1. The document discusses various interactions between the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere including how CO2 and dimethyl sulfide affect climate regulation.
2. It also covers basic concepts in biology such as the cell theory, biological species concept, and Linnaeus' taxonomy system for classifying organisms.
3. Several physical factors that affect marine life are outlined such as temperature, salinity, dissolved gases, hydrostatic pressure, and how organisms deal with these variables.
Ecology is the scientific study of the intricate relationships between living organisms and their environment. It seeks to understand how organisms interact with one another and their surroundings, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest ecosystems. One fundamental aspect of ecology is the examination of biogeochemical cycles, which are essential processes that govern the flow of elements and compounds through the Earth's ecosystems. These cycles encompass the movement of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water between the living and non-living components of the environment. For example, the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, plants, and animals, regulating the levels of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and influencing climate. The nitrogen cycle is another vital process, as it controls the availability of nitrogen for plants and, subsequently, for all organisms in a given ecosystem. Biogeochemical cycles are critical to maintaining the delicate balance of nutrients and elements necessary for life on Earth, and any disruptions to these cycles can have profound ecological consequences. Understanding these cycles is crucial for environmental conservation and for addressing global challenges like climate change and nutrient pollution. In sum, ecology and biogeochemical cycles are intimately linked, providing the foundation for understanding how life and the environment are intricately interconnected and interdependent.
Ecology is the scientific study of the intricate relationships between living organisms and their environment. It seeks to understand how organisms interact with one another and their surroundings, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest ecosystems. One fundamental aspect of ecology is the examination of biogeochemical cycles, which are essential processes that govern the flow of elements and compounds through the Earth's ecosystems. These cycles encompass the movement of essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water between the living and non-living components of the environment. For example, the carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, plants, and animals, regulating the levels of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and influencing climate. The nitrogen cycle is another vital process, as it controls the availability of nitrogen for plants and, subsequently, for all organisms in a given ecosystem. Biogeochemical cycles are critical to maintaining the delicate balance of nutrients and elements necessary for life on Earth, and any disruptions to these cycles can have profound ecological consequences. Understanding these cycles is crucial for environmental conservation and for addressing global challenges like climate change and nutrient pollution. In sum, ecology and biogeochemical cycles are intimately linked, providing the foundation for understanding how life and the environment are intricately interconnected and interdependent.
The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment.
The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment.
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Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Interactions between biosphere, atmosphere, and
hydrosphere
Atmospheric CO2 absorbs solar radiation, and plants consume CO2
If CO2 levels too high, Earth heats up
High CO2 stimulates plant growth
Plants use up CO2, atmospheric levels decrease
Earth cools
3. Interactions between biosphere, atmosphere, and
hydrosphere
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) used by plankton to control osmotic balance.
In atmosphere, DMS is nucleus for condensation of water vapor
(clouds).
If plankton populations increase, DMS levels increase
cloud formation over ocean increases
reflectivity of atmosphere increases
Earth cools
4. Living things are made of matter
Most abundant elements in all living
organisms are:
C H N O P S
5. Living things are made of matter
What distinguishes living matter from non-living matter?
1. homeostasis: maintain stable internal conditions
2. regulated, controlled growth & development
3. metabolism: controlled chemical reactions that provide
energy for the synthesis of necessary molecules
4. reproduction
6. The cell theory
All living things are made of cells, & all cells arose from other cells.
7. Biological species concept
species: group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from other such
groups
8. Classification of marine organisms
taxonomy (systematics): study of the classification of and
evolutionary relationships among organisms
binomial nomenclature: system of classification
each species is given latin two-part name: Genus species
devised by Carolus Linnaeus (1750s)
9. Classification of marine organisms
Linnaeus’ system - hierarchy of larger taxa: classification categories
• (Domain)
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species
10. Classification of marine organisms
natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped
together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on
anatomical or behavioral similarities
DNA sequencing important for developing such a system
snakes lizards crocodiles birds
???
11. Classification of marine organisms
natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped
together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on
anatomical or behavioral similarities
DNA sequencing important for developing such a system
snakes lizards crocodiles birds
???
12. Classification of marine organisms
natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped
together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on
anatomical or behavioral similarities
DNA sequencing important for developing such a system
snakes lizards crocodiles birds
16. Light in the oceans
Sunlight is basis of (almost) all oceanic food webs
Different wavelengths penetrate to different depths
depth record for (blue) sunlight: 590m
deep sea—much bioluminescence.
17. Temperature
metabolic rate:
rate at which biochemical reactions occur w/in organism
metabolic rate directly proportional to temperature
until an upper limit
ectotherm: internal temperature close to that of environment
little or no internal regulation of temperature (poikilothermic)
endotherm: actively maintains stable internal temperature
independent of that of environment (homeothermic)
include:
marine mammals, some sharks, large fishes turtles
requires high metabolic rate: more food, greater gas exchange
18. Temperature
Mean global temperature of oceans
= 4ºC
Temperature range is much less than on
land
fewer fluctuations for organisms to
deal with.
19. Salinity
Mean salinity of oceans = 35‰ (range = 0–40‰ )
Salinity varies relatively little.
• rainfall
• evaporation
• freezing
• terrestrial runoff and riverflow
Most marine organisms have salinity within cells similar to that of
seawater.
21. Dissolved gases
Marine organisms require CO2 and O2,
Oxygen is not highly soluble in water. [O2] in water << in air.
CO2 is soluble in water. [CO2] in water > in air.
22. Dissolved gases
[CO2] in deep water > in shallow water.
• no photosynthesis, only respiration
• solubility of CO2 is greater in colder water. Most deep water
originates in polar regions.
• pressure at depth keeps gases in solution
23. Dissolved gases
[O2] can be limiting in shallow water.
• high rates of photosynthesis during day, but high rates of
respiration at night.
• bacterial decomposition of detritus
24. Hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic pressure: force of the weight of water in the ocean.
atmospheric pressure: force of the weight of air in the atmosphere.
Internal pressure of marine organisms equals hydrostatic pressure,
so not crushed
26. Biological factors
biological factors: any aspect of the biological environment that
affects living organisms.
Symbioses:
• predation + -
• parasitism + -
• competition - -
• mutualism + +
• commensalism + o
• amensalism - o
Interactions between physical factors and living organisms...
28. Osmosis
osmosis: diffusion of water molecules
isotonic: solutions with same concentration of solutes
hypertonic: solution w/ comparatively high concentration of solutes
hypotonic: solution w/ comparatively low concentration
35‰ NaCl 20‰ NaCl
H2O
29. Osmosis and living cells
Most marine organisms are isotonic
to seawater
In freshwater, most organisms are
hypertonic:
water diffuses into cells, organism
expends much energy to expel it
30. Gravity and buoyancy
Density of seawater = 1.025
Density of pure water = 1.000
Most organisms—mean density ≈ seawater.
many fishes have gas bladder
other marine organisms manipulate osmotic balance within tissues to
control buoyancy.
ex: pump out heavy SO4
- ions & replacing them with lighter Cl-
31. Viscosity
viscosity: internal resistance to flow of fluid
Viscosity is affected by temperature & salinity:
• viscosity of water at 0ºC is 25% greater than at 25ºC
• viscosity of saltwater > freshwater
32. Viscosity and movement
drag: resistance to movement of an organism induced by the fluid
through which it swims (or flies).
Drag depends on:
• viscosity of fluid medium
• speed of organism
• shape of organism
• size of organism
Drag is more important for smaller animals, for which viscosity of
water is relatively greater.
33. Viscosity and movement
turbulence: chaotic movement of a fluid around an object.
Turbulence slows movement of organisms, is especially important
for fast-swimming species.
Streamlined shape reduces turbulence.
34. Vertical migration
Many marine organisms move up and down in the water column in
a regular cycle.
• predator avoidance
• nutrient uptake at depth
• take advantage of horizontal currents
35. Classification of marine environment
photic zone: upper layer of ocean that receives sunlight (150-
600m).
• euphotic zone: upper portion of photic zone
photosynthesis exceeds respiration.
• disphotic zone: lower portion of photic zone
respiration exceeds photosynthesis.
36. Classification of marine environment
aphotic zone: layer of ocean below photic zone, no sunlight.
37. Classification of marine environment
pelagic zone: open water above the seafloor
• neritic zone: open water above continental shelf
• oceanic zone: open water beyond continental shelf
38. Classification of marine environment
benthic zone: the seafloor
• littoral zone: intertidal
• sublittoral zone: seafloor to edge of continental shelf
39. Classification of marine environment
benthic zone: the seafloor
• bathyal zone: seafloor of the continental slopes
• abyssal zone: seafloor of the abyssal plains and ridges
• hadal zone: seafloor of the trench walls and floors
40. Classification of marine organisms
pelagic: spend most of their time up in water column
benthic: spend most of their time attached to or on the seafloor
plankton: cannot swim efficiently against a current
nekton: can swim efficiently against a current