Abstract— Pot experiment was conducted at Ndele, Rivers state, southern rainforest of Nigeria to determine the effect of cutting frequency on forage growth and yield in elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum. The study was a single factor experiment of cutting intervals (5 days; 10 days; 15 days and 20 days) replicated 3 times, arranged in a randomized complete block design using replicates as blocks. Data collected were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, forage fresh weight and dry weight. Results showed that cutting frequency significantly influenced plant height or growth rate, leaf area and number of leaves. Leaf area and number of leaves reduced with higher frequency or shorter interval of cutting. Grasses cut at 20 days interval recorded the greatest number of leaves and highest leaf area. Cutting frequency markedly affected forage fresh weight and dry matter production (dry weight) and there was noticeable forage yield reduction in grasses cut at 5 days interval (higher frequency) with progressive cuttings as against those cut at 20 days interval (low frequency). Grasses cut at 20 days interval recorded the highest growth and leaf production, the most forage fresh weight and dry matter yield. 20 days interval is hereby recommended for cutting Pennistum purpureum cutting or gracing in southern rainforest of Nigeria.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Authors: Norman Uphoff, Vasilia Fasoula, Iswandi Anas, Amir Kassam and A.K. Thakur
Title: Improving the Phenotypic Expression of Rice Genotypes: Reasons to Rethink Selection Practices and ‘Intensification’ for Rice Production Systems
Oral presentation at: The 4th International Rice Congress
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Center, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 31, 2014
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Authors: Norman Uphoff, Vasilia Fasoula, Iswandi Anas, Amir Kassam and A.K. Thakur
Title: Improving the Phenotypic Expression of Rice Genotypes: Reasons to Rethink Selection Practices and ‘Intensification’ for Rice Production Systems
Oral presentation at: The 4th International Rice Congress
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Center, Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 31, 2014
Effect of different Mulching Materials on the Yield of Quality Protein Maize ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Field research was conducted on the effects of different mulching materials on the yield of Quantity protein maize which include polythene sheet, dry grasses and control. The different mulching materials were tested on nine (9) ridges each measuring 10m. The research was laid out in a completely randomized block design each treatment replicated three times. The parameters measured include weight of cobs, weight of 100grain, and total grain, there was no statistical difference in the weight cobs among all the treatments, similarly, there was also no statistical different in the weight of 100 grain. As far the weight of grain per 5m 2 there was a significant difference among the treatments with polythene sheet covered plots that have 0.25kg, however, the grass-mulched plots 0.16kg was statistically similar to the control plots 0.15kg. And finally for store weight observed per 5m 2 , polythene sheet covered plots were significantly higher than grass-mulched plots which are also significantly different to control plots with the values of 1.23kg, 1.21kg and 0.71kg respectively.
Impact of Soil Moisture Conservation Practices and Nutrient Management Under ...theijes
A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth , Akola during the year 2014-15 with a view to study the moisture conservation techniques and nutrient requirement for cotton variety AKH-081 which is suitable genotype recommended for High Density Planting System for Vidharbha condition of Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with twelve treatments. The plot size was 6.0 x 4.5 meters spacing at 60 x 10 cm with 1.66 lakh plants per hectare. Three moisture conservation techniques consisting flat sowing, opening of furrow at 40-60 days after sowing and sowing on Broad Bed Furrow (BBF) 3 rows marked at 60 cm along with nutrient management levels RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) ,RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1, 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) and 125 % RDF +2.5 kg Zn ha-1. The growth parameters viz. Plant height and sympodia was significantly influenced due to different moisture conservation techniques. BBF exihibited highest Plant height, Sympodia and Dry matter over the other parameter. The plant height, sympodia and dry matter per plant was increased significantly with increased in nutrient levels with micronutrients for high density planting system of cotton. Nutrients with different levels significantly influenced the yield attributes i.e Boll weight and Seed cotton yield under high density planting system. Significantly highest Seed cotton yield of (1786 kg ha-1) and was recorded with 125 % RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with 125 % RDF. The highest gross monetary return, net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded with 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) + 2.5 Kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) which is the need of higher plant density. The highest WUE (3.02 kghamm-1) was noticed in 125 % RDF + Zn.
Vegetative propagation of anonidium mannii (oliver) engler & diels (annon...Innspub Net
This study tested the influence of substrate type, size surface and application of IBA auxin on rooting of stem cutting leaf of Anonidium mannii, a wild fruit species with low seed germination rate. Two trials were conducted. The first tested three substrate types that are sand, wood sawdust and rice husks. We also tested combinations of these substrates (2:2), resulting in six treatments in a randomized complete block design. The second experiment compared different cutting leaf surfaces (12.5, 25 and 37.5cm2) and auxins (IBA applied and not applied) in a split plot design. Using sand as substrate resulted in significantly higher rooting rates (62.1 ± 5.9%), while use of rice husks, even combined with other substrates, did not achieve any cutting rooting. Significant and non-significant differences were observed, respectively, with factors leaf area and auxin application. Highest rooting rates (26.70 ± 6.6%) were obtained with a leaf surface of 37.5cm² in combination with IBA application. Vegetative cutting propagation is possible for A. mannii, albeit with low rooting rates. Therefore, more targeted testing is required; addressing other parameters such as cutting type, season of cutting and increase of the leaf surface of cuttings.
An experiment was conducted at the Crops Research Station of the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization Alupe, Busia County. The experiment was performed to find out the most suitable mulching material and an ideal spacing for green pepper cultivation under Busia County Conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatments comprised of four mulching materials viz. black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, straw mulch and bare soil which was the control with three row spacings viz. 30 x 50 cm, 40 x 40 cm and 50 x 40 cm. Data collected was subjected to SAS statistical software for analysis and means separated using LSD at P≤0.05. Significant responses on plant height and number of branches per plant were observed for both seasons due to spacing and mulching treatments. The highest branches (6.97) per plant were recorded in the 40 by 40 cm spacing under the transparent mulch with the lowest (2.83) shown under the same spacing in the straw mulch of California Wonder variety. The widest spacing elicited the highest number of fruits per plant (7.37) in the black plastic mulch while only a mean of 1 fruit per plant was recorded in the mulch control during the short rain season. The highest fruit mean yield per plant of 1556 g and 1533 g was recorded in the widest spacing (50 by 40cm) during the long and short rain seasons respectively. Therefore this study recommends the use of plastic mulches at wider spacing.
Production and economics of cluster bean and pearl millet intercropping syste...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
All the growth parameters(plant height and tillers/ row
length) and yield attributes of clusterbean and pearlmillet (number of pods/plant, pod
length, no. of seed/pod, test weight, plant height, effective tillers/row length, ear head
length and ear head girth of pearlmillet) were significantly influenced by intercropping
systems. The yield attributes and yields of pearlmillet increased by legumes effect in
intercropping system as compared to sole stand of pearlmillet. However, intercropped
stand of clusterbean recorded its lower productivity (2853 kg ha1
) when compared to
its sole stand (5145 kg ha1
), but intercropping system recorded statistically similar to
clusterbean equivalent yield as compared to sole stand. Significantly improvement in
all the yield attribute characters and yield under weed management practices with the
application of pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha1
as pre emergence + one hand weeding at 25
DAS, followed by two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS over the other weed
management practices in arid and semi arid conditions.
Production arrowroot depending on the size of the rhizome and substrate in Ca...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arrowroot starch is much appreciated in the preparation of desserts, breads, cookies and cakes. However the production of starch by the commercial varieties is still made in an amateur way without proper management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in factorial 3 (rhizomes sizes) x 2 (substrates). The three rhizome sizes arrowroot, were classified as small (≤ 15.0 g), medium (≥ 15.01 and ≤ 30.0) and big (≥ 30.01 g) according to their weights. We evaluated: height collect from the region to the apex of the leaf, stem diameter at the collar region survival percentage of rhizomes, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, average number of seedlings per rhizome and calculated the index quality seedlings Dickson. There were no differences in the interaction between plants x substrate. However the size of rhizomes influenced the quality of the seedlings, and the big (≥ 30.01 g) rhizomes was what produced seedlings with the best quality.
Irrigation experiments of cocoa tend to concentrate on yield of matured cocoa trees compared to field establishment of young seedlings. Seedling survival leading to optimum population density are fundamental to obtaining maximum yield of crops. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of mulching and irrigation on survival of hybrid cocoa clone raised in three different growing media during the establishment phase. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-split plot design, with irrigation as the main plot factor, mulching as the subplot factor and growing media as the sub-sub plot factor with three replications. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) was used as the mulching material and each plant received 5kg at a rate of 5.6 t/ha. Irrigation was done daily by applying 4L of water except when it rains. Data was collected on soil moisture, plant height, leaf number, stem girth and plant survival. Results indicated that irrigation and mulching significantly (P<0.01) enhanced soil moisture. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated significantly (P<0.05) increased survival rate (94.5%) compared to seedlings raised in soil without irrigation and no mulching (47.1%). Similarly, the survival rate of seedlings raised in growing media M2, mulched and irrigated (93.0%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than similar seedlings without irrigation (73.4%). However, the survival rate of seedlings raised in M3 without mulching but irrigated was significantly (<0.05) higher 92.1% compared to seedlings raised in M3 mulched and irrigated 67.1%. Irrigation is very important in ensuring high survival rate during early field establishment. Mulching with cocoa pod husk without irrigation did not improve cocoa seedling survival.
"Zero tillage a profitable resource saving technology in india and global content".
presented by
Sunil Kumar
M.Sc. Agronomy
Department of agronomy forages and grassland management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. India
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
Aims & Scope
The main objective of the journal ‘HortFlora Research Spectrum’ is to serve as a platform to promote, publish and disseminate the R & D innovations and advances in all aspects of Horticultural Sciences and allied branches of botanical sciences & technology, and to facilitate closer interaction among the academicians, researchers and entrepreneurs at global scale.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), having International impact (ICV: 27.39; GIF: 0.364), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants’ research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
The Journal isIndexed/Abstracted in:
• Index Copernicus International, Poland with ICV: 27.39 • Ministry of Science & Higher Education, Poland with 02 points • Global Impact Factor with GIF 0.364• Indian Science Abstracts • CAB Abstracts • CABI Full text • CAB direct • ICRISAT-infoSAT • Google Scholar• CiteFactor • InfoBase Index • ResearchBib • AgBiotech Net • Horticultural Science Abstracts • Forestry & Agroforestry Abstracts• Agric. Engg. Abstracts • Crop Physiology Abstracts • PGRs Abstracts • ResearchGate.net • getCited.com • Reference Repository • EBSCO host •OAJI.net • Journal Index.net• University of Washington Library • University of Ottawa Library • Swedish University of Agric. Sci. Library, Stockholm, Sweden; Univ. of Prince Edward, Island.
Call for Papers
We would like to invite to the researchers/subject experts to contribute original research/review paper for peer-review and the earliest possible publication in the HortFlora Research Spectrum. HRS publishes high-quality solicited and unsolicited articles, in English, in all areas of horticultural sciences. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Manuscript/paper may be submitted online as MS word attachment to the editorial office via e-mail to: submit.hortflorajournal2013@
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agriculture, Ndele Campus, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, to study the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on growth, yield and quality of Cayenne pepper. The 3 x 3 factorial experiment with three replicates was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The main plots were three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20tons/ha-1) and sub plots, three spacing (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm and 100cm x 100cm). Data collected were plant height, number of leaf per plant, leaf area; number of fruits per plot, fruit weight per plot, fruit yield per hectare, fruit lycopene and vitamin C contents. Results showed plant height increased with reducing planting distance and increasing Poultry manure rate; 50cm by 50cm fertilized at 20tons/ha produced the tallest plants with most number of leaves but least leaf area LA. Number of fruits, fruit weight and yield per plot, per hectare increased with increasing planting density and increasing Poultry manure rates lycopene and vitamin c contents increased with Poultry manure levels within the different spacing. Spacing of 50cm by 50cm fertilized with poultry manure at 20 tons per hectare is recommended.
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
Effect of different Mulching Materials on the Yield of Quality Protein Maize ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Field research was conducted on the effects of different mulching materials on the yield of Quantity protein maize which include polythene sheet, dry grasses and control. The different mulching materials were tested on nine (9) ridges each measuring 10m. The research was laid out in a completely randomized block design each treatment replicated three times. The parameters measured include weight of cobs, weight of 100grain, and total grain, there was no statistical difference in the weight cobs among all the treatments, similarly, there was also no statistical different in the weight of 100 grain. As far the weight of grain per 5m 2 there was a significant difference among the treatments with polythene sheet covered plots that have 0.25kg, however, the grass-mulched plots 0.16kg was statistically similar to the control plots 0.15kg. And finally for store weight observed per 5m 2 , polythene sheet covered plots were significantly higher than grass-mulched plots which are also significantly different to control plots with the values of 1.23kg, 1.21kg and 0.71kg respectively.
Impact of Soil Moisture Conservation Practices and Nutrient Management Under ...theijes
A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth , Akola during the year 2014-15 with a view to study the moisture conservation techniques and nutrient requirement for cotton variety AKH-081 which is suitable genotype recommended for High Density Planting System for Vidharbha condition of Maharashtra. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated thrice with twelve treatments. The plot size was 6.0 x 4.5 meters spacing at 60 x 10 cm with 1.66 lakh plants per hectare. Three moisture conservation techniques consisting flat sowing, opening of furrow at 40-60 days after sowing and sowing on Broad Bed Furrow (BBF) 3 rows marked at 60 cm along with nutrient management levels RDF (60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1) ,RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1, 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) and 125 % RDF +2.5 kg Zn ha-1. The growth parameters viz. Plant height and sympodia was significantly influenced due to different moisture conservation techniques. BBF exihibited highest Plant height, Sympodia and Dry matter over the other parameter. The plant height, sympodia and dry matter per plant was increased significantly with increased in nutrient levels with micronutrients for high density planting system of cotton. Nutrients with different levels significantly influenced the yield attributes i.e Boll weight and Seed cotton yield under high density planting system. Significantly highest Seed cotton yield of (1786 kg ha-1) and was recorded with 125 % RDF + 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with 125 % RDF. The highest gross monetary return, net monetary returns and benefit cost ratio was recorded with 125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) + 2.5 Kg Zn ha-1 which was at par with125 % RDF (75:37.5:37.5 NPK kg ha-1) which is the need of higher plant density. The highest WUE (3.02 kghamm-1) was noticed in 125 % RDF + Zn.
Vegetative propagation of anonidium mannii (oliver) engler & diels (annon...Innspub Net
This study tested the influence of substrate type, size surface and application of IBA auxin on rooting of stem cutting leaf of Anonidium mannii, a wild fruit species with low seed germination rate. Two trials were conducted. The first tested three substrate types that are sand, wood sawdust and rice husks. We also tested combinations of these substrates (2:2), resulting in six treatments in a randomized complete block design. The second experiment compared different cutting leaf surfaces (12.5, 25 and 37.5cm2) and auxins (IBA applied and not applied) in a split plot design. Using sand as substrate resulted in significantly higher rooting rates (62.1 ± 5.9%), while use of rice husks, even combined with other substrates, did not achieve any cutting rooting. Significant and non-significant differences were observed, respectively, with factors leaf area and auxin application. Highest rooting rates (26.70 ± 6.6%) were obtained with a leaf surface of 37.5cm² in combination with IBA application. Vegetative cutting propagation is possible for A. mannii, albeit with low rooting rates. Therefore, more targeted testing is required; addressing other parameters such as cutting type, season of cutting and increase of the leaf surface of cuttings.
An experiment was conducted at the Crops Research Station of the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization Alupe, Busia County. The experiment was performed to find out the most suitable mulching material and an ideal spacing for green pepper cultivation under Busia County Conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatments comprised of four mulching materials viz. black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, straw mulch and bare soil which was the control with three row spacings viz. 30 x 50 cm, 40 x 40 cm and 50 x 40 cm. Data collected was subjected to SAS statistical software for analysis and means separated using LSD at P≤0.05. Significant responses on plant height and number of branches per plant were observed for both seasons due to spacing and mulching treatments. The highest branches (6.97) per plant were recorded in the 40 by 40 cm spacing under the transparent mulch with the lowest (2.83) shown under the same spacing in the straw mulch of California Wonder variety. The widest spacing elicited the highest number of fruits per plant (7.37) in the black plastic mulch while only a mean of 1 fruit per plant was recorded in the mulch control during the short rain season. The highest fruit mean yield per plant of 1556 g and 1533 g was recorded in the widest spacing (50 by 40cm) during the long and short rain seasons respectively. Therefore this study recommends the use of plastic mulches at wider spacing.
Production and economics of cluster bean and pearl millet intercropping syste...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
All the growth parameters(plant height and tillers/ row
length) and yield attributes of clusterbean and pearlmillet (number of pods/plant, pod
length, no. of seed/pod, test weight, plant height, effective tillers/row length, ear head
length and ear head girth of pearlmillet) were significantly influenced by intercropping
systems. The yield attributes and yields of pearlmillet increased by legumes effect in
intercropping system as compared to sole stand of pearlmillet. However, intercropped
stand of clusterbean recorded its lower productivity (2853 kg ha1
) when compared to
its sole stand (5145 kg ha1
), but intercropping system recorded statistically similar to
clusterbean equivalent yield as compared to sole stand. Significantly improvement in
all the yield attribute characters and yield under weed management practices with the
application of pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha1
as pre emergence + one hand weeding at 25
DAS, followed by two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS over the other weed
management practices in arid and semi arid conditions.
Production arrowroot depending on the size of the rhizome and substrate in Ca...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arrowroot starch is much appreciated in the preparation of desserts, breads, cookies and cakes. However the production of starch by the commercial varieties is still made in an amateur way without proper management. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in factorial 3 (rhizomes sizes) x 2 (substrates). The three rhizome sizes arrowroot, were classified as small (≤ 15.0 g), medium (≥ 15.01 and ≤ 30.0) and big (≥ 30.01 g) according to their weights. We evaluated: height collect from the region to the apex of the leaf, stem diameter at the collar region survival percentage of rhizomes, shoot dry weight, root dry mass, average number of seedlings per rhizome and calculated the index quality seedlings Dickson. There were no differences in the interaction between plants x substrate. However the size of rhizomes influenced the quality of the seedlings, and the big (≥ 30.01 g) rhizomes was what produced seedlings with the best quality.
Irrigation experiments of cocoa tend to concentrate on yield of matured cocoa trees compared to field establishment of young seedlings. Seedling survival leading to optimum population density are fundamental to obtaining maximum yield of crops. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of mulching and irrigation on survival of hybrid cocoa clone raised in three different growing media during the establishment phase. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arranged in a split-split plot design, with irrigation as the main plot factor, mulching as the subplot factor and growing media as the sub-sub plot factor with three replications. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) was used as the mulching material and each plant received 5kg at a rate of 5.6 t/ha. Irrigation was done daily by applying 4L of water except when it rains. Data was collected on soil moisture, plant height, leaf number, stem girth and plant survival. Results indicated that irrigation and mulching significantly (P<0.01) enhanced soil moisture. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated significantly (P<0.05) increased survival rate (94.5%) compared to seedlings raised in soil without irrigation and no mulching (47.1%). Similarly, the survival rate of seedlings raised in growing media M2, mulched and irrigated (93.0%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than similar seedlings without irrigation (73.4%). However, the survival rate of seedlings raised in M3 without mulching but irrigated was significantly (<0.05) higher 92.1% compared to seedlings raised in M3 mulched and irrigated 67.1%. Irrigation is very important in ensuring high survival rate during early field establishment. Mulching with cocoa pod husk without irrigation did not improve cocoa seedling survival.
"Zero tillage a profitable resource saving technology in india and global content".
presented by
Sunil Kumar
M.Sc. Agronomy
Department of agronomy forages and grassland management, CSKHPKV, Palampur. India
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
Aims & Scope
The main objective of the journal ‘HortFlora Research Spectrum’ is to serve as a platform to promote, publish and disseminate the R & D innovations and advances in all aspects of Horticultural Sciences and allied branches of botanical sciences & technology, and to facilitate closer interaction among the academicians, researchers and entrepreneurs at global scale.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), having International impact (ICV: 27.39; GIF: 0.364), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants’ research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
The Journal isIndexed/Abstracted in:
• Index Copernicus International, Poland with ICV: 27.39 • Ministry of Science & Higher Education, Poland with 02 points • Global Impact Factor with GIF 0.364• Indian Science Abstracts • CAB Abstracts • CABI Full text • CAB direct • ICRISAT-infoSAT • Google Scholar• CiteFactor • InfoBase Index • ResearchBib • AgBiotech Net • Horticultural Science Abstracts • Forestry & Agroforestry Abstracts• Agric. Engg. Abstracts • Crop Physiology Abstracts • PGRs Abstracts • ResearchGate.net • getCited.com • Reference Repository • EBSCO host •OAJI.net • Journal Index.net• University of Washington Library • University of Ottawa Library • Swedish University of Agric. Sci. Library, Stockholm, Sweden; Univ. of Prince Edward, Island.
Call for Papers
We would like to invite to the researchers/subject experts to contribute original research/review paper for peer-review and the earliest possible publication in the HortFlora Research Spectrum. HRS publishes high-quality solicited and unsolicited articles, in English, in all areas of horticultural sciences. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Manuscript/paper may be submitted online as MS word attachment to the editorial office via e-mail to: submit.hortflorajournal2013@
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agriculture, Ndele Campus, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, to study the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on growth, yield and quality of Cayenne pepper. The 3 x 3 factorial experiment with three replicates was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The main plots were three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20tons/ha-1) and sub plots, three spacing (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm and 100cm x 100cm). Data collected were plant height, number of leaf per plant, leaf area; number of fruits per plot, fruit weight per plot, fruit yield per hectare, fruit lycopene and vitamin C contents. Results showed plant height increased with reducing planting distance and increasing Poultry manure rate; 50cm by 50cm fertilized at 20tons/ha produced the tallest plants with most number of leaves but least leaf area LA. Number of fruits, fruit weight and yield per plot, per hectare increased with increasing planting density and increasing Poultry manure rates lycopene and vitamin c contents increased with Poultry manure levels within the different spacing. Spacing of 50cm by 50cm fertilized with poultry manure at 20 tons per hectare is recommended.
Effect of Varying Rate of Leaf Defoliation on Maize Growth, Development and ...Scientific Review SR
Pot trial was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University Anyigba, within the
southern Guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria, with daily temperature range between 250C - 350C.
The experiment, a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments (defoliation at 25%
above the ear, 25% under the ear, 50% above the ear, 50% under the ear, 75% above the ear, 75% under the
ear, 100% defoliation and no defoliation as control) was replicated four times. Treatment was imposed at ear
initiation. Growth and yield parameters collected were: number of leaves per plant, leaf area, plant height, stem
girth, days to ear initiation, number of cobs/plant, days to crop maturity, cob weight, cob length, seed rows per
cob, 100-seed weight as well as total cob yield/ha. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiple Range Test (NDMRT) was used to estimate the differences among
significant means at 5% level of probability. Prior to imposition of the treatment, anal yzed results indicate no
significant differences between number of leaves at 2, 4 and 6 WAS, as well as plant heights and stem girth at
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAS. However there were significant differences between leaf areas at 4 and 6 WAS. In
addition, there were significant effects of defoliation on cob length and dry cob weight with the highest cob
weight obtained in 25% defoliation carried out above the ear. In addition, there were significant differences in
the number of rows per cob and grain yield per ha with 0% defoliation giving the highest result while the least
was in 100% defoliation. Generally, it was observed that defoliation at any rate and position influenced maize
yield, notwithstanding that the treatment was imposed at cob initiation, an indication that harvest of solar
radiation post cob initiation plays important role on eventual maize yield
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
Participatory evaluation of farmer preferences and productivity of selected N...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Gregory N Sikumba, Walter Mangesho, Ben Lukuyu, Festo Ngulu and Mateete Bekunda for the International Conference on Integrated Systems Research, Ibadan, Nigeria, 3-6 March 2015
assessment of drumstick tree (m. deifera) accessionsIJEAB
An experiment was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity among 9 drumstick tree (Moringaoleifera) accessions in the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were recorded on growth and yield characteristics before and after pruning. The result obtained showed that at 18 weeks after transplanting, accession UAM-NI had the tallest plants (3.63m) while UAM-BE had the shortest mean plant height (2.84m) under no pruning. Other parameters that showed significant differences were number of leaves per tree and stem diameter. Although accession UAM-OY recorded highest fresh (220.22g), dry (113.42g) and leaf powder (82.60g) weights, it was not significantly different from other accessions. However, at 18 weeks after pruning, there was a significant difference among the accessions with regard to leaf length. Although accession UAM-NA recorded highest fresh leaf weight (286.60g), dry leaf weight (90.67g) and leaf powder weight (85.60g), it was not statistically different from other accessions. For the pruned accessions, significant differences were recorded in leaf length, number of flowers/tree, days to podding and fifty percent podding, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/tree and 100seed weight. The result also indicated that the pruned accessions recorded higher leaf yield than the unpruned. The result of the cluster analysis grouped the accessions into two clusters and an outlier both for the pruned and unpruned accessions irrespective of area of collection.
Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth Ama...ijtsrd
Four cowpea varieties Oloyin, Drum, Zobo and White Mallam , and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha were applied at 2 weeks after planting WAP to the vegetable Amaranth between October 2018 to April 2019. The cowpea green manure was incorporated into soil 6 WAP and left for a week to decompose before planting the vegetable Amaranth. Growth of cowpea varieties used as green manure in 2018 showed no significant difference. However, in 2019 the canopy height and fresh weight at 3 WAP were significantly p 0.05 different among cowpea varieties. The canopy height of Oloyin, Drum and White Mallam were similar but significantly p 0.05 higher than that of Zobo variety. Similarly, application of 60 and 80 kg N ha significantly produced more yield relative to 0 and 40 kg N ha of inorganic fertilizer rates. Generally, higher significant yield p 0.05 was recorded in the second cycle of planting. This study concluded that green manure from Oloyin produced yield of Amaranth us 11.0 47.3 t ha which was similar to the yield obtained from 80 kg N ha 12.13 37.7t ha . Adeniji Azeez Adewale | Kumoye Deborah Etooluwa "Effects of Incorporated Green Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on Amaranth (Amaranthus Caudatus. L) Vegetable" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33676.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/33676/effects-of-incorporated-green-manure-and-inorganic-fertilizer-on-amaranth-amaranthus-caudatus-l-vegetable/adeniji-azeez-adewale
Influence of Plant Density and Mulching on Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactu...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The aim of the paper was to present the influence of plant density and different types of organic mulch on growth and yield of Romain lettuce. The field experiment was carried out in 2014 in the experimental field of University of Forestry – Sofia, with Romaine lettuce cv. Yellow beauty. The seedlings were planted at a distance of 30 x 30 cm and two different schemes were tested: parallel planting to form a 4-row bed and a chess planting to form a 7-row bed. For the purpose of the study were used different organic mulches, which were waste products from organic agriculture: barley straw (BS), well-rotted horse manure (HM), walnut wood sawdust (WS) and grass windrow (GW) and non-mulched control plots (NMC). The mulching materials were spread manually in a 5-6 cm thick layer, after strengthen the seedlings of Romain lettuce. On the 60th day after planting was the beginning of harvesting. It was found out that the seven-row bed and mulching influenced growth and yield of Romain lettuce. Mulching with HM has a significant effect on growth and yield. In the cultivation of lettuce in combination with horse manure mulch and seven-row bed, the yield increased by 18% compared to the non-mulched control in the same planting scheme and was 2.3 times higher than the non-mulched control in a four-row bed. A significant effect on the mulched variants was established. Keywords— grass windrow mulch, horse manure mulch, lettuce, seven-row bed, yield.
Growth and Yield Response of Sunflower Helianthus annuus l to Spacing and Nit...ijtsrd
The experiments were conducted during 2016 and2017 rainy season to determine the optimal rate of nitrogen fertilizer and adequate plant spacing for production of sunflower in southern guinea savanna agroecology zone of Nigeria. The treatments consisted of planting spacing three 20cm, 30cm, 40 , four levels of nitrogen fertilizer 0, 80, 100 and 120 N Kgha 1 . A factorial experiment laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD and replicated three times. The results showed that planting at 40cm significantly produced plants with higher number of leaves the tallest plants 57.86 and 58.21cm and bigger plants with stem girth of 2.93cm and 2.94cm respectively. The shortest plants 51.82 and 52.34cm and the smallest stem girths 2.03 and 2.08cm were recorded on sunflower that were planted on 20cm plant spacing in both years of cropping. Application of 120 N kg ha 1 significantly produced sunflower plants with the highest number of leaves 18.76 and 18.83 , tallest sunflowers 60.45 and 61.23cm and biggest stem girth of 3.03 and 3.12cm in both 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. These results above were at par with the other rates of nitrogen fertilizer application, but higher than the control plots. Sunflower planted at 40cm apart also significantly produced the heaviest head weight per plant of 149.40 and 152.30g seed weight per head 78.12 and 87. 66 g and seed yield of 512. 45 and 524.21kg ha 1.Application of 120 N kg ha 1 produced the highest seed yield of 561.59 and 549.42 kg ha 1 of sunflower in both cropping seasons. This result is statistically at par with application rate of 100 N kg ha 1 which produced 557.41 and 547.06 kg ha 1 seed yield of sunflower. This is also the same with application of rate of 80N kg ha 1 which produced 528.87 and 525. 10kg ha 1 seed yield of sunflower in both cropping seasons respectively. The control plots produced the lowest seed yield 312.89 and 322.23 kg ha 1 in both years of cropping. It can be concluded that 80 N kg ha 1 is the optimal nitrogen requirement and planting at 75cm X 40cm apart is adequate plant spacing for production of sunflower in southern guinea savanna agroecology zone of Nigeria. Ndor, E | Anzaku, H | Nasir, U. I "Growth and Yield Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus l) to Spacing and Nitrogen Fertilization in Southern Guinea Savanna Ecological Zone of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27986.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/27986/growth-and-yield-response-of-sunflower-helianthus-annuus-l-to-spacing-and-nitrogen-fertilization-in-southern-guinea-savanna-ecological-zone-of-nigeria/ndor-e
Snap bean is a warm-season crop harvested for its immature seed pods. In Ethiopia its production increased from time to time for both export and local markets. A field experiment was conducted at the research field of JUCAVM, during 2017 cropping season using irrigation aiming to improve the quality of snap bean. Five levels of N (0, 41, 82, 123, and 164 kg ha−1) and four levels of P (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg ha−1) were laid down in a randomized complete block design with three replications. N was applied in two equal splits (50% at planting and 50% during flowering) as Urea and the entire dose of P was applied basal as triple super phosphate at sowing. In this experiment pod length, pod diameter, pod protein concentration, pod straightness and marketable pod yield were measured as quality parameters. The results revealed that the main effects of N and P fertilizer rates showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for all quality parameters except for percentage of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Accordingly, the interaction effects of N and P were significant for percent of pod protein concentration and straightness of pod. Considering the major quality parameters and marketable pod yield applying 82 kg N ha −1 and 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave better result to increase the quality of snap bean in Jimma area. However, repeating the experiment for more seasons and similar location would help us draw sound conclusion and recommendations.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
The Interaction of Fertilizer Levels and Weeding Frequency on Growth and Yiel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study investigate the interaction of fertilizer level and weeding frequency on growth and yield of roselle in Yola , Adamawa State of Nigeria . It was observed from the results that all the parameters increased with increase in level of nitrogen fertilizer except number of days to first flowering and number of days to 50% flowering. For all the values of the parameters taken, the lowest was with treatment 0Kg/ha (control). This indicates that roselle performance increased with increased level of nitrogen fertilizer up to 150kgN/ha.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024
Effect of Cutting Frequency on Forage Growth and Yield in Elephant Grass in the Southern Rainforest of Nigeria
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 1
Effect of Cutting Frequency on Forage Growth and Yield in
Elephant Grass in the Southern Rainforest of Nigeria
Ansa, J. E. O.1
, Garjila, Y. A2
1
Department of Agricultural Science, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Agronomy, faculty of Agriculture, Federal University, Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria
Abstract— Pot experiment was conducted at Ndele, Rivers state, southern rainforest of Nigeria to determine the effect of
cutting frequency on forage growth and yield in elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum. The study was a single factor
experiment of cutting intervals (5 days; 10 days; 15 days and 20 days) replicated 3 times, arranged in a randomized
complete block design using replicates as blocks. Data collected were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, forage fresh
weight and dry weight. Results showed that cutting frequency significantly influenced plant height or growth rate, leaf area
and number of leaves. Leaf area and number of leaves reduced with higher frequency or shorter interval of cutting. Grasses
cut at 20 days interval recorded the greatest number of leaves and highest leaf area. Cutting frequency markedly affected
forage fresh weight and dry matter production (dry weight) and there was noticeable forage yield reduction in grasses cut at
5 days interval (higher frequency) with progressive cuttings as against those cut at 20 days interval (low frequency). Grasses
cut at 20 days interval recorded the highest growth and leaf production, the most forage fresh weight and dry matter yield.
20 days interval is hereby recommended for cutting Pennistum purpureum cutting or gracing in southern rainforest of
Nigeria.
Keywords— Cutting interval, forage production, Pennisetum purpureum, southern rainforest, Nigeria.
I. INTRODUCTION
Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) is a popular, valuable and high yielding tropical grass that can survive in
dry and wet growing conditions or in smallholder or large-scale production system (Rusdy, 2016). Though it derived its
name from been the forage used to feed elephants in Africa (Cook et al., 2005), the high productivity of elephant grass has
made it suitable for livestock grazing and also a major source of herbage in zero grazing, fed in stalls and the making of
silage and hay (FAO, 2015).
In addition to factors such as grass species, soil quality and growing season, cutting frequency has been shown to influence
forage characteristics like forage yield, chemical composition and nutritive value of herbage (Njarui and Wandera, 2004;
Enoh et al., 2005). According to Ansa and Iyagba (1999), cutting frequency affects forage production, re-growth potential
and species survival among other factors; the plants gets weak and thin out probably as a result of reduction in carbohydrate
storage levels.
Cutting frequency studies have been carried out in most grass species including Pennistum spp in different agro-ecological
zones but, literature is scarce about such studies in the southern rainforest of Nigeria
The objective of this study is therefore to determine the effects of cutting frequency on forage growth and yield of elephant
grass in the southern rainforest zone of Nigeria.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out at the Teaching and research farm of the department of Agriculture, Ignatius Ajuru University of
Education,(Ndele Campus) Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Southern Rain Forest zone of Nigeria, characterized with about 10
months rain over 100mm and a solar radiation of 120-160 kcal/cum per annum that favors crop performance (Ansa 2015 and
2016)
2.1 Materials
Materials used included polybags, sandy loam soil, shovel, wheelbarrow, hand gloves, meter rule, watering can and weighing
scale.
The propagule used for planting was 20 cm long stems of elephant grass with 3 nodes.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 2
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Experimental design
The cutting frequencies or interval of 5days, 10days, 15days and 20days were the treatments; replicated 3 times and arranged
in a randomized complete block design.
2.2.2 Agronomic Practice and layout
The poly bags with height 25 cm were perforated and filled with sandy loam soil to a soil depth of 23 cm and arranged such
that same treatment replicate don’t occur in same column or blocks and placed in open field. Two stem cuttings were inserted
directly into the perforated poly bags and later thinned to one stand of elephant grass per pot after the propagule established.
N.P.K. 20:10:10 fertilizer was applied at the rate of 20 grams to all treatments units or pots. The established stands were rain
fed and weeds were controlled by direct hand removal.
2.2.3 Data collection and Analysis
All measurement of parameters was taken just before clipping of the prescribed cutting intervals. Parameters measurement
were plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, leaf area, herbage fresh weight and dry weight. Values of
measurement collected were subjected to analysis of variance of the randomized complete block design and means were
separated by Duncan Multiple Rang Test (DMRT) using SPSS 18th statistical software.
III. RESULTS
3.1 Plant Height
The height elongation of Pennisetum grass to cutting frequency is shown in Table 1.Grasses cut at 5 days interval or highest
frequency had progressively plant height reduction with shortest height, while those clipped at 20 days interval or less
frequent, produced the tallest grasses with highest growth rate. Those plant cut at 20 days almost reached the initial cutting
height at every clipping. Cutting Pennisetum grasses at 10 day or 15 days interval did not express marked height variations in
their response to height increment.
TABLE 1
EFFECT OF CUTTING FREQUENCY ON GROWTH RATE (HEIGHT INCREMENT) IN ELEPHANT GRASS Pennisetum
purpureum (cm)
Plant height cm
Cutting frequency Cut 1 Cut 2 Cut 3
5 days 57.14b
26.22a
15.19a
10 days 60.52b
52.11b
50.56b
15 day 49.72a
47.72b
48.67b
20 day 85.67c
83.17c
84.00c
SE
Fcal
2.889
*
2.599
*
3.007
*
Mean with different alphabetic in the same column are significantly different at p. 05 by LSD * =significant
TABLE 2
EFFECT OF CUTTING FREQUENCY ON NUMBER OF LEAVES IN ELEPHANT GRASS Pennisetum purpureum.
Schum.
No of Leaves
Cutting frequency Cut 1 Cut 2 Cut 3
5 days 17.17a
7.83a
7.33a
10 days 24.28a
22.33b
28.67c
15 day 24.00a
24.67b
23.00b
20 day 40.33b
38.50c
42.67d
SE
Fcal
2.514
*
2.290
*
1.599
*
Mean with different alphabetic in the same column are significantly different at p. 05 by LSD * = significant
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 3
TABLE 3
INFLUENCE OF AND FREQUENCY ON LEAF AREA IN ELEPHANT GRASS Pennisetum purpureum. schum (Cm3
)
Leaf Area
Cutting frequency Cut 1 Cut 2 Cut 3
5 days 237.79a
47.33a
26.889a
10 days 131.59b
162.11b
147.50b
15 day 164.28b
203.60b
172.00b
20 day 292.00c
281.58c
263.56c
SE
Fcal
17.321
*
15.685
*
11.604
*
Mean with different alphabetic in the same column are significantly different at p. 05 by LSD * = significant
3.2 Number of leaves
The influence of cutting frequency on number of leaves produced by elephant grass is displayed in table 2. The cutting
frequency had pronounced effect on number of leaves in the grass. The number of leaves produced was strongly affected by
cutting interval. Number of leaves reduced with cutting frequency. That is, as the frequency becomes higher (i.e reduced
cutting interval) the production of leaves reduced. The frequently cut Pennisetum grasses (at 5 days interval) showed
progressively marked reduction in number of leaves produced from the first to the third cutting. The difference in the number
of leaves reduction between the first clipping and the third cutting was 57.3%.Those cut at widest interval of (20days
interval) were not affected, as the number of leaves produced at the 3rd cut was about the same number produced initially
before cutting. The effect of cutting frequencies on leaf production was significant.
3.3 Leaf Area
The effect of cutting frequency on leaf size of Pennisetum is highlighted in table 3. Leaf area reduced with cutting at all
cutting interval, but the reduction was shape and more obvious in the more frequently cut grasses (short cutting interval of 5
days). The reduction in leaf size was 8 times less between the 1st
and 3rd
cutting for those cut at 5 days interval while in those
cut at 20 days interval it was about a unit less. The variation in leaf area was significantly due to the different cutting
frequencies.
3.4 Forage fresh weight
Table 4 reveals the forage yield response of elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum to cutting frequency. Cutting frequency
had a marked reducing effect on forage yield in the Pennisetum grasses in this study. There was significant reduction in
weight of forage harvested at all frequencies of cutting. Also grasses cut at 5 days interval showed marked reduction between
cut 1 and cut 3 compared to other frequencies. The reduction in forage yield was about 74% less in those cut at 5 days
interval, compared to 50% reduction in the grasses cut at 20 days interval.
3.5 Dry matter production
The effect of cutting frequency on forage dry weight in Pennisetum purpureum is shown in table 4. Dry matter yield
increased with cutting interval. As the number of days between harvesting increased, a corresponding increase in dry matter
was observed. Pennisetum grasses harvested at 5 days interval had significantly the least dry matter while those harvested at
20 days interval had significant highest dry matter yield.
TABLE 4
EFFECT OF CUTTING FREQUENCY ON HERBAGE FRESH WEIGHT IN ELEPHANT GRASS Pennisetum
purpureum. Schum.
Fresh Weight
Cutting frequency Cut 1 Cut 2 Cut 3
5 days 31.00a
3.67a
7.83a
10 days 26.67a
29.50b
25.50b
15 day 24.33a
24.61b
22.83b
20 day 86.17b
79.11c
42.83c
SE
Fcal
3.373
*
3.069
*
3.328
*
Mean with different alphabetic in the same column are significantly different at p. 05 by LSD * = significant
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-5, Issue-7, July- 2019]
Page | 4
TABLE 5
EFFECT OF CUTTING FREQUENCY ON HERBAGE DRY WEIGHT IN Pennisetun purpureum
Dry Weight
Cutting frequency Cut 1 Cut 2 Cut 3
5 days 5.64a
3.05a
1.53a
10 days 7.29b
7.27b
5.89c
15 day 11.64c
6.92b
4.91b
20 day 14.36 9.68 7.88
SE
Fcal
.398
*
.321
*
.181
*
Mean with different alphabetic in the same column are significantly different at p. 05 by LSD * = significant
IV. DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Forage growth
In this study it was observed that cutting frequency had significant effect on plant height or growth rate in the Pennisetum
grasses. The more frequently cut grasses were increasing getting shorter while the less frequently cut grasses maintained
their growth rate. This finding is similar to the observation of Onyeonagu and Asiegbu (2005), who reported higher plant
height increment in the grasses they investigated that were harvested at wider intervals or frequencies. The number of leaves
and the sizes of leaves i.e leaf area were also significantly influenced by cutting interval. Leaf area and number of leaves
increased as the frequency of harvesting reduced. This trend was also observed by Da Silveira et al., (2010) who reported
higher leaf production in higher cutting interval. However, the findings were contrary to those of Wen and Jiang (2005) who
reported that increased cutting frequency i.e. shorter interval stimulated leaf production in rye grass. This reduction in growth
rate and shoot development might be an indication that high cutting frequency may suppress the grass regeneration and
reduce re-growth potential.
4.2 Forage Yield
It was observed in this study that cutting frequency had pronounced effects on forage fresh weight and dry matter yield of the
Pennisetum grasses. There was yield reduction has cuttings progressed and with cutting frequency. Grasses cut too frequently
(5 days interval) were increasingly recording lower weights while those cut less frequently (20 days interval) produced
higher fresh weight of forage and higher dry matter. Lounglawan et al., (2013) had similar observation and stated that forage
and dry matter in Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum), in Thailand, increased as cutting interval
increased. Onyeonagu and Asiegbu (2005), also reported significant increase in dry matter production with increasing cutting
interval in Pennisetum grasses in Nsukka, Nigeria.
V. CONCLUSION
Cutting frequency significantly influenced plant height or growth rate, leaf area and number of leaves. Leaf area and number
of leaves increased by cutting frequency reduced. Pennisetum grasses cut 20 days interval in this study, recorded the greatest
number of leaves and highest leaf area. Forage yield was markedly influenced by cutting frequency, grasses cut at shorter
interval or higher frequency were increasingly recording less forage weight and dry matter weight while those cut at wider
interval or shorter frequency had higher forage fresh weight and higher dry matter. Grasses cut at 20 days interval produced
the highest fresh weight and dry matter yield. Cutting Pennisetum grasses at 20 days interval for the cut system or as grazing
interval is recommended in the southern rainforest of Nigeria.
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