Electromyography (EMG) signals are often described as electrical manifestation of neuromuscular
activation associated with the muscles. These signals are commonly utilized as principal input signals to
control several prosthetic devices such as prosthetic hands, arm, lower limbs, and exoskeleton robots as
well as in designing of rehabilitation and assistive devices. It is well proven that EMG signals vary among
subjects and gender is one of the major factors that play a significant role in this variation. This study
detects the possible gender differences by measuring changes in the EMG activity during different phases
of human walking by acquiring the surface EMG signals from Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings (biceps
femoris), Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Soleus muscles of the leg with the healthy subjects walking
barefoot at two paces-normal and fast. The statistical analysis of the results showed no gender differences
at normal speed of walking but when speed of walking changed; it showed clear differences in the
behavior of these muscles. The results from this study would aid in designing closed loop control strategy
for designing a smart functional electrical stimulator (FES) which is the larger goal of this research.
Effect of Endurance on Gastrocnemius Muscle with Exercise by Employing EMG Am...ijtsrd
Muscle fatigue is a common experience in daily life. Many authors have defined it as the incapacity to maintain the required or expected force, and therefore, force, power and torque recordings have been used as direct measurements of muscle fatigue. In addition, the measurement of these variables combined with the measurement of surface electromyography sEMG recordings which can be measured during all types of movements during exercise may be useful to assess and understand muscle fatigue. EMG signal can be easily analyzed in time domain, frequency domain and time frequency domain. The time domain features are the most popular in EMG pattern recognition because they are easy and quick to calculate and they do not require a transformation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fatigue and to study the endurance occurrence in the Gastrocnemius muscle with a pre defined exercise protocol for the targeted muscle. For this purpose, sEMG Amplitude parameters were characterized. Relation between EMG features like mean, force, standard deviation, etc. is verified for fatigue detection as well as to identify the Endurance developed in the Gastrocnemius muscle. Gaurav Patti | Poonam Kumari "Effect of Endurance on Gastrocnemius Muscle with Exercise by Employing EMG Amplitude Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33222.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/33222/effect-of-endurance-on-gastrocnemius-muscle-with-exercise-by-employing-emg-amplitude-parameters/gaurav-patti
Review of Software to Analyse the Physical Conditions of the Athletes using sEMGijtsrd
Electromyography measures muscle responses of a nerve's simulation of the muscle. EMG is generally measured or recorded through surface, needle or wired electrodes. The surface electromyography is a commonly used technique for measuring the muscle exhilaration. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the use of sEMG in the practical context and to translate the given context to the appropriate analysis. The sEMG are used on the athletes while they are running and respective results are being noted. By using this technique our project wishes to implement an android iOS application to calculate the corresponding values which are being noted by the particular device which we have been made. The signals which are being given by the device is converted into the appropriate percentage values or graphs which can be determined into giving a complete overview about the person whom he is checking and can suggest the diets and exercises to make that person fit to the expectations. This software is mainly look forward for the development of the future athletes which can win the prizes. This platform provides immense forms of diets which are based on the values or results which have been depicted. Performance analysis in sports is considered to be an integral component of understanding the requirements of the optimal performance. Several measurement techniques have been used to inspect the performance of the best athletes today. it is mostly commonly done in laboratory where physiology and bio mechanics can be analyzed. in this system first, the coaches conduct a study about the agility, strength and nutrition of the excellent players of the country. Then the coaches of the respective clubs or the schools check each and every student's physical condition and compare with the stored data in order to train them. The project has got direct advantage to the aspiring future athletes of the country and also to the health conscious society by providing them a device to calculate on their body metrics and work around to improve on it. Tenwin James K | Varun Vincent | Lino Louis | Vishnuraj T | Aneesh Chandran "Review of Software to Analyse the Physical Conditions of the Athletes using sEMG" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31546.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/embedded-system/31546/review-of-software-to-analyse-the-physical-conditions-of-the-athletes-using-semg/tenwin-james-k
Non-uniform electromyographic activity during fatigue and recovery of the vas...Nosrat hedayatpour
The aim of the study was to investigate EMG signal features
during fatigue and recovery at three locations of the vastus
medialis and lateralis muscles.
Effect of Endurance on Gastrocnemius Muscle with Exercise by Employing EMG Am...ijtsrd
Muscle fatigue is a common experience in daily life. Many authors have defined it as the incapacity to maintain the required or expected force, and therefore, force, power and torque recordings have been used as direct measurements of muscle fatigue. In addition, the measurement of these variables combined with the measurement of surface electromyography sEMG recordings which can be measured during all types of movements during exercise may be useful to assess and understand muscle fatigue. EMG signal can be easily analyzed in time domain, frequency domain and time frequency domain. The time domain features are the most popular in EMG pattern recognition because they are easy and quick to calculate and they do not require a transformation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fatigue and to study the endurance occurrence in the Gastrocnemius muscle with a pre defined exercise protocol for the targeted muscle. For this purpose, sEMG Amplitude parameters were characterized. Relation between EMG features like mean, force, standard deviation, etc. is verified for fatigue detection as well as to identify the Endurance developed in the Gastrocnemius muscle. Gaurav Patti | Poonam Kumari "Effect of Endurance on Gastrocnemius Muscle with Exercise by Employing EMG Amplitude Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33222.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/33222/effect-of-endurance-on-gastrocnemius-muscle-with-exercise-by-employing-emg-amplitude-parameters/gaurav-patti
Review of Software to Analyse the Physical Conditions of the Athletes using sEMGijtsrd
Electromyography measures muscle responses of a nerve's simulation of the muscle. EMG is generally measured or recorded through surface, needle or wired electrodes. The surface electromyography is a commonly used technique for measuring the muscle exhilaration. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the use of sEMG in the practical context and to translate the given context to the appropriate analysis. The sEMG are used on the athletes while they are running and respective results are being noted. By using this technique our project wishes to implement an android iOS application to calculate the corresponding values which are being noted by the particular device which we have been made. The signals which are being given by the device is converted into the appropriate percentage values or graphs which can be determined into giving a complete overview about the person whom he is checking and can suggest the diets and exercises to make that person fit to the expectations. This software is mainly look forward for the development of the future athletes which can win the prizes. This platform provides immense forms of diets which are based on the values or results which have been depicted. Performance analysis in sports is considered to be an integral component of understanding the requirements of the optimal performance. Several measurement techniques have been used to inspect the performance of the best athletes today. it is mostly commonly done in laboratory where physiology and bio mechanics can be analyzed. in this system first, the coaches conduct a study about the agility, strength and nutrition of the excellent players of the country. Then the coaches of the respective clubs or the schools check each and every student's physical condition and compare with the stored data in order to train them. The project has got direct advantage to the aspiring future athletes of the country and also to the health conscious society by providing them a device to calculate on their body metrics and work around to improve on it. Tenwin James K | Varun Vincent | Lino Louis | Vishnuraj T | Aneesh Chandran "Review of Software to Analyse the Physical Conditions of the Athletes using sEMG" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31546.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/embedded-system/31546/review-of-software-to-analyse-the-physical-conditions-of-the-athletes-using-semg/tenwin-james-k
Non-uniform electromyographic activity during fatigue and recovery of the vas...Nosrat hedayatpour
The aim of the study was to investigate EMG signal features
during fatigue and recovery at three locations of the vastus
medialis and lateralis muscles.
Motor Unit Conduction Velocity During Sustained Contraction Of The Vastus Med...Nosrat hedayatpour
in the current study, we analyzed the
Effect of eccentric exercise on the conduction velocity of
individual motor units at two locations of the vastus
medialis muscle during sustained contractions.
Sub153105.pdf my article Outcome Measurement of Electrical Stimulation on Qua...jayanta Jayanta0074U
Outcome Measurement of Electrical Stimulation on
Quadriceps Muscles for Knee Osteoarthritis
Jayanta Nath
Abstract: Introduction: Outcome measurement is very essential part to assess efficacy of treatment intervention. The first objective
was to perform a review of all outcome measurement used in manangement of knee OA. Secondly to know if there was any difference
of outcome measurement of electrical stimulation on quadriceps muscle based on collected review article. Question: What were the
various outcome measurement used for assessment of knee osteoarthritis specially when used electrical stimulation? Design: Review of
literature. Participant: reviewer. Adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Intervention: Electrical stimulation for quadriceps. Outcome
measure : VAS, WOMAC, dynamometer,MMT,EMG etc Development: Literature searches were made in these databases: Medline
(Ovid), Pedro, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Web of knowledge, CINAHL (EBSCOHost), SportDicus (EBSCOHost), DOAJ, Cochrane,
EMBASE, Academic Search Complete (EBSCOHost), Fuente Académica (EBSCOHost), and MedicLatina (EBSCOHost). A
retrospective search of 13 years was used until February 2015. 33 records were selected based on the affinity with the subject of the
review and their internal validity according to the PEDro scale. Conclusions: WOMAC, VAS, were most commonly used outcome
measurement for OA knee. recommend further research on ES and outcome measurement.There were many outcome measure for knee
OA based on literature search .The review evidence suggest that VAS,WOMAC,were useful for assessing quality of management.Out of
all outcome measurement tool the WOMAC,PPT, EMG were most valid and reliable tool.
Lecture References and online resources: Tendons: Mechanisms of pathogenicity...Mark Sexton
This lecture reviews and connects developments different areas of the published research: in the areas of Anatomy, Cellular Mechanotransduction, Connective Tissue (Histology, Innervation, differentiation, plasticity), Tendinopathy, Tendon Repair, Neural plasticity and Bioplasticity.
These developments have implications for clinical practice, research, education and health promotion.
This research was discussed as it informs common Treatment and Rehabilitation techniques (Exercise Therapy, Acupuncture, Manual Therapy, Low Level Laser, Biomechanics). Future directions in research were discussed.
Effect of smart phone using duration and gender on dynamic balancedbpublications
Abstract : Smart phones are constantly used for extended periods while looking at the visual display terminals this
may causes musculoskeletal problems. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate effect of smart phone using
duration and gender on dynamic balance.
Keywords: Smartphone, using duration, gender, dynamic balance
As expected when the ActivMotion Bar was compared to medicine balls and standard bars in the same movements there was consistently much higher muscle activation all over the body!
Current motorized limb prostheses provide rudimentary functionality for the application in everyday life. Together with a
poor cosmetic appearance, this is the reason why a large percentage of amputees do not use their prosthetic device regularly. This
paper seeks to present an overview of current state of the art research on neural interfaces. The focus lies on non-invasive
recording with EMG and especially High-Density EMG sensors. Additionally, direct machine learning and pattern recognition
algorithms for the decoding of the recorded signals are discussed. Finally, promising research directions for advanced prosthesis
control will be discussed. The bionic arm uses EMG signals to control each action of the hand. In order to control them, we need to
record the EMG signal for different actions. And compare it with real-time values to move the hand in a different manner. There
are separate servo motors to control the actions of each finger separately. So these are programmed by using microcontrollers.
Motor Unit Conduction Velocity During Sustained Contraction Of The Vastus Med...Nosrat hedayatpour
in the current study, we analyzed the
Effect of eccentric exercise on the conduction velocity of
individual motor units at two locations of the vastus
medialis muscle during sustained contractions.
Sub153105.pdf my article Outcome Measurement of Electrical Stimulation on Qua...jayanta Jayanta0074U
Outcome Measurement of Electrical Stimulation on
Quadriceps Muscles for Knee Osteoarthritis
Jayanta Nath
Abstract: Introduction: Outcome measurement is very essential part to assess efficacy of treatment intervention. The first objective
was to perform a review of all outcome measurement used in manangement of knee OA. Secondly to know if there was any difference
of outcome measurement of electrical stimulation on quadriceps muscle based on collected review article. Question: What were the
various outcome measurement used for assessment of knee osteoarthritis specially when used electrical stimulation? Design: Review of
literature. Participant: reviewer. Adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Intervention: Electrical stimulation for quadriceps. Outcome
measure : VAS, WOMAC, dynamometer,MMT,EMG etc Development: Literature searches were made in these databases: Medline
(Ovid), Pedro, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Web of knowledge, CINAHL (EBSCOHost), SportDicus (EBSCOHost), DOAJ, Cochrane,
EMBASE, Academic Search Complete (EBSCOHost), Fuente Académica (EBSCOHost), and MedicLatina (EBSCOHost). A
retrospective search of 13 years was used until February 2015. 33 records were selected based on the affinity with the subject of the
review and their internal validity according to the PEDro scale. Conclusions: WOMAC, VAS, were most commonly used outcome
measurement for OA knee. recommend further research on ES and outcome measurement.There were many outcome measure for knee
OA based on literature search .The review evidence suggest that VAS,WOMAC,were useful for assessing quality of management.Out of
all outcome measurement tool the WOMAC,PPT, EMG were most valid and reliable tool.
Lecture References and online resources: Tendons: Mechanisms of pathogenicity...Mark Sexton
This lecture reviews and connects developments different areas of the published research: in the areas of Anatomy, Cellular Mechanotransduction, Connective Tissue (Histology, Innervation, differentiation, plasticity), Tendinopathy, Tendon Repair, Neural plasticity and Bioplasticity.
These developments have implications for clinical practice, research, education and health promotion.
This research was discussed as it informs common Treatment and Rehabilitation techniques (Exercise Therapy, Acupuncture, Manual Therapy, Low Level Laser, Biomechanics). Future directions in research were discussed.
Effect of smart phone using duration and gender on dynamic balancedbpublications
Abstract : Smart phones are constantly used for extended periods while looking at the visual display terminals this
may causes musculoskeletal problems. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate effect of smart phone using
duration and gender on dynamic balance.
Keywords: Smartphone, using duration, gender, dynamic balance
As expected when the ActivMotion Bar was compared to medicine balls and standard bars in the same movements there was consistently much higher muscle activation all over the body!
Current motorized limb prostheses provide rudimentary functionality for the application in everyday life. Together with a
poor cosmetic appearance, this is the reason why a large percentage of amputees do not use their prosthetic device regularly. This
paper seeks to present an overview of current state of the art research on neural interfaces. The focus lies on non-invasive
recording with EMG and especially High-Density EMG sensors. Additionally, direct machine learning and pattern recognition
algorithms for the decoding of the recorded signals are discussed. Finally, promising research directions for advanced prosthesis
control will be discussed. The bionic arm uses EMG signals to control each action of the hand. In order to control them, we need to
record the EMG signal for different actions. And compare it with real-time values to move the hand in a different manner. There
are separate servo motors to control the actions of each finger separately. So these are programmed by using microcontrollers.
Quantitative Analysis of Patellar Tendon Abnormality in Asymptomatic Professi...Medical_Lab
Abnormalities in B-mode ultrasound images of the patellar tendon often take place in asymptomatic athletes but it is still not clear if these modifications forego or can predict the development of tendinopathy. Subclinical tendinopathy can be arbitrarily defined as either the presence of light structural changes in B-mode ultrasound images in association with mild
neovascularization (determined with Power Doppler images) or the presence of moderate/severe structural changes with or without neovascularization. Up to now, the structural changes and neovascularization of the tendon are evaluated qualitatively by visual inspection of ultrasound images. The aim of this study is to investigate the capability of a quantitative texture-based approach to determine tendon abnormality of “pallapugno” players. B-mode ultrasound images of the patellar tendon were acquired in 14 players and quantitative texture parameters were calculated within a Region of Interest (ROI) of both the non-dominant and the dominant tendon. A total of 90 features were calculated for each ROI, including 6 first-order descriptors, 24 Haralick features, and 60 higher-order spectra and entropy features. These features on the dominant and non-dominant side were used to perform a multivariate linear regression analysis (MANOVA) and our results show that the descriptors can be effectively used to determine tendon abnormality and, more importantly, the occurrence of subclinical tendinopathy.
Quantitative analysis of patellar tendon size and structure in asymptomatic ...Medical_Lab
Risultati dello studio ecografico in relazione all'analisi quantitativa della dimensione e della struttura del tendine rotuleo in un giocatore professionista asintomatico.
Hand motion pattern recognition analysis of forearm muscle using MMG signalsjournalBEEI
Surface Mechanomyography (MMG) is the recording of mechanical activity of muscle tissue. MMG measures the mechanical signal (vibration of muscle) that generated from the muscles during contraction or relaxation action. It is widely used in various fields such as medical diagnosis, rehabilitation purpose and engineering applications. The main purpose of this research is to identify the hand gesture movement via VMG sensor (TSD250A) and classify them using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). There are four channels MMG signal placed into adjacent muscles which PL-FCU and ED-ECU. The features used to feed the classifier to determine accuracy are mean absolute value, standard deviation, variance and root mean square. Most of subjects gave similar range of MMG signal of extraction values because of the adjacent muscle. The average accuracy of LDA is approximately 87.50% for the eight subjects. The finding of the result shows, MMG signal of adjacent muscle can affect the classification accuracy of the classifier.
To Compare the Effect of Muscle Energy Technique and Ultrasound on Jaw Range ...ijtsrd
Introduction Temporomandibular joint is a horse shaped bone that articulates with the temporomandibular bone. When TM joint is not working properly, the condition is known as temporomandibular joint dysfunction joint. The TMJ is positioned Right in front of ear canals. Objective The aim and objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique MET and Ultrasound in patient with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Methods 20 subjects with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction were divided conveniently into two groups Group A was receiving Muscle Energy Technique MET and Group B was receiving Ultrasound. The treatment was continued for 5 days and readings were taken 1st and 5th day. Result The study showed non significant improvements in R.O.M following 5 sessions of treatment within both groups. Conclusion Muscle Energy Technique MET and Ultrasound both are effective in Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction. Dr Jaspinder Kaur | Dr Shilpy Jetly ""To Compare the Effect of Muscle Energy Technique and Ultrasound on Jaw Range of Motion in Subjects with Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23579.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23579/to-compare-the-effect-of-muscle-energy-technique-and-ultrasound-on-jaw-range-of-motion-in-subjects-with-temporomandibular-joint-dysfunction/dr-jaspinder-kaur
The Fusion of HRV and EMG Signals for Automatic Gender Recognition during Ste...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a new gender recognition approach in accordance with the fusion of features extracted from electromyogram (EMG) and heart rate variability (HRV) during stepping activity using a stair stepper device is proposed. The fusion of EMG and HRV is investigated based on feature fusion approach. The feature fusion is carried out by chaining the feature vector extracted from the EMG and HRV signals. A proposed approach comprises of a sequence of processing steps which are preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection and the feature fusion. The results demonstrated that the fusion approach had enhanced the performance of gender recognition compared to solely on EMG or HRV for the gender recognition.
In this paper we present the use of a signal processing technique to find dominant channels in
near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Cross correlation is computed to compare measuring
channels and identify delays among the channels. In addition, visual inspection was used to
detect potential dominant channels. The results showed that the visual analysis exposed painrelated
activations in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) after stimulation which is
consistent with similar studies and the cross correlation analysis found dominant channels on
both cerebral hemispheres. The analysis also showed a relationship between dominant channels
and neighbouring channels. Therefore, our results present a new method to detect dominant
regions in the cerebral cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy. These results have also
implications in the reduction of number of channels by eliminating irrelevant channels for the
experiment.
CROSS CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MULTI-CHANNEL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPYcscpconf
In this paper we present the use of a signal processing technique to find dominant channels in near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Cross correlation is computed to compare measuring channels and identify delays among the channels. In addition, visual inspection was used to detect potential dominant channels. The results showed that the visual analysis exposed painrelated activations in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) after stimulation which is consistent with similar studies and the cross correlation analysis found dominant channels on both cerebral hemispheres. The analysis also showed a relationship between dominant channels
and neighbouring channels. Therefore, our results present a new method to detect dominant regions in the cerebral cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy. These results have also implications in the reduction of number of channels by eliminating irrelevant channels for the experiment.
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INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON MUSCLE ACTIVITY PATTERNS DURING NORMAL AND FAST WALKING
1. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
DOI: 10.5121/ijbes.2016.3304 31
INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON MUSCLE
ACTIVITY PATTERNS DURING NORMAL AND
FAST WALKING
Manvinder Kaur1
, Sateesh Reddy Avutu1
, Dinesh Bhatia*1
, Suresh Verma2
1
Biomedical Engineering Department, North Eastern Hill University,
Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science
& Technology, Murthal-131039, Haryana, India
ABSTRACT
Electromyography (EMG) signals are often described as electrical manifestation of neuromuscular
activation associated with the muscles. These signals are commonly utilized as principal input signals to
control several prosthetic devices such as prosthetic hands, arm, lower limbs, and exoskeleton robots as
well as in designing of rehabilitation and assistive devices. It is well proven that EMG signals vary among
subjects and gender is one of the major factors that play a significant role in this variation. This study
detects the possible gender differences by measuring changes in the EMG activity during different phases
of human walking by acquiring the surface EMG signals from Gluteus Maximus, Hamstrings (biceps
femoris), Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Soleus muscles of the leg with the healthy subjects walking
barefoot at two paces-normal and fast. The statistical analysis of the results showed no gender differences
at normal speed of walking but when speed of walking changed; it showed clear differences in the
behavior of these muscles. The results from this study would aid in designing closed loop control strategy
for designing a smart functional electrical stimulator (FES) which is the larger goal of this research.
KEYWORDS
Electromyography, Walking, gender
1. INTRODUCTION
Analysis of human walking is a significant area of research in which measurements of muscle
activity using EMG signals have often been used. As per the established literature, EMG signal
has proved to be a significant tool in the analysis of gait related disorders [1,2]. It is commonly
employed as principal input information to the controller for utilization in wide range of medical
applications ranging from powered assistive devices, bio-amplifiers to exoskeletons and
rehabilitation devices such as functional electrical stimulator (FES) [11,12,18].
The EMG signals normally show tendency to vary among individuals. It is a proven fact that no
two individuals have same gait pattern and EMG variations may be observed for performing the
similar task within the same individual, making it unreliable at times [1,2]. Nevertheless it is still
utilized by different research group(s) worldwide working in the above mentioned areas for
providing innumerable healthcare benefits. When designing closed loop strategy for FES devices,
characteristics of EMG must be carefully considered for providing proper input information to the
controller. Gender has been found to play a significant role and is one of the important factors that
affect EMG activity in different motor tasks [7, 10]. Murray et al. found that the amplitude of
normalized EMG activity decreased as walking speed decreased in normal women subjects [17].
M.C. Chiu etc. all. Found that increased walking speed caused significant increase in the muscle
activities of lumbar erector spinae, biceps femoris, and medial gastrocnemius, lumbar motion, as
well as the vertical ground reaction force in the loading response and mid-stance phases of the
2. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
32
human gait cycle [5]. E.S. Chumanov et. al. findings indicated that females display greater non-
sagittal motion [6]. Nardo et. al. reported propensity of females for a more complex recruitment
of the muscles such as gluteus and tibialis during gait [10].
Based on these studies, the main objective of this paper was to evaluate possible gender related
differences in the EMG activity of four significant lower limb muscles Gluteus Maximus, Soleus,
Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Hamstring (biceps femoris) for both the legs. Gluteus Maximus,
Quadriceps and Hamstring muscle group are considered to be large prime movers during walking
along with soleus being utilized for plantar flexion of the ankle, from [3] we can conclude that
Soleus is more active muscle compared with the gastronomies during walking. Rectus femoris is
opted from the quadriceps muscle group because it is a hip flexor muscles, as it attaches to the
Ilium which is a crucial indicator during walking or running. It swings the leg forward into the
ensuing step during walking [15, 19]. Biceps femoris is selected from the hamstring muscle group
because it is considered to be major antagonist muscle to the quadriceps during the deceleration
of knee extension during walking [15, 19].
We hypothesized that significant gender related differences would be found during normal and
fast walking, in this paper 80- steps/min is considered as a slow walking and 120steps/min is
considered as a fast walking. The results of this analysis would provide significant information on
gender-related differences thereby suggesting the researchers and clinicians with an alternative
approach for males and females when designing closed loop strategy for prosthetic devices by
employing EMG signals.
2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology followed for carrying out the above study is shown schematically in Figure1.
Figure – 1
A. Participants
Twenty healthy adult volunteers were recruited. 10 male, 10 Female, mean age for male 23±2
year, for Female 22±2 year, Mean height for male 164±5 in cm, for female 152±3 in cm and
mean weight for male 68±6 in Kg ,for female 54±5 in kg. The Mean (± SD) age, height and
weight are shown in Table I.
Category Age in Years
(Mean ± SD)
Height(cm)
(Mean ±SD)
Weight (Kg)
(Mean ±SD)
Female 22±2 152±3 54±5
Male 23±2 164± 5 68±6
TABLE I: CHARACTERSTICS OF FEMALEAND MALE SUBJECTS
EMG activity was recorded from the selected muscles of both the left and right lower limbs of all
subjects during barefoot gait. Inclusion criteria excluded subjects having any medical conditions/
contractures/ deformities in the joint or suffering from skin condition which might impede the
fixation of the electrodes on the body surface. Before participating in the study each participant
was explained about the purpose and protocol to be followed for the study. The participants
3. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
agreed to provide written informed consent/ patient informed consent (PIC) form as per
requirement of the Ethics Committee before participating in the study.
B. Instrumentation
EMG Signals were acquired using Multi
at 50/60 Hz and Gain: 5-50,000, Input Impedance: 2 M
study. The skin was rubbed with cotton containing alcohol to minimize the skin impedance,
thereby improving signal acquisition. Disposable Circular electrodes (44 x 32 x 1 mm) were
placed on the subjects for the above muscles, with respect to longitudinal location of the sensor
on the muscle and halfway the distal motor endplate zone and the distal tendo
the transversal location of the electrode [20]. The subject preparation was carried out following
standard protocols [14] for placing electrodes on subject’s pre
simultaneously from both the legs. In ord
fibers, we placed the electrodes around the optimal sensor location directed parallel to the muscle
fibers with an inter-electrode distance of 20 mm.
C. Data Acquisition
The study is carried out for each subject in a quiet laboratory room away from the main entrance
having very few visitors. The subject and research team cannot interact once the experiment has
started. Test duration is about one hour per subject including the time required for mounting
devices to the subject. In order to prevent contamination of the signal, the cables of the sensor are
fixed to the subject's body using the straps. Sampling rate during acquisition was set to 2000Hz as
per Nyquist criteria Schematic view of experimenta
Figure 2: Schematic view of experimental environment
Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) tests were conducted on the muscles for intra subject
comparisons by applying the resistance manually to resist the subject’s
Gluteus Maximus muscle, the subject was made to lie on prone position and the MVC test was
performed both in extended and flexed knee position with slightly outward rotated legs and for
Soleus muscle the subject was asked to sit in up
flexion. In case of Quadriceps muscle
knee flexion position and for Hamstring muscle the subject was made to lie on prone position to
perform unilateral knee Flexion. Four sets of voluntary data were acquired, with the subjects
barefoot walking in the selected area at an average speed 80steps/min for normal and 120
steps/min for fast walking. It was determined to ask the subjects to walk at different sp
International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
agreed to provide written informed consent/ patient informed consent (PIC) form as per
requirement of the Ethics Committee before participating in the study.
quired using Multi-Channel Wireless EMG BIOPAC Inc. (CMRR: 110dB
50,000, Input Impedance: 2 MΩ) available in the laboratory for the
study. The skin was rubbed with cotton containing alcohol to minimize the skin impedance,
proving signal acquisition. Disposable Circular electrodes (44 x 32 x 1 mm) were
placed on the subjects for the above muscles, with respect to longitudinal location of the sensor
on the muscle and halfway the distal motor endplate zone and the distal tendon, with respect to
the transversal location of the electrode [20]. The subject preparation was carried out following
standard protocols [14] for placing electrodes on subject’s pre-identified muscles to acquire EMG
simultaneously from both the legs. In order to avoid the cross talk between corresponding muscle
fibers, we placed the electrodes around the optimal sensor location directed parallel to the muscle
electrode distance of 20 mm.
ch subject in a quiet laboratory room away from the main entrance
having very few visitors. The subject and research team cannot interact once the experiment has
started. Test duration is about one hour per subject including the time required for mounting
devices to the subject. In order to prevent contamination of the signal, the cables of the sensor are
fixed to the subject's body using the straps. Sampling rate during acquisition was set to 2000Hz as
per Nyquist criteria Schematic view of experimental environment is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Schematic view of experimental environment
Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) tests were conducted on the muscles for intra subject
comparisons by applying the resistance manually to resist the subject’s movement. For the
Gluteus Maximus muscle, the subject was made to lie on prone position and the MVC test was
performed both in extended and flexed knee position with slightly outward rotated legs and for
Soleus muscle the subject was asked to sit in up-right position to perform unilateral Plantar
flexion. In case of Quadriceps muscle, the subject was asked to sit in upright position to perform
knee flexion position and for Hamstring muscle the subject was made to lie on prone position to
knee Flexion. Four sets of voluntary data were acquired, with the subjects
barefoot walking in the selected area at an average speed 80steps/min for normal and 120
steps/min for fast walking. It was determined to ask the subjects to walk at different sp
International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
33
agreed to provide written informed consent/ patient informed consent (PIC) form as per
Channel Wireless EMG BIOPAC Inc. (CMRR: 110dB
) available in the laboratory for the
study. The skin was rubbed with cotton containing alcohol to minimize the skin impedance,
proving signal acquisition. Disposable Circular electrodes (44 x 32 x 1 mm) were
placed on the subjects for the above muscles, with respect to longitudinal location of the sensor
n, with respect to
the transversal location of the electrode [20]. The subject preparation was carried out following
identified muscles to acquire EMG
er to avoid the cross talk between corresponding muscle
fibers, we placed the electrodes around the optimal sensor location directed parallel to the muscle
ch subject in a quiet laboratory room away from the main entrance
having very few visitors. The subject and research team cannot interact once the experiment has
started. Test duration is about one hour per subject including the time required for mounting the
devices to the subject. In order to prevent contamination of the signal, the cables of the sensor are
fixed to the subject's body using the straps. Sampling rate during acquisition was set to 2000Hz as
l environment is shown in Figure 2.
Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) tests were conducted on the muscles for intra subject
movement. For the
Gluteus Maximus muscle, the subject was made to lie on prone position and the MVC test was
performed both in extended and flexed knee position with slightly outward rotated legs and for
ght position to perform unilateral Plantar
subject was asked to sit in upright position to perform
knee flexion position and for Hamstring muscle the subject was made to lie on prone position to
knee Flexion. Four sets of voluntary data were acquired, with the subjects
barefoot walking in the selected area at an average speed 80steps/min for normal and 120
steps/min for fast walking. It was determined to ask the subjects to walk at different speeds, as it
4. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
34
is usually observed that individuals usually walk at either slow or fast pace daily on different
occasions as per their task requirements. The collected data was stored using Acknowledge 4.3
software available with the data recording system.
D. Data Processing
For processing of EMG signal, normalization of the EMG signal acquired from each subject with
its isometric MVC. Notch filter was then applied in order to remove 50 Hz noise interference
from the signal. Subsequently, Wavelet transform (WF) was performed for removing baseline
drift in the signal. The WF technique permits time-frequency representation of the signal thereby
allowing inspection of different signal waveforms at different scales and resolution. Cascaded
low-pass (20 Hz) and a high-pass filter (450 Hz) were then applied in order to remove other noise
sources from the signal. The raw EMG signals acquired from the subjects were quantified with
the help of MATLAB. The Signal Processing applied onto the raw EMG signals is explained and
shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Signal Processing Steps
All four recorded data sets for each subject were analyzed to calculate two major parameters from
the filtered EMG: Root Mean Square (RMS) and Median Frequency (MDF), Since the MDF
decreases with an increase in EMG signal amplitude which is the strong indication of the muscle
fatigue. The filtered EMG signals were rectified in order to calculate the RMS values. The mean
values of all the walking trials (normal and fast pace) were identified and averaged to derive the
mean values for these two parameters.
1) Root Mean Square (RMS)
RMS is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the set of values. Let Xt represent
the rectified EMG signal then RMS value is represented by equation 1
RMS=ට
ࢀି࢚
∑ (܆ܜ)ࢀ
࢚ (1)
Where, Xt is the rectified signal and T, t is the two time intervals at which signal acquisition takes
place. It is most frequently used parameter for the EMG analysis because during muscle
5. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
35
contractions, it reflects the level of physiological activity in the motor unit. It is considered to be
the most meaningful EMG analysis technique, since it gives a measure of the mean power of the
signal [9].
2) Median Frequency (MDF)
MDF is a frequency at which the EMG power spectrum is divided into two regions with equal
amplitude [9] as shown in equation 2:
MDF M M
∑ Pj = ∑ Pj = ½ ∑ Pj (2)
j=1 j=MDF j=1
Where, Pj= EMG power spectrum at the frequency j and M= length of frequency
It helps the clinician to focus on injury prevention strategies, especially during the restorative
phase of rehabilitation [14].
E. Statistical Analysis
For detailed analysis, statistical validation is done by applying one way ANOVA that depicted the
influence of gender is statistically significant during variations in walking speed. Least
Significant differences (LSDs) among the categories defined were then conducted using Post hoc
analysis in order to have multiple comparisons between the categories using SPSS software
(IBM). The level of significance was set to p< 0.05.
3. RESULT
The data is divided into four categories namely female with normal walk (FNW), female with fast
walk (FFW), male with normal walk (MNW) and male with fast walk (MFW). According to
Table II, the comparison between the categories MNW and MFW and FFW and MFW were
found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level. Other categories mentioned in table such as
MNW with FFW or FNW with MFW were found to be invalid. All the other groups were found
to be statistically insignificant at 0.05 level. The results so obtained from the comparison through
statistical analysis using LSD ignoring the ANOVA table are shown in Table II.
6. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
36
Further analysis demonstrates the processed EMG data through the results of descriptive statistics
for the RMS and MDF values is depicted as shown in Figure 4. and Figure 5. From the figures, it
can be observed that the mean RMS value of the signal amplitude tends to increase from
normal to fast walking for all the muscles of both the limbs, which can be attributed to
increase in motor activity and recruitment of more fibers with increase in speed of movement.
MDF value follows an inverse pattern which is opposite to the variations in time domain feature
of the EMG signal. It decreases when walking speed changes from normal to fast indicating
development of muscle fatigue in fibers.
7. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
Figure 4: Comparison of RMS values on basis of gender
Figure 5: Comparison of MDF values on basis of gender
4. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The paper evaluated the gender differences on the major lower limbs muscles namely, Gluteus
Maximus, Hamstring (biceps femoris), Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Soleus with the help of
surface EMG during barefoot walking. Quantification of
and frequency domain parameters. For time domain, RMS was chosen to assess the level of
muscle activity, since it is not affected by the superposition of action potential on motor units [9].
For frequency domain, parameter opted for stu
the physiological processes that occur within the muscles during sustained contractions
statistical analysis showed no gender differences during normal walking but when speed of
International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
4: Comparison of RMS values on basis of gender
Figure 5: Comparison of MDF values on basis of gender
FINDINGS
The paper evaluated the gender differences on the major lower limbs muscles namely, Gluteus
Maximus, Hamstring (biceps femoris), Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Soleus with the help of
surface EMG during barefoot walking. Quantification of EMG signal was done using both time
and frequency domain parameters. For time domain, RMS was chosen to assess the level of
muscle activity, since it is not affected by the superposition of action potential on motor units [9].
For frequency domain, parameter opted for study was median frequency because it is
the physiological processes that occur within the muscles during sustained contractions
statistical analysis showed no gender differences during normal walking but when speed of
International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
37
The paper evaluated the gender differences on the major lower limbs muscles namely, Gluteus
Maximus, Hamstring (biceps femoris), Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and Soleus with the help of
one using both time
and frequency domain parameters. For time domain, RMS was chosen to assess the level of
muscle activity, since it is not affected by the superposition of action potential on motor units [9].
dy was median frequency because it is sensitive to
the physiological processes that occur within the muscles during sustained contractions. The
statistical analysis showed no gender differences during normal walking but when speed of
8. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
38
walking changed from normal to fast, gender differences were prominent and found to be
significant for all the muscles under study. These results are partly in line with our hypothesis
stated above.
It is observed through the results of descriptive statistics that RMS value of males is much higher
than that of females RMS values obtained for Gluteus, Quadriceps (rectus femoris) and
Hamstring (biceps femoris) muscles shows that right leg is predominant over left leg for both
males and females. However, the Soleus muscle of male left leg is predominant over right leg.
This may due to the fact that during walking soleus activity is greatest on left side for most male
subjects under study.
MDF values also indicate the propensity of males over females to show changes in the muscle
activity patterns when the speed of walking changed. For Gluteus and Quadriceps muscles, left
leg is predominant over right leg for both males and females but for Soleus and Hamstrings
muscles, the right leg is predominant over left leg. This may be due to reasons such as the
modulation in recruitment affecting firing rate of the motor units and synchronization of the EMG
signal. Moreover, the variations in the fiber diameters and due to gender differences may also be
one of the causes for such changes observed [4,8,13]. For Gluteus and Quadriceps muscles, the
MDF value is much higher in males than in females.
Understanding the above analysis, it is evident that in the healthy males significant changes are
shown in MDF and RMS values when walking speed changes from normal to fast. No such
changes were shown in females when walking speed changes. This shows the propensity of males
over females for muscle activity patterns of gluteus, Soleus, rectus femoris and biceps femoris
which are contrasting to the results reported by earlier researchers [6, 10].
There are limitations to the current study that can be further investigated. The lack of kinematic
and kinetic data means that confounding variables may be present. The group of participants
observed here consisted of young participants and these findings may not be generalized to older
populations. Despite these issues, this would also help to identify the normal ranges of EMG
variations for a local adult population under study for developing EMG based controls in wide
range of clinical and engineering applications in near future.
5. CONCLUSION
The final are the conclusive remarks of the study:
1) Root Mean Square (RMS) increases when pace of walking changed from normal to fast
2) Median Frequency (MDF) value decreases when pace of walking changed from normal to fast.
3) Statistical analysis showed significant variation in the MDF and RMS values when walking
speed changes from normal to fast in healthy males.
4) No significant changes were shown in females when walking speed changes.
5) The statistical analysis showed no significant changes in gender differences were found during
normal walking but when speed of walking changed from normal to fast, gender differences were
found to be significant for all the above muscles.
6) Overall propensity of males is found to be superior over females for muscle activity patterns of
gluteus, Soleus, rectus femoris and biceps femoris.
This information suggests considering a separate approach for males and females when designing
a closed loop controller strategy for rehabilitation devices such as FES, prosthetic limbs using
electromyography (EMG) signals.
9. International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES), Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2016
39
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by funding received (Ref: IDP/MED/2010/27; 2012) from the Instrument
Development Program of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of
India, New Delhi. The authors also acknowledge the support of the doctors from the Physical
Medicine Rehabilitation Department, AIIMS, Delhi involved in the above project.
SUBMISSION STATEMENT
We represent that this submission is original work, and is not under consideration for publication
with any other journal.
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