This paper describes the effect of combustion air pre- heating in Diesel fired heat Treatment Furnace. The main
heat treatment processes are Normalizing, Tempering, Hardening, Annealing, Solution Annealing and Stress
Relieving. The emission of carbon monoxide is measured with combustion air pre-heating and without preheating.
The results are then compared and it is found that the emission of CO is reduced by 29.12%. With the
Combustion air pre-heating a considerable reduction in Specific Furnace Fuel Consumption (SFFC) is obtained.
The test was caaried out at Peekay Steels Casting (P) ltd, Nallalam, Calicut.
General Terms: Heat Treatment Furnace
Ash Cooler Heat Recovery Under Energy Conservation SchemeIJAPEJOURNAL
A healthy fluidization state in circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) combustor is attributed to proper quantity of hot bed material (ash), which acts as a thermal fly-wheel. It receives & stores thermal energy from the burning of fuel (lignite) & distributes uniformly throughout the combustor & helps in maintaining a sustained combustion. The quantity of bed ash inside the combustor or size of the bed, depends upon boiler load & subsequently upon combustor temperature, lignite feed rate and ash % in lignite. As these parameters varies during process continuously, sometimes it becomes necessary to drain out the ash from the combustor. As & when differential pressure across the bed is increased from a justified level, draining of hot bed ash starts into Ash Coolers. Bed ash is drained at very high temperature of 850 oC & it also contains burning particles of lignite. This paper describes the heat recovery from bed ash, unloaded from the combustor into ash cooler, by pre-heating the condensate water of turbine cycle in a 125 MW CFB boiler of Surat Lignite Power Plant in India. The thermal performance of ash cooler was derived by doing a heat balance calculation based on the measured temperature of ash and cooling water with different load. From the heat balance calculation influence of ash temperature and ash amount on heat transfer coefficient is determined. Simulation is carried out around main turbine cycle indicates improved thermal economy of the unit, higher plant thermal efficiency, lower plant heat rate and reduce fuel consumption rate. Also simulation result shows that the heat transfer coefficient increase with ash amount and decreases with increase in ash temperature.
Boiler Efficiency Improvement through Analysis of Lossesijsrd.com
Thermal is the main source for power generation in India. The percentage of thermal power generation as compare to other sources is 65 %. The main objective of thermal power plant is to fulfill the energy demands of the market and to achieve these demands; plant requires technical availability with the parts reliability and maintenance strategy. This paper deals with the determination of current operating efficiency of Boiler and calculates major losses for Vindhyachal Super thermal power plant (India) of 210 MW units. Then identify the causes of performance degradation. Also find the major causes of heat losses by Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and recommends its appropriate strategy to reduce major losses. The aim of performance monitoring is continuous evaluation of degradation i.e. decrease in performance of the steam boiler. These data enable additional information which is helpful in problem identification, improvement of boiler performance and making economic decisions about maintenance schedule.
Ash Cooler Heat Recovery Under Energy Conservation SchemeIJAPEJOURNAL
A healthy fluidization state in circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) combustor is attributed to proper quantity of hot bed material (ash), which acts as a thermal fly-wheel. It receives & stores thermal energy from the burning of fuel (lignite) & distributes uniformly throughout the combustor & helps in maintaining a sustained combustion. The quantity of bed ash inside the combustor or size of the bed, depends upon boiler load & subsequently upon combustor temperature, lignite feed rate and ash % in lignite. As these parameters varies during process continuously, sometimes it becomes necessary to drain out the ash from the combustor. As & when differential pressure across the bed is increased from a justified level, draining of hot bed ash starts into Ash Coolers. Bed ash is drained at very high temperature of 850 oC & it also contains burning particles of lignite. This paper describes the heat recovery from bed ash, unloaded from the combustor into ash cooler, by pre-heating the condensate water of turbine cycle in a 125 MW CFB boiler of Surat Lignite Power Plant in India. The thermal performance of ash cooler was derived by doing a heat balance calculation based on the measured temperature of ash and cooling water with different load. From the heat balance calculation influence of ash temperature and ash amount on heat transfer coefficient is determined. Simulation is carried out around main turbine cycle indicates improved thermal economy of the unit, higher plant thermal efficiency, lower plant heat rate and reduce fuel consumption rate. Also simulation result shows that the heat transfer coefficient increase with ash amount and decreases with increase in ash temperature.
Boiler Efficiency Improvement through Analysis of Lossesijsrd.com
Thermal is the main source for power generation in India. The percentage of thermal power generation as compare to other sources is 65 %. The main objective of thermal power plant is to fulfill the energy demands of the market and to achieve these demands; plant requires technical availability with the parts reliability and maintenance strategy. This paper deals with the determination of current operating efficiency of Boiler and calculates major losses for Vindhyachal Super thermal power plant (India) of 210 MW units. Then identify the causes of performance degradation. Also find the major causes of heat losses by Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and recommends its appropriate strategy to reduce major losses. The aim of performance monitoring is continuous evaluation of degradation i.e. decrease in performance of the steam boiler. These data enable additional information which is helpful in problem identification, improvement of boiler performance and making economic decisions about maintenance schedule.
Design With Solid works Software and Planning Calculation Analysis of Fire Tu...IJRES Journal
Steam boilers (boilers) is a closed vessel made of steel that is used to generate steam. In the modern era many industries such as household scale industries for the manufacture of oyster mushroom spawn to use aid as a supplier of steam boilers are used as a sterilization process baglog. Annually, the number of requests oyster mushroom spawn have been increases, so the boiler is very significant equipment to increase the number of baglog production as oyster mushroom growing media.To help to fulfill the small industryrequiremets for oyster mushroom nursery,plannedatype offire tubeboilerthatcanhelpthe availability ofsteam ina lowscalewithsteamoutputcapacity of70kg/ h, temperature120℃, pressure1.5barandusingmaterialsLPGfuelas a source ofheatenergy.From the results of this design, fire tube boiler have efficiency of 0.934 % . The kettle body is made from asphalt drums pertamina with the Cold Rolled Steel materials. Used asphalt drums because of its availability in the market more easier to obtained easily and the dimensions of asphalt drum capable of holding for temperature and pressure have been determined . As for the pipe material using Carbon Steel Tubing Boilers ASME SA - 178A GRADE A / SA - 214 (Plain Carbon).
The presentation is for the engineers of HIRA POWER PLANT,. The complete calculations for calculation of boiler efficiency are described in the presentation
Performance of the Boiler and To Improving the Boiler Efficiency Using Cfd Mo...IOSR Journals
The power sector is one of the sectors of the India's economy. The development of the country to a
large extent is dependent on the growth of this sector. Through the progress of the power sector during the past
four decades has been sustainable, the power industry has been unable to fulfill primary obligation of
production quality power supply in required quantity. We did our project in Stage- 4, Unit -7 of Dr. Narla Tata
Rao Thermal Power Station, Vijayawada and analyzed the performance of the boiler of the above-mentioned
unit of capacity 500MW. Our project was mainly concerned with the Boiler Operations & Maintenance
Department (O&M). Initially, we calculated the performance and efficiency of the boiler. The Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is utilised for the creation of a two-dimensional model of the economizer coil.
Using mild steel material in the economizer part it gives better performance compared with the carbon steel
material. The fluid flow temperature, pressure is increase and velocity is decrease field of fluid flow within an
economizer tube using the actual boundary conditions have been analyzed using CFD tool. So the boiler
performance will be increased. And the experimental setup is from Dr. NTTPS, Vijayawada having the unit no
IV of 500 MW energy generations.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
Improving Efficiency for Boiler and Steam SystemKamlesh Hariyani
In Steam Generation system, Cost of steam depends on Boiler efficiency. These slides are focusing on various aspects which plays important role in steam generation system.
The presentation discusses the various factors which affect the performance of Power Boilers including the quality of coal, airheater performance, air ingress etc.
Classification, Advantages and applications, Commercially viable
waste heat recovery devices, Saving potential.
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical
reaction, and then “dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some
useful and economic purpose. The essential quality of heat is not the amount but rather its
“value”. The strategy of how to recover this heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste
heat gases and the economics involved.
Design With Solid works Software and Planning Calculation Analysis of Fire Tu...IJRES Journal
Steam boilers (boilers) is a closed vessel made of steel that is used to generate steam. In the modern era many industries such as household scale industries for the manufacture of oyster mushroom spawn to use aid as a supplier of steam boilers are used as a sterilization process baglog. Annually, the number of requests oyster mushroom spawn have been increases, so the boiler is very significant equipment to increase the number of baglog production as oyster mushroom growing media.To help to fulfill the small industryrequiremets for oyster mushroom nursery,plannedatype offire tubeboilerthatcanhelpthe availability ofsteam ina lowscalewithsteamoutputcapacity of70kg/ h, temperature120℃, pressure1.5barandusingmaterialsLPGfuelas a source ofheatenergy.From the results of this design, fire tube boiler have efficiency of 0.934 % . The kettle body is made from asphalt drums pertamina with the Cold Rolled Steel materials. Used asphalt drums because of its availability in the market more easier to obtained easily and the dimensions of asphalt drum capable of holding for temperature and pressure have been determined . As for the pipe material using Carbon Steel Tubing Boilers ASME SA - 178A GRADE A / SA - 214 (Plain Carbon).
The presentation is for the engineers of HIRA POWER PLANT,. The complete calculations for calculation of boiler efficiency are described in the presentation
Performance of the Boiler and To Improving the Boiler Efficiency Using Cfd Mo...IOSR Journals
The power sector is one of the sectors of the India's economy. The development of the country to a
large extent is dependent on the growth of this sector. Through the progress of the power sector during the past
four decades has been sustainable, the power industry has been unable to fulfill primary obligation of
production quality power supply in required quantity. We did our project in Stage- 4, Unit -7 of Dr. Narla Tata
Rao Thermal Power Station, Vijayawada and analyzed the performance of the boiler of the above-mentioned
unit of capacity 500MW. Our project was mainly concerned with the Boiler Operations & Maintenance
Department (O&M). Initially, we calculated the performance and efficiency of the boiler. The Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is utilised for the creation of a two-dimensional model of the economizer coil.
Using mild steel material in the economizer part it gives better performance compared with the carbon steel
material. The fluid flow temperature, pressure is increase and velocity is decrease field of fluid flow within an
economizer tube using the actual boundary conditions have been analyzed using CFD tool. So the boiler
performance will be increased. And the experimental setup is from Dr. NTTPS, Vijayawada having the unit no
IV of 500 MW energy generations.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
Improving Efficiency for Boiler and Steam SystemKamlesh Hariyani
In Steam Generation system, Cost of steam depends on Boiler efficiency. These slides are focusing on various aspects which plays important role in steam generation system.
The presentation discusses the various factors which affect the performance of Power Boilers including the quality of coal, airheater performance, air ingress etc.
Classification, Advantages and applications, Commercially viable
waste heat recovery devices, Saving potential.
Waste heat is heat, which is generated in a process by way of fuel combustion or chemical
reaction, and then “dumped” into the environment even though it could still be reused for some
useful and economic purpose. The essential quality of heat is not the amount but rather its
“value”. The strategy of how to recover this heat depends in part on the temperature of the waste
heat gases and the economics involved.
Combine Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Varying Inlet Air Press...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To meet stringent vehicular exhaust emission norms worldwide, several exhaust pre-treatment and
post treatment techniques have been employed in modern engines. Also concern of environmental pollution and
energy crisis all over the world have caused the research attention on reduction of diesel engine exhaust
emissions and saving of energy simultaneously. This investigation mainly focuses on reducing exhaust emission
and energy saving by investigating diesel combustion with neat diesel fuel and a new attachment of pressurized
inlet air with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system. Experiment was conducted in a four stroke direct
injection water cooled constant speed diesel engine with pressurize inlet air attachment and EGR system, which
is typically used in agricultural farm machinery. EGR was applied to the experimental engine separately and
also with varying pressure of inlet air. In this study, compressor was used to pressurize the inlet air. The
experiments were carried out to experimentally evaluate the performance and emissions for combine effect
different EGR rates and varying inlet air pressure of the engine. Emissions of hydrocarbon (HC), NOx, carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature of the exhaust gas were measured. Performance
parameters such as Brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were calculated. It was
found that combined effect of pressurize inlet air attachment and EGR system provided better result on engine
performance than individual EGR effect. Reductions in NOx and exhaust gas temperature were observed but
emissions of HC, CO and CO2 were found to have increased with combine usage of EGR and inlet air pressure.
Thus the modified engine provides more NOx reduction and better fuel economy without reducing useful
characteristics (brake power, brake thermal efficiency etc) of the engine.
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC OF DI DIESEL ENGINE WITH PREHEATING C...IAEME Publication
In this experimental investigation, the corn oil methyl ester (COME) was prepared by transesterification using corn oil, methyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. The fuel properties of bio-diesel such as kinematic viscosity and specific gravity were found within limited of BIS standard. At different preheated temperatures of COME, the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with preheated bio-diesel were obtained and
compared with neat diesel.
FEDSPUG - SharePoint 2013 - A Brief Capability OverviewScott Hoag
Hot off the press, SharePoint 2013 attained Release to Manufacture in October 2012 and is speeding ahead to general availability in early 2013. Interesting in learning what’s new and different? Then come and learn more about new capabilities in the product such as Shredded Storage and Distributed Caching among others as well as how the migration story changes for SharePoint 2013.
Gisand Remote Sensing Applied To Land Use ChangeOf The Prefecture Of CASABLAN...IJERA Editor
The population and urbanization of Morocco are increasing very rapidly. They have risenin large cities due to heavy immigration rate from rural areas to accessjob opportunities, better education, and better health facilities. Casablanca has the most affected land use changes in Morocco because of the immigration. This paper presents anintegrated study of land use change in this city from 1986 until 2011 using topographic map sheets (1986) and satellite image (2011). The layers of landuse map (1986) were obtainedby digitization technique in ARCGIS 9.3 software. Supervised classification methodology has been employed using maximum likelihood technique in ERDAS IMAGINE (2011) to extract from the satellite image four classes which were categorized into, built-up area, public green spaces, agricultural land and water bodies. The totalarea of each class was estimated by using geometry tools of ArcGISsoftware to compare land use changes between 1986 and 2011.
Reliability and Fuzzy Logic Concepts as Applied to Slope Stability Analysis –...IJERA Editor
Considerable uncertainty exist with regard to stability of slopes due to several factors and recognition of these uncertainties has made designees to introduce factor of safety. Several studies, during recent years on analytical methods using soil properties have improved understanding the several uncertainties. The reliability analysis of slopes can be used to represent uncertainty in mathematical models, which can be assumed to follow the characteristic of random uncertainty. The distribution uncertain variable, which is unknown, makes its estimation difficult. Hence, the concepts of fuzzy set theory appear to be quite reliable when limited information is available. This paper attempts to review the slope stability problem and deals with the intricacies of the concept of reliability and fuzzy logic as applied to stability analysis of slope. It has been suggested that the FOSM algorithm provides a general agreement among the different slope stability solutions.
The Level of Base Oil Recovery from Niger Delta Drill Cuttings Using Thermal ...IJERA Editor
In bid to determine the level of base oil recovery using thermal desorption unit, a process that provides for waste reduction and recycling, ten samples of oil based mud contaminated drill cuttings were collected from ten oil wells in the Niger Delta are in Nigeria. Composite samples were formed from each oil well sample and a retort analysis was made of each composite sample, to determine the percentage of oil and water in the oily cuttings and the temperature for the thermal desorption treatment of these oily cuttings. The results of the retort analysis showed an average percentage range of oil and water content as 6.93 – 23.93% and 4.00 – 15.00% respectively and presented a suitable temperature range of 325°C – 350°C for the thermal desorption treatment. All the drill cuttings were then treated in a Thermal Desorption Unit (TDU). Another retort analysis was carried out on the processed solids (cleaned cuttings) to determine the level of oil residue, which stood at 0.19 – 0.79%. This is below the regulatory limit of 1%. This study reveals the efficiency of TDU process in the recovery of oil from drill cuttings from the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.
Application of Exergy and Taguchi Methodology for a Power Plant under Varying...IJERA Editor
In this study, exergy efficiencies of a thermal power plant under different operating conditions have been investigated. Taguchi method is applied using three factors, namely, ambient temperature, condenser pressure and steam temperature with three levels of each. The operating conditions are planned and are set following orthogonal array of L9 and regression analysis is carried out in order to determine the effects of process parameters on exergy efficiency for the power plant. The correlation between exergy efficiencies and operating parameters are obtained by a 2nd order polynomial regression analysis and compared with the actual results and found to be quite correct having average error is about 1% only.
Performance Evaluation of Different Thresholding Method for De-Noising of Vib...IJERA Editor
De-noising of the raw vibration signal is essential requirement to improve the accuracy and efficiency of any fault diagnosis of method. In many cases the noise signal is even stronger than the actual signal, so it is important to have such system in which noise elimination can be done effectively, there are many time domain and frequency domain methods are already available, where use of wavelet as time-frequency domain method in the field of de-noising the vibration signal is relatively new, it gives multi resolution analysis in both is time-frequency domain. In this paper various conventional thresholding methods based on discrete wavelet transform are compared with adaptive thresholding method and Penalized thresholding method for the de-noising of vibration signal of rotating machine. Signal to noise ratio (SNR), root mean square error (RMSE) in between de-noised signal with original signal are used as an indicator for selecting the effective thesholding method.
Improved LSB Steganograhy Technique for grayscale and RGB imagesIJERA Editor
A number of techniques are there to converse securely. Encryption and cryptography are enabling us to have a secure conversation. To protect privacy and communicate in an undetectable way it is required to use some steganography technique. This is to hide messages in some other media generally called cover object. In todays digital world where images are a common means of information sharing, most of the steganography techniques use digital images as a carrier for hiding message. In this paper a LSB based technique is proposed for steganograpgy. This technique is different from standard LSB technique that along with message hidden in LSB bits a part of message also resides at other selective bits using a key. The method is developed to increase the payload capacity and make detection impossible.
Denoising of ECG -- A discrete time approach using DWTIJERA Editor
This paper is about denoising of ECG signal using DWT transform. In this paper, ECG signals are denoised using DWT transform.Ecg signals are taken and noise at different frequencies are generated which are superimposed on this original ecg signal.High frequency noise is of 4000 hertz and power line interference is of 50 hertz.Decomposition of noisy signal is achieved through wavelet packet .wavelet packets are reconstructed and appropriate wavelet packets are combined to obtain a signal, very similar to original ecg signal.This technique results in the minimization of mean square error in the filtered signals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Visible Light Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Amine to N...IJERA Editor
Irradiated semiconductor catalysis in the presence of molecular oxygen can be considered as an innovative and sustainable technique for organic transformations. The present work reports the preparation ofGraphene oxide/TiO2composite by improved Hummer’s method followed by hydrothermal technique. The prepared system was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, IR-Spectroscopy, UV-DRS, XPS, SEM and TEM Analysis.On reaction, benzylamine in CH3CN yieldedN-benzylidene-1-phenylmethanamine as the sole product. The reaction was monitored by GC-MS Analysis.
Catalytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol Using Gamma Irradiated PVA/Ag Nanocomp...IJERA Editor
In this work, PVA/Ag nanocomposites were prepared by adding different volumes of AgNO3 to PVA solution. PVA/Ag nanocomposites used as a catalyst for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). The responsive catalyst is easily synthesized, environmentally compatible, cost-effective and can be easily recovered by handling from the aqueous solution. The shape and particle size distribution were studied using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-visible Absorption Spectra of Gamma-irradiated PVA/AgNO3 Films were studied.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY TO INCREASE BOILER EFFICIENCY USING BAGASSE AS FUEL IAEME Publication
Many industrial heating processes generate waste energy in textile industry; especially exhaust gas from the boiler at the same time reducing global warming. Waste heat found in the
exhaust gas can be used to preheat the incoming gas. This is one of the basic methods for recovery of waste heat. Therefore, this article will present a study the way to recovery heat waste from boiler exhaust gas by mean of shell and tube heat exchanger.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Energy Audit and Heat Recovery on the Rotary Kiln of the Cement Plant in Ethi...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study deals with the energy audit and heat recovery on the rotary kiln taking a cement factory in Ethiopia as a case study.The system is a dry type rotary kiln equipped with a five stage cyclone type preheater, pre-calciner and grate cooler. The kiln has a capacity of 2,000 tons/day.Mass and energy balance has been performed for energy auditing. The energy lost from the kiln shell is about 4.3 MW. By using secondary shell on the rotary kiln about 3.5MW could be recovered safely.This energy saving reduces fuel consumption (almost 9%) of the kiln system, and increases the overall system efficiency by approximately 2–3%.
OPTIMIZATION OF A TURBINE USED IN COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS BASED ON IN...ijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the effect of inlet steam temperature coming from the boiler on
thermoeconomic performance of a steam turbine used in a coal fired thermal power plant. Second law of
thermodynamics is used to develop the thermoeconomic model for the turbine. Analyses based on exergetic
and exergoeconomic criteria are done for the turbine used in a 210 MW power plant. Methodology is
explained with the help of an example. Effect of inlet steam temperature on the exergetic efficiency of the
turbine, unit product cost of turbine and unit product boiler has been shown. Optimization has been done
for the turbine as a trade off between the unit product cost of inlet steam from the boiler and unit product
cost of the turbine.
Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Thermochemical Vacuum-Processes and SystemsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
The energy optimization of thermoprocessing equipment is of great ecological and economical importance. Thermoprocessing equipment consumes up to 40% of the energy used in industrial applications in Germany. Therefore it is necessary to increase the energy efficiency of thermoprocessing equipment in order to meet the EU’s targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In order to exploit the potential for energy savings, it is essential to analyze and optimize processes and plants as well as operating methods of electrically heated vacuum plants used in large scale production.
OPTIMIZATION OF AN OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT USING EXERGOECONOMICSijmech
The purpose of current study is to analyze the performance of an open cycle gas turbine power plant using
the concepts of exergoeconomics. Exergoeconomic technique involves the use of Second law of
thermodynamics and assigns monetary values to the thermodynamic quantity known as exergy. Analyses
based on exergoeconomic criteria are done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant turbine. The
methodology is illustrated using the example of a 25 MW open cycle gas turbine power plant. Optimization
has been done for the open cycle gas turbine power plant as tradeoffs between the unit product cost of the
compressor and combustion chamber as functions of compressor pressure ratio and unit product costs of
combustion chamber and gas turbine as functions of turbine inlet temperature.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
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Effect of Combustion Air Pre-Heating In Carbon Monoxide Emission in Diesel Fired Heat Treatment Furnace
1. E B Muhammedshafiet al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 9, (Part - 1) September 2015, pp.118-120
www.ijera.com 118|P a g e
Effect of Combustion Air Pre-Heating In Carbon Monoxide
Emission in Diesel Fired Heat Treatment Furnace
E B Muhammed Shafi, Mr. PadmanabhaAdiga, Dr. T C Mohankumar
PG Scholar MES Engineering College Kuttippuram, Kerala, India
Dy Manager, Quality Assurance Peekay Steels Castings (P) Ltd Nallalam, Calicut, Kerala
Professor MES Engineering College Kuttippuram, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the effect of combustion air pre- heating in Diesel fired heat Treatment Furnace. The main
heat treatment processes are Normalizing, Tempering, Hardening, Annealing, Solution Annealing and Stress
Relieving. The emission of carbon monoxide is measured with combustion air pre-heating and without pre-
heating. The results are then compared and it is found that the emission of CO is reduced by 29.12%. With the
Combustion air pre-heating a considerable reduction in Specific Furnace Fuel Consumption (SFFC) is obtained.
The test was caaried out at Peekay Steels Casting (P) ltd, Nallalam, Calicut.
General Terms: Heat Treatment Furnace
Keywords: SFFC, Pre- heating, Combustion,Emission
I. INTRODUCTION
Heat treatment is a process on metals or alloys to
cause relief of internal stress, harden or strengthen
metals, improve machinability, change grain size
etc... Different types heat treatment process are
Annealing, Normalizing, Hardening, Tempering etc..
It involves heating and cooling of metals or alloys at
different rates depending up on requirements. In the
company Peekay Steels there are three diesel fired
furnaces, four LPG fired furnace of which one is idle
and one is under construction and one electric
furnace. The capacities of three different diesel fired
furnaces are 7 ton, 10 ton and 13 ton. The objective
of the project is to improve the thermal efficiency of
a diesel fired heat treatment furnace and to reduce
diesel consumption by some experimental
investigations. Here for the sake of furnace a new
term (SFFC) Specific Furnace Fuel Consumption is
introduced. It is the amount of diesel consumed per
unit tonnage of material processed in the furnace and
per hour of furnace operation. Our objective is to
reduce SFFC or increase thermal or furnace
efficiency. Thermal efficiency improvement is done
by reducing diesel consumption in the furnace
without affecting homogeneity in heat treatment. This
is achieved by
1. Increasing the pressure inside the furnace
chamber by adjusting the damper plate in the
exhaust gas pipe or chimney.
2. Utilizing the heat produced more effectively
which includes.
a. Pre-heating the air for combustion.’’
II. FURNACE OPERATIONS
Different furnace operations or heat treatment
processes carried out in Peekay Steels are
Normalizing, Tempering, Annealing, Solution
Annealing, Stress Relieving etc. All heat treatment
process consists of Heating, Soaking and Cooling.
All these processes are done at a specific rate
depending upon the requirement. Heating means
rising the temperature of the stock from room
temperature to soaking temperature at a specific rate.
Soaking means maintaining the temperature of the
stock at soaking temperature for a particular
time.Cooling means bringing down the temperature
of stock to a predetermined temperature or room
temperature at a particular rate depending up on the
requirement.
Figure 1 Graphical representation of heat treatment
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. E B Muhammedshafiet al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 9, (Part - 1) September 2015, pp.118-120
www.ijera.com 119|P a g e
All heat treatment processes can be represented
graphically as shown above. It shows the variation of
stock temperature with time. Here AB represents
heating process, BC represents soaking process and
CD represents cooling process. Area under the curve
give an indication of energy absorbed by the stock.
Time t1, t2 and t3 are time of heating , soaking and
cooling respectively. These times are used for
calculation of SFFC. If cooling process are
quenching, normal cooling or forced air cooling, then
for calculation of SFFC time t3 is not used. If cooling
rate needed is less than the rate of above said cooling
processes, time t3 will be used for SFFC calculation
(For getting less cooling rate, fuel is to be burned )
III. FURNACE EFFICIENCY
Furnace efficiency (ƞf) greatly depends up on
Flame temperature, Air/fuel ratio, Furnace structure,
Insulation level of furnace, Radiation loss from the
furnace and Method of Furnace operation. Generally
Furnace efficiency or Thermal efficiency is defined
as the percentage of heat input that is effectively
utilized to heat the stock.
ƞf =
Heat in the stock ℎ
Heat in the fuel consumed for heating the stock
=
M ∗ C ∗ T−Tamp ∗ 1000
L ∗ρ∗ Cv
Let (T-Tamp) = ∆T
ƞf =
M ∗ C ∗∆T ∗ 1000
L ∗ρ∗ Cv
(1)
Where
M Tonnage of material processed in the furnace
(*1000 kg)
C Specific heat of material processed in the
furnace (490 J/kg/K)
T Soaking temperature (K)
TampAmbient temperature (K)
L Amount of diesel consumed in the furnace (Liter)
𝛒Density of diesel (840 kg/m3
)
CvCalorific value of diesel (43200 kJ/kg)
Here the fuel used to heat the stock is diesel
IV. SPECIFIC FURNACE FUEL
CONSUMPTION (SFFC)
The efficiency of the furnace can be judged by
measuring the amount of diesel needed per unit time
per unit weight of the material. It is known as
Specific Furnace Fuel Consumption (SFFC). It’s unit
is Liter/Ton/hr. As far as a furnace is concerned
SFFC and Thermal efficiency are related very much
deeply and constant can be introduced, known as
furnace coefficient
SFFC = Amount of diesel consumed in liter per unit
tonnage of material processed per unit Hour.
=
L
M ∗ t
M
L
=
1
SFFC ∗ t
(2)
(2) in (1) gives
Ƞf = (
1
SFFC ∗ t
) * (
C ∗∆T
ρ∗Cv
) * 1000
From the above equation we get a new equation
relating furnace efficiency and SFFC with parameters
furnace operating time and soaking temperature
Ƞf * SFFC = (
∆T
t
) * (
C
ρ∗Cv
) * 1000 (3)
Substituting the values of the constant (C, and Cv),
we get equation (3) as
Ƞf * SFFC = (
∆T
t
)* (
490
840 ∗ 43200 ∗ 1000
) * 1000
Ƞf * SFFC = (
∆T
t
) * 13.344 * 10-6
The constant 13.344*10-6
is known as Furnace
Coefficient. This coefficient is dependent only on
specific heat value of the material, which is processed
in the heat treatment furnace, density of the fuel
which is used to heat the stock and lower calorific
value of the fuel. Usually performance of a heat
treatment furnace is explained in terms of Specific
Furnace Fuel Consumption (SFFC). The unit of
Furnace Coefficient is kg/m3
/K.
V. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental setup is shown in Figure 2. By
operating the three valves simultaneously we can get,
combustion air for burning of fuel with and without
preheating. Closing the valve V1, V3 and opening
V2, it is a system without combustion air preheating.
Closing the valve V2 and opening the valve V1, V3 it
is a system with combustion air preheating
Figure 2 Schematic representation of APH with three
valves
A Sandwich type valves is used for making these
arrangements, ie for doing exhaust gas analysis with
and without air-preheater (APH).
3. E B Muhammedshafiet al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 9, (Part - 1) September 2015, pp.118-120
www.ijera.com 120|P a g e
It is welded in the pipe way between blower and
burner. Air preheating system is working with
combustion air flowing in the counter clock wise
direction around the chimney. Since area of heat
transfer is more, radiation heat loss is more. Due to
this, combustion air is not getting heated much. So
the APH system around the chimney is insulated. The
insulation on APH system is done by pasting ceramic
wool around the system. For this Sodium Silicate is
used as gum.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The fuel saving or the reduction in Specific
Furnace Fuel Consumption with the introduction of
combustion air pre-heating system for different
furnace operations Normalizing, Stress Relieving,
tempering and Annealing is as shown below.
Sl
No:
Operation
Weig
ht
(kg)
Total
Time
(hr)
Reducti
on in
SFFC
(Lit/Ton
/hr)
fuel
savings
(Liter)
1
Normalizin
g
6168
15.5 1.712 164
2 Stress
Relieving
6244 10.9 1.274 87
3 Tempering 5509 15.8 0.696 61
4 Annealing 5956 15.7 1.672 156
Table 1 Fuel Savings with Exhaust Damper and APH
System
The Table 1 describes the quantity of fuel saved
for different operations. For Normalizing operation
with an average weight of 6.168 Ton material for
15hr 30min operation 164 litre of diesel was
saved.For Stress relieving operation with an average
weight of 6.244 Ton material for 10hr 54min
operation 87 litre of diesel was saved .For Tempering
operation with an average weight of 5.509 Ton
material for 15hr 48 min operation 61 litre of diesel
was saved. For Annealing operation with an average
weight of 5.956 Ton material for 15hr 42 min
operation 156 litre of diesel was saved.
Emission Parameters
With Air
Pre-
heating
Without
Air Pre-
heating
Combustion Air Temperature
o
C
103 45
Flue Gas Temperature o
C 544 634
Oxygen in % 14 12
Carbon dioxide in % 5 7
Carbon monoxide in PPM 33 46
Table 2 Exhaust Gas Parameters
With introduction of APH system Carbon
Monoxide emission is reduced from 46 ppm to 33
ppm, ie combustion is improved by an amount 29 %.
Flue gas temperature is reduced from 634o
C to
544o
C. With APH system combustion air temperature
is increased from 45o
C to 103o
C.
VII. CONCLUSION
With introduction APH ie. Combustion Air Pre-
Heating, (CO) Carbon Monoxide emission is reduced
by 29 %. The other benefits obtained by the APH
system are that, the temperature of flue gas is
reduced and diesel consumption for different heat
treatment processes are reduced.
REFERENCE
[1] Manish Kumar Tiwari, Achintya
Mukhopadhyay, Dipankar Sanyal, “Process
modeling for control of a batch heat
treatment furnace with low NOx radiant tube
burner”, Elseiver, Energy Conversion and
Management 46 2093–2113,2005.
[2] M. Hasanuzzaman1, R. Saidur and N. A.
Rahim, “Energy, exergy and economic
analysis of an annealing furnace”,
International Journal of the Physical
Sciences Vol. 6(6), pp. 1257-1266, 18
March, 2011.
[3] K.K. Alaneme and S.O. Olanrewaju,
“Design of a Diesel Fired Heat-Treatment
Furnace”, Journal of Minerals & Materials
Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9,
No.7, pp.581-591, 2010.
[4] Jeetendra Mohan Khare, Sandip Kumar
Mishra, ShashankShrivastava, “Improving
Thermal Efficiency Of Push Type Furnace
In A Hot Re-Rolling Steel Mill By Direct
Method : Case Study”, International Journal
of Scientific Engineering and Technology
(ISSN : 2277-1581) Volume 2 Issue 4, pp :
288-290 1 April 2013.
[5] Radha Krishnan Purushotham an,
“Evaluation and Improvement of Heat Treat
Furnace Model”, A Dissertation Submitted
to the Faculty of the worcester polytechnic
institute in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Manufacturing Engineering
June 2008.
[6] Dr Liza Sreejith, Effect of preheating of
combustion air on Carbon Monoxide
emission in heat treatment furnace. Personal
Discussion. Professor in Engineering
Chemistry, National Institute of Technology,
Calicut on 2nd
June 2015