects who underwent the experiment. Figure 5(a) & Figure 5(b) below shows the mean graph of
the all the subjects for maximum fatigue after exercise.
Figure 5(a): Mean variation with exercise
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Figure 5(b): Mean variation with exercise
It is clearly seen that muscles went under fatigue 2nd to 4thday post protocol start. Mean frequency of the EMG shows
decrease of value with increase of fatigue. This decrease of mean frequency is due to more recruitment of muscle fibers as
main muscles can no longer maintain the same force or power to do the required exercise as they have already
encountered a healthy wear and tear due to daily exercise protocol imposed to muscles. Experiencing of fatigue to muscles
is a result of the physical activities (i.e. exercise protocol) done by the subjects.
But on which day subject experience maximum fatigue is completely dependent upon the type of physical work done by
the subjects. Table 4 below depicts those categories.
Table 4: Activity Level of Participants
No Exercise or
Sedentary Life Style
Regular Exercise or
Active Life Style
BMI (kg/m2) Max Fatigue Experienced
Subject 2 -- 25.3 7th Day
Subject 4 -- 34.6 2nd Day
Subject 5 -- 32.3 4th Day
Subject 6 -- 23 3rd Day
Subject 7 -- 23.5 3rd Day
Subject 9 -- 22 4th Day
Subject 11 -- 21.9 3rd Day
-- Subject 1 25.3 2nd Day
-- Subject 3 23.8 1st Day
-- Subject 8 22.1 1st Day
-- Subject 10 24.3 2nd Day
To maintain the required muscle activity for the workout (muscle force), MUs with higher firing rate of their amplitude
potential trains are recruited and the firing rates of initial MUAP trains increase. These increase of mean amplitude and
firing rate, leads to increase of total RMS.
B. The relationship between EMG input and Force
output
It is also observed that subjects who were regular in doing
exercise showed negligible variation of force with exercise
protocol i.e. Subject 1 in Figure 6(a) and Subject 6 and
Subject 7 in Figure 6(b) respectively. Whereas Subject 2,
Subject 3, Subject 3 and Subject 5 have shown a constant
force adoption with time in general after 3rd or 4th day.
There is a rise in force produced in muscle, this is due to
the endurance developed.
Figure 6(a): Plot of Force variation with exercise
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Force
Day
Subject 1 Subject 2
Subject 3 Subject 4
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Figure 6(b): Plot of Force variation with exercise
Figure 7: EMG Plot of Subject 4
EMG plot shown in Figure 7 represents that EMG
amplitude also decreases with increase in fatigue of
muscles. In Figure 7 two EMG signal graphs are plotted,
one for non-fatigued muscle and another showing muscle
fatigue before recovery of the fatigue in muscle. This is
also verified with the mean variation.
C. Mean versus Force Plot
Figure 8: Mean versus Force Graph
The mean versus force graphis plotted as shown in Figure
8 and it is observed that there is a positive linear
relationship between the plotted mean and its respective
force values. The correlation between variables indicates
that as one variable changes in value, the other variable
tends to change in a specific direction. The regression
analysis mathematically describes the relationship
between mean and force values. Also, this described linear
relationship may be used to predict the value of dependent
variable with reference to the value of independent
variable. [12]
A linearly increasing relationship is observed between
mean and force values calculated from EMG signal. Plot
shown in Figure 7 represents the R2as 0.757 whereas R2
ranges from 0.4821 to 0.8714. In which values lower than
0.7 are irrelevant whereas 0.7-0.99 are most significant.
D. Endurance
We also observed that muscles develop endurance after
encountering fatigue on 3rd to 4th day. Endurance
development is dependent upon the day to day activities
taken up by the subjects under study.[13] Table 5is
showing a comparison in the different muscles (Soleus and
Gastrocnemius muscles) of same subjects who underwent
the same exercise protocol for 10 days. Both readings
were recorded simultaneously after exercise on each day.
It is observed that
Both muscles had developed the fatigue on different
days. This definitely is the result of contribution of
muscles in activity to be performed.
Soleus muscle is to provide increase in angle between
foot and leg whereas Gastrocnemius muscle helps
Soleus muscle to work and provides flexing the leg at
the knee joint.
As Soleus muscle are always in the use while moving
ankles,hence they resulted in late fatigue in muscles.
At the same time Gastrocnemius which supported the
calf and knee got fatigued comparatively sooner.
Subjects having an active lifestyle develops muscle
endurance sooner than the subjects having a
sedentary lifestyle. [14] [15]
It was also observed that decreased values of force, mean
frequency and amplitude in sEMG (which occurred in
muscles due to fatigue) subsequently approaches back to
their initial values as observed prior to exercise protocol
as they develop endurance.
Table 5: Parameter values of Maximum Fatigue Day
Soleus [14] Gastrocnemius
Subject Day Force Mean Day Force Mean
Subject
1
3rd 28.5 619.06 2nd 28 618.50
Subject
2
8th 8 617.76 7th 8 617.76
Subject
3
5th 8.5 618.82 1st 8 618.06
Subject
4
3rd 13 618.92 2nd 12.5 618.92
Subject
5
5th 9.5 618.68 4th 9.5 618.49
Subject
6
3rd 21 618.00 3rd 21 618.07
Subject
7
3rd 8.5 617.87 3rd 8.5 617.86
Subject
8
6th 16.5 618.04 1st 12 617.82
V. CONCLUSION
Presented work is giving us the ways to identify muscle
fatigue developed due to known workout and quantifies
the effect of endurance in the muscle with fatigue on
Gastrocnemius muscles. It is observed that introduction of
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Force
Day
Subject 5 Subject 6
Subject 7 Subject 8
605
610
615
620
625
630
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
101
111
121
131
141
Amplitude
No. of cycles
Subject 4
Normal Day Max Fatigue Day
y = 0.3928x + 618.26
R² = 0.757
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
26.5
29
28.5
28
29.5
30.5
29.5
29
28.5
28.5
Mean
Force
Subject 1
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fatigue results in decrease of force (F) as well as decrease
of mean frequency (MF) and amplitude (Amp) in the
sEMG. It has been observed that there is linear relation
between MF and F. Its further observed that endurance
plays a major role when one goes take-up some physical
activity or exercise. Its documented also that fatigue
affects the muscular activities but due to endurance (that
is definitely dependent upon the life style of the subject) of
muscle fatigue dies out and muscle resumes its full activity
in 5-10 days.
All the subjects were introduced to an anaerobic exercise
protocol and later measurements were done. There are
inordinate chances that aerobic exercise protocol may
result in completely different level of endurance and hence
the muscle force producing capacity rejuvenation after
exercise.
REFERENCES
[1] Peter Konrad, “The ABC of EMG, A Practical
Introduction to Kinesiological Electromyography”,
Version 1.0 April 2005.
[2] M. B. I. Reaz, M. S. Hussain and F. Mohd-Yasin,
“Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection,
processing, classification and applications”,
BiolProced Online, pp.11-35, vol. 8 23 Mar 2006, doi:
10.1251/bpo115
[3] Kosha Patel, “A Review on Feature Extraction
Methods”, PG Student, Dept. of Biomedical
Engineering, Government Engineering College,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
[4] Liu Cao, Ying Wang, DongmeiHao, Lin Yang, “Effects
of Force Load, Muscle Fatigue, and Magnetic
Stimulation on Surface Electromyography during
Side Arm Lateral Raise Task: A Preliminary Study
with Healthy Subjects,” BioMed Research
International, vol. 2017, pp. 1-9, march 2017.
[5] health.uottawa.ca Archived 2009-11-16 at the
Wayback Machine, Dynamometry.
[6] E-article “Why do I feel pain after exercise?” accessed
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/pain-after-
exercise/ dated 7/8/2020.
[7] David J. Bentley, Shi Zhou & Allan J. Davie, “The Effect
of Endurance Exercise on Muscle Force Generating
Capacity of the Lower Limbs”.
[8] Abdullah Al zaman, Mohammed Ferdjallah Ph.D., and
Ahmed Khamayesh Ph.D., “Muscle Fatigue Analysis
for Healthy Adults Using TVAR Model with
Instantaneous Frequency Estimation”.
[9] Carlo J. De Luca, “The Use of Surface
Electromyography in Biomechanics”, [Wartenweiler
Memorial lecture (The International Society for
Biomechanics) 5 July 1993], Neuromuscular
Research Centre, Boston University.
[10] Mario Cifrek, Vladimir Medved, StankoTonkovic,
SašaOstojic, “A Surface EMG based muscle fatigue
evaluation in biomechanics”.
[11] Roberto Merletti, “Surface EMG signal processing
during isometric contractions”.
[12] Jim Frost, “Regression Analysis, an intuitive guide for
using and interpreting linear models”.
[13] David J. Bentley, Shi Zhou & Allan J. Davie, “The Effect
of Endurance Exercise on Muscle Force Generating
Capacity of the Lower Limbs”.
[14] Rohit, Poonam Kumari, “Fatigue Detection in Soleus
muscle by characterizing its Electro-Myogram”,
International Journal for Science and Advance
Research in Technology (IJSART); Vol-6, Issue-1,
January 2020.
[15] Sunil Kumar, Poonam Kumari, “Quantitative
Assessment of Forearm Muscle Fatigue with
Repetitive Task”, International Journal for Research
in Applied Science & Engineering Technology
(IJRASET); Vol-8, Issue-7, July 2020.