The document discusses e-commerce and globalization. It defines e-commerce as the buying and selling of goods and services over electronic networks like the internet. It describes different types of e-commerce transactions including business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer, and others. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce. The document then defines globalization as the integration of economies and discusses factors that have contributed to globalization like improved transportation and technology. It explains how e-commerce and globalization are interrelated and how e-commerce has helped enable globalization.

1. By: EDENJOY A. MANUEL

2. What is E-Commerce?
E-commerce (electronic commerce or
EC) is the buying and selling of goods
and services, or the transfer of funds or
data, over an electronic network,
primarily the internet.

3. Types of E-Commerce
Business-to-Business (B2B)
Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Consumer-to-Business (C2B).
Business-to-Administration (B2A)
Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)

4. Business-to-Business (B2B)
Business-to-Business (B2B) e-
commerce encompasses all electronic
transactions of goods or services
conducted ​​between companies.
Producers and traditional commerce
wholesalers typically operate with this
type of electronic commerce.

5. Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
The Business-to-Consumer type
of e-commerce is distinguished
by the establishment of
electronic business relationships
between businesses and final
consumers. It corresponds to the
retail section of e-commerce,
where traditional retail trade
normally operates.

6. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) type
e-commerce encompasses all
electronic transactions of goods or
services conducted ​​between
consumers. Generally, these
transactions are conducted through a
third party, which provides the online
platform where the transactions are
actually carried out.

7. Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
In C2B there is a complete reversal of
the traditional sense of exchanging
goods. This type of e-commerce is
very common in crowdsourcing
based projects. A large number of
individuals make their services or
products available for purchase for
companies seeking precisely these
types of services or products.

8. Business-to-Administration (B2A)
This part of e-commerce encompasses all
transactions conducted online between
companies and public administration. This
is an area that involves a large amount and
a variety of services, particularly in areas
such as fiscal, social security, employment,
legal documents and registers, etc. These
types of services have increased
considerably in recent years with
investments made in e-government.

9. Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)
The Consumer-to-Administration model
encompasses all electronic transactions
conducted between individuals and public
administration.
Examples of applications include:
 Education – disseminating information, distance learning,
etc.
 Social Security – through the distribution of information,
making payments, etc.
 Taxes – filing tax returns, payments, etc.
 Health – appointments, information about illnesses,
payment of health services, etc.

10. Advantages of E-Commerce
• ability to reach a global market
• product distribution chain is shortened
• suppliers become closer to their
customers
• cost is reduced

11. Disadvantages of E-Commerce
• Strong dependence on information and
communication technologies (ICT)
• Lack of legislation that adequately
regulates the new e-commerce activities
• Market culture is averse to electronic
commerce
• The users’ loss of privacy, the loss of
regions’ and countries’ cultural and
economic identity;
• Insecurity in the conduct of online
business transactions

12. What is Globalization?
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology.

13. Types of Globalization
Economic Globalization
No national economy is an island now. To varying
degrees, national economies influence one another.
One country which is capital-rich invests in another
country which is poor. One who has better
technologies sells these to others who lack such
technologies.

14. The products of an advanced country
enter the markets of those countries
that have demands for these
products. Similarly, the natural
resources of developing countries
are sold to developed countries that
need them. Thus, globalization is
predominantly an economic process
involving the transfer of economic
resources form one country to
another.

15. Cultural Globalization
Culture has increasingly become a commodity.
Popular books and films have international
markets. Harry Potter has readers almost all
over the world. English movies are seen almost
in all countries. Western pop music has become
popular in developing countries. The reverse
flow of culture is insignificant. The flow of
culture is mainly from the North to the South. In
the last few years the media owners of the West
have shown interest in entering developing
countries.

16. Political Globalization
Since long, efforts have been on to bring the
whole world under one government. The
League of Nations and the UN have been the
efforts in that direction. It is believed that the
world under one government will be safer
and freer from conflicts: The UN has belied
expectations, but a number of regional
organizations like European Union, ASEAN,
APEC and SAARC, and multicultural
economic organizations such as WTO have
come up.

17. Main reasons that have caused globalization
•Improved transport, making global travel easier.
For example, there has been a rapid growth in air-
travel, enabling greater movement of people and
goods across the globe.
•Containerization. From 1970, there was a rapid
adoption of the steel transport container. This
reduced the costs of inter-modal transport,
making trade cheaper and more efficient.

18. Main reasons that have caused globalization
•Improved technology which makes it easier to
communicate and share information around the
world.
•Growth of multinational companies with a
global presence in many different economies.
•Growth global trading blocks which have
reduced national barriers. (e.g. European Union,
NAFTA, ASEAN)

19. Main reasons that have caused globalization
• Reduced tariff barriers encouraging
global trade. Often this has occurred
through the support of the WTO.
• Firms exploiting gains from economies of
scale to gain increased specialization. This
is an important feature of new trade
theory.
• Growth of global media.
• Global trade cycle.

20. Main reasons that have caused globalization
• Financial system increasingly global
in nature
• Improved mobility of capital
• Increased mobility of labor

21. For an ecommerce market to grow and thrive, it
is not simply enough for the countries
population to be computer literate and on the
internet, rather it relies on trust of the retail
system in place as well as the infrastructure
which the systems are supported on.
Nevertheless, the ecommerce boom
is gradually finding its feet globally,
creating ample opportunity for
companies to capitalize on the
rapidly emerging new markets.
E-Commerce and Globalization

22. Predictably, China lead the way in
total ecommerce sales projections
for 2015 with $369 billion set to be
spent, closely followed by the USA
with $343 billion.
The real market opportunities for
businesses serving the already existing
major markets could be expansion into
the territories that are yet to develop
in ecommerce.

23. India has the second largest population of any country that stands as of
2014 figures at approximately 1.295 billion. Despite this, the
percentage of total retail sales that occurred through ecommerce stood
at less than 1%, highlighting the potential for growth in the market.

24. Similarly to India, Brazil has a large and untapped potential ecommerce
market with 133 million users already online in the South American
country, the fourth largest online population globally.
Brazil’s market has slowed down in its rapid growth that it saw in
the last decade with a number of major scandals in politics and
big business. The plateau of growth is set to receive a boost with
China pledging in May 2015 $50 billion, according to the BBC, to
improve infrastructure in Brazil.

25. As online traffic in the upcoming
ecommerce markets becomes
increasingly directed towards the
online retail sites and marketplaces,
a wider uptake on advertising
through channels such as social
media will no doubt be seen.

26. Synthesis
Information and Communications Technology has created a great impact on the business and industry.
E-Commerce, one popular aspect of ICT application has significantly influenced and affected the way
people do business. It has allowed them to maximize the use of electronic devices and the internet in
regard to the buying and selling of goods and services.
As Internet paved the way for people, organizations, and businesses to establish linkage with each
other, globalization became practically obvious. The Internet has completely introduced major changes
in the way people communicate, learn, socialize, do business, etc.
E-Commerce and globalization interrelate with each other. E-Commerce is one driving force toward
globalization while globalization provide vast opportunities for E-Commerce even more.

27. Resources
What caused globalization?
http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/401/trade/what-caused-globalization/
The Globalization Of E-Commerce: Where’s The Next Big Market To Invest In?
https://socialmediaweek.org/blog/2015/07/ecommerce-globalisation/
Globalization is primarily of three types: Economic, Cultural and Political
http://www.preservearticles.com/2011091313321/globalization-is-primarily-of-three-types-economic-cultural-and-
political.html
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC)
http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/e-commerce
Types of e-commerce
http://bloomidea.com/en/blog/types-e-commerce

28. Resources
What Is Globalization?
http://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/
The Pros And Cons Of Globalization
https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikecollins/2015/05/06/the-pros-and-cons-of-globalization/#3c65f282ccce