perceptions of pregnant women to avoid smoking side effects revised final copy

Running Head: PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE
EFFECTS OR USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 1
Pregnant Women Perception to Avoid Side Effects of Smoking by Quitting Smoking or Using
Electronic Cigarettes as an Alternative
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
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PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 2
Introduction
Smoking is well-known to have serious side effects to any user since he or she inhales all
the bad toxic chemicals from the smoke. Considering all the side effects that are caused by
cigarette smoking to an individual, it becomes very hard to imagine how they impact the life of a
developing infant in her mother’s womb who is a regular smoker. There are several side effects
of smoking while pregnant to the mother and the developing infant. Some of these side effects
that occur to pregnant women involve premature and low birth weight infants as well as
retinopathy of prematurity. These problems and risk factors caused by the mother to the infant
can be easily avoided by quitting smoking during pregnancy period. Alternatively, some women
switch to electronic cigarettes thinking that they have no side effects to the infant just like the
usual cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes contain nicotine which affects the nervous system of the
unborn baby.
Purpose statement
In this research paper, I will discuss about eight empirical studies conducted by different
authors on the perceptions of pregnant mothers to avoid the side impacts of smoking by quitting
smoking or making use of alternative electronic cigarettes. In each empirical study, I will discuss
about the research design, sample, purpose, and the results achieved by the author(s). Lastly, I
will provide a summary of all the studies used in the research paper. Finally, I will provide the
nurses implications and interventions regarding the topic of discussion that educates pregnant
women that electronic cigarettes are still harmful and not worth trying.

PART ONE
McCubbin, A., Fallin-Bennett, A., Barnett, J., & Ashford, K. (2017). Perceptions and use of
electronic cigarettes in pregnancy. Health Education Research, 32(1), 22-
32.doi:10.1093/her/cyw059
The objective of the research is to describe beliefs and perceptions, regarding electronic
cigarette consumption during pregnancy between newly postpartum and pregnant woman. The
study used an examining qualitative expressive research as the study design. Also, a prenatal
University affiliate hospital was engaged as the setting of the study. Only twelve participants;
postpartum women and pregnant woman were found smoking the electronic cigarette and the
traditional tobacco. However, the study had taped the semi structured focus grouping in audio
form and was later transcribed proficiently. The copies were veiled to agreement and analyzed
by using MAXDQDA software edition though content analysis (McCubbin et al., 2017). The
results were found that four overarching matters come out; four overarching matters come out,
namely, Pull to E-cigarettes being harm lessening Planning, Uncertainty concerning the fitness
outcomes of E-Cigarettes, and Behaviors replicate Double Use and frequently Complete Decline
to customary Cigarettes. In conclusion, expectant woman are at first fascinated to e-cigarettes to
be a harm decrease plan, but they normally go back to the normal cigarettes during the
postpartum duration. Nurses should advice expectant women concerning the unfavorable
outcomes of fetal contact to nicotine. Proof –based nurture interventions are required to avoid
decline at the postpartum duration (McCubbin et al., 2017).
Fallin, A., Miller, A., Assef, S., & Ashford, K. (2016). Perceptions of Electronic Cigarettes
Among Medicaid-Eligible Pregnant and Postpartum Women. JOGNN: Journal Of
Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 45(3), 320-325.

doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2016.02.009
The study had the objective of describing the beliefs and perceptions concerning the use
of electronic cigarette during the period of pregnancy amongst the newly postpartum and
pregnant women. The study used a qualitative, exploratory descriptive study as its study design.
The setting of the study was the prenatal university-affiliated hospitals. The participants in the
study were the postpartum women who recently reported using electronic cigarette. However,
the method of the study was the semi structured focus cluster was transcribed professionally and
audio recorded. Coding of the transcripts was performed and evaluated the MAXQDA software
employing the content analysis (Fallin, Miller & Ashford, 2016). Finally the results for the study
were the emergence of four themes; the uncertainty with the regards to the impacts of e-cigarette
on health, attraction into the desire of the e-cigarette as a policy of reducing harm. In fact, the
habits reflected double use and regularly a whole relapse to the traditional tobacco; and the
ambivalence regarding the product characteristics of the novel. In Conclusion, the pregnant
women would initially be attracted to the electronic cigarettes as a strategy of reducing harm,
though they would regularly return to the traditional cigarettes in the period of postpartum.
Nurses ought to counsel the pregnant women upon the adverse impacts of exposure of fetal to
nicotine. The evidence-based interventions of nursing are required to prevent the relapse
throughout the period of postpartum (Fallin, Miller & Ashford, 2016).
Mark, K. S., Farquhar, B., Chisolm, M. S., Coleman-Cowger, V. H., &Terplan, M. (2015).
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Electronic Cigarette Use Among Pregnant
Women. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 9(4), 266-272.
doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000128

The purpose of the research was to resolve knowledge of pregnant women, attitudes, as
well as practice concerning e-cigarettes. The study used deliberate design by distributing
convenient sample of women who were pregnant offering to a university founded out-patient
health center. After the conclusion of the study, the participants received notification concerning
smoking termination as well as electronic cigarettes. Data was analyzed by use of χ² and Fisher
accurate examinations as evaluation of variation and also Stata was employed for the evaluation
(Mark, et al, 2015).
The results of the study came out as out of 326 distributed surveys, 316 surveys were
completed up to 97%. Out of the 316 participants, 42 people (13%) reported having not smoked
the electronic cigarette. But only 2 (0.6%) that they use e-cigarette daily. All the users were
ranging between the age of 27 vs 25 years; p=0.007) as well as most likely to be present users of
cigarettes was 42% vs 14%; p<01001) as castrated with women who had not smoked the e-
cigarettes ever. The comprehension of the effects of smoking was the same between two groups
of participants. In total, 57% of the respondents motioned that electronic cigarette have nicotine,
rate addictiveness is 61, and 43% that electronic cigarette is dangerous to a fetus as compared
with the traditional cigarettes. According to the long term addicts, the general reasons articulated
for the purpose of using of the electric cigarette were the considerate of fewer impacts than the
other customary cigarette 74percent as well as assistance with smoking cessation 72% (Mark, et
al, 2015).
In conclusion, Misconception concerning the electronic cigarette is normal among the
expectant mothers, potentially encouraging the use which may bring risk to both the unborn baby
and the mother. Screening and teaching them about e-cigarette ought to be incorporated in

parental care. Further study is vital, incorporating study analyzing pregnancy results among
females who smokes the e-cigarettes (Mark, et al, 2015).
Wigginton, B., Gartner, C., & Rowlands, I. J. (2017). Is It Safe to Vape? Analyzing Online
Forums Discussing E-Cigarette Use during Pregnancy. Women's Health Issues, (1),
93. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2016.09.008
The use of electronic cigarette is rising against a background of decreasing smoking rates.
The electronic cigarette contains less toxicant than cigarette, although their outlook and means of
use have the possibility to gratify the routine facets of cigarette smoking. Up to now, everybody
is slightly aware of the lay insights of the safeguard of smoking electronic cigarette during
pregnancy. The study employed thematic dialogue analysis in conducting the survey. The
dialogue consisted of thirteen online forums that were arguing on the use of electronic cigarette
during pregnancy (Wigginton, Gartner & Rowlands, 2017).
As per the findings, the study identified unique modes in which discussion posters argued
the protection of smoking electronic cigarette during pregnancy. First by quitting nicotine cold
turkey in not safe, second is that vaping is dangerous and people should keep away from it, lastly
is that vaping has never been the value of the hazard. To wind up, the deliberations about the
protection of electronic cigarette depicts upon the notion that the instant nicotine termination was
injurious also not good. In addition, the electronic cigarettes were a dangerous declining
implement, or vapig might be very dangerous and people keep off from it (Wigginton, Gartner &
Rowlands, 2017).
Torres, E., Quiñones de Monegro, Z., French, L., Swanson, D. P., Guido, J., & Ossip, D. J.
(2011). Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among pregnant women in

the Dominican Republic: an exploratory look into attitudes, beliefs, perceptions,
and practices. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 13(12), 1220-1227.
doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr193
The paper aims to find out the patterns and prevalence of cigarette, passive smoking, as
well as water pipe between the pregnant mothers within Jordan, as well as to evaluate their
understanding about the dangerous cigarette impacts as well as the water pipe smoking. The
outcomes of the study demonstrated that 79 percent of women were recent smokers of cigarette
and 8.7 percent of them were recent water pipe smokers. Approximately 82.4 percent of the
entire women stated that they are exposed to the water pipe smoke as well as smoke of cigarette
(Torres et al., 2011). The main usual lay where different women become uncovered to the
smoke of water pipe as well as the cigarette was within their homestead (48.7% and 50.4%, in
that order) followed by the public areas (21.4 percent and 31.4 percent, in that order).
Additionally, spouse was the major basis for disclosure on the water pipe smolder as well as the
cigarette (42.7% and 48.5%, respectively). Roughly, 74 percent of women thought that smoking
of cigarette leads to addiction, while just 55.1 percent account that smoking through water pipe
would also lead to addiction. In conclusion, when pregnant women get exposed to the smoke of
tobacco may lead to lung cancer, bone marrow myeloid leukemia, kidney, liver, pancreas,
stomach, esophagus, and oral cavity (Torres et al., 2011). Furthermore, smocking may also lead
to increased hazard for cardiovascular and atherosclerosis disease. Not less than 5 million fatality
every year have been attributed to tobacco use (Torres et al., 2011)
GoszczyAska, E., Knol-MichaAowska, K., & Petrykowska, A. (2016). How do pregnant
women justify smoking? A qualitative study with implications for nurses' and
midwives' anti- tobacco interventions. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, (7), 1567.

doi:10.1111/jan.12949
The aim of this dissertation is to delve into the prejudiced lay validations articulated by
smoking of cigarette during pregnancy. To carry out a research on the biased lay explanations
articulated by the pregnant women who smoke. The research is aimed at elaborating on the
reason why they smoke while they are pregnant as well as to find out a typology for such
explanations.
The consciousness of smoking pregnant women about the detrimental impacts of frequent
smoking on the fetal wellbeing influences stress as well as the cognitive dissonance. One
possible means of reducing such horrible feelings is the creation or acceptance of viewpoint
enabling them to rationally give details on why they have to maintain such a habit during
pregnancy. The study Design was Qualitative design. The study further used thematic content
investigation of the different positions from the three biggest forums of on-line for the Polish
parenting printed between the periods they were established as well as 12 November 2012 as the
Method of study (GoszczyAska et al., 2016). The information was collected between the
September and October of 2012. Throughout the investigation about the 73 chosen posts, every
one among which integrated the biased explanations on the reason of smoking when pregnant,
151 flotsam and jetsam, every person of which has a single lay explanation, were branded and
scrutinized. The results were 35 subtopics of the lay explanations that were allocated to two
major topics were developed (GoszczyAska et al., 2016). However, the initial major topic
includes the conviction which undermines the call for breaking the addiction of nicotine as well
as the positive facets ensuing from quitting cigarette smoking. The next major topic consists of a
thought which may question the likelihood of refraining from smoking as well as overstate the
obstacles within the course of quitting. In Conclusions, Typology creation of the lay

justifications may assist the midwives and nurses to execute a more effective interventions of
anti-tobacco particularly geared towards the contemplated prototypes typical of the mothers who
are pregnant (GoszczyAska et al., 2016).
Polen, K. N., Sandhu, P. K., Honein, M. A., Green, K. K., Berkowitz, J. M., Pace, J., &
Rasmussen, S. A. (2015). Knowledge and attitudes of adults towards smoking in
pregnancy: results from the HealthStyles[c] 2008 survey. Maternal And Child
Health Journal, (1), 144. doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1505-0
Smoking while pregnant is associated causally with several unpleasant health results.
Quitting cigarette smoking even during late pregnancy, improve a number of results. In general,
amongst the grown-ups as well as the women with reproductive age, we hunted to understand
about the attitudes and knowledge towards the prenatal smoking as well as its impacts on the
results of pregnancy. The research used the facts of the Health Styles survey of 2008; we
assessed the attitudes and knowledge concerning the smoking cessation and prenatal smoking
(Polen et al., 2015). We then classified the as containing the high understanding if only they gave
more or equivalent to 5 exact reactions to 6 comprehension questions concerning the impacts of
health of the prenatal smoking. Calculations were also carried out on the frequencies of the exact
responses to evaluate the understanding by lifestyle and demographic factors. The Results was
that Out of the entire responses, only 15 percent as well as 23 percent of the reproductive-aged
ladies contained high understanding of the unpleasant impacts of the prenatal smoking on the
results of pregnancy. Low birth as well as preterm weight of birth would be most frequently
acknowledged as the adverse results associated with the prenatal smoking. About 70 percent of
the women smokers of reproductive-age reported that they would abstain from smoking if they
just get pregnant without any kind of particular reasons from their general practitioner (Polen et

al., 2015). Only few respondents would recognize the importance of quitting cigarette smoking
after the initial pregnancy trimester. In conclusion, however, the results we met suggested that
several women lack the understanding regarding the higher rise of risks for the unpleasant results
related with the prenatal smoking. The providers of healthcare ought to follow the advices
offered by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, which is inclusive of
teaching women concerning the health hazards of the prenatal smoking as well as the
significance of quitting smoking. The sources of healthcare ought to put more emphasis on
abstaining from smoking even after the initial pregnancy trimester (Polen et al., 2015).
PART TWO
Summary of the empirical studies
As the commonness and confrontation employ of electronic cigarettes persists to increase
among pregnant women, an indulgent of their dangers in pregnancy turns out to be a vital
necessitate in the public hospitals. From animal researches the people have learned negative
consequences on the children of nicotine contact in uterus. Though, people still require
evaluating the dangers of nicotine contact with those of flammable cigarette products. Although
many unpregnant women might switch to electronic cigarettes to stop smoking, there is presently
no irrefutable information of their effectiveness and protection during pregnancy. In the hospital,
self interview questions openly asking concerning e-cigarette smoking and the other non-nicotine
enclosing products (instead of just “do you smoke” questions) have to be incorporated for a
complete wellbeing and contact history. Footed on the proof presently existing, the paper
summarily winds up that no sum of nicotine is recognized to be secure in pregnancy.

PART THREE
Kahr, M. K., Padgett, S., Shope, C. D., Griffin, E. N., Xie, S. S., Gonzalez, P. J., & ... Suter,
M. A. (2015). A qualitative assessment of the perceived risks of electronic
cigarette and hookah use in pregnancy. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-8.
doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2586-
Chamberlain, C., O’Mara-Eves, A., Oliver, S., Caird, J. R., Perlen, S. M., Eades, S. J., &
Thomas, J. (2013). Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop
smoking in pregnancy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10,
CD001055. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub4
Nurses should advice expectant women concerning the unfavorable outcomes of fetal
contact to nicotine. Proof –based nurture interventions are required to avoid decline at the
postpartum duration. Screening and teaching them about e-cigarette ought to be incorporated in
parental care (Chamberlain et al., 2013). The providers of healthcare ought to put more emphasis
on abstaining from smoking even after the initial pregnancy trimester. Furthermore, smoking
may also lead to increased hazard for cardiovascular and atherosclerosis disease. The evidence-
based interventions of nursing are required to prevent the relapse throughout the period of
postpartum. Proof –based nurture interventions are required to avoid decline at the postpartum
duration (Kahr et al., 2015).
Conclusion
Smoking is an important worldwide health predicament. Regardless of most smokers
desiring to quit, they repeatedly find it hard to be successful in the enduring. Among the most
efficient and extensively used policies to assist fight the desired linked with addiction of nicotine

is to carry nicotine by scraps as well as chewing gum. These consequences also designate that
the communal desires more precise information concerning the substance masterpiece and
possible health possessions of smoking e-cigarette vaporizer for nonsmokers. Although e-
cigarettes are exposed to be less damaging option to combustible cigarettes for the users, it
remains significant to guard nonsmokers from gasp of any potentially damaging gist in e-
cigarette aerosol, to the level probable.

References
McCubbin, A., Fallin-Bennett, A., Barnett, J., & Ashford, K. (2017). Perceptions and use of
electronic cigarettes in pregnancy. Health Education Research, 32(1), 22-
32.doi:10.1093/her/cyw059
Fallin, A., Miller, A., Assef, S., & Ashford, K. (2016). Perceptions of Electronic Cigarettes
Among Medicaid-Eligible Pregnant and Postpartum Women. JOGNN: Journal Of
Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 45(3), 320-325.
doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2016.02.009
Mark, K. S., Farquhar, B., Chisolm, M. S., Coleman-Cowger, V. H., &Terplan, M. (2015).
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Electronic Cigarette Use Among Pregnant
Women. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 9(4), 266-272.
doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000128
Wigginton, B., Gartner, C., & Rowlands, I. J. (2017). Is It Safe to Vape? Analyzing Online
Forums Discussing E-Cigarette Use during Pregnancy. Women's Health Issues, (1),
93. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2016.09.008
Torres, E., Quiñones de Monegro, Z., French, L., Swanson, D. P., Guido, J., & Ossip, D. J.
(2011). Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among pregnant women in
the Dominican Republic: an exploratory look into attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and
practices. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 13(12), 1220-1227. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr193
GoszczyAska, E., Knol-MichaAowska, K., & Petrykowska, A. (2016). How do pregnant women

justify smoking? A qualitative study with implications for nurses' and midwives'
anti- tobacco interventions. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, (7), 1567.
doi:10.1111/jan.12949
Polen, K. N., Sandhu, P. K., Honein, M. A., Green, K. K., Berkowitz, J. M., Pace, J., &
Rasmussen, S. A. (2015). Knowledge and attitudes of adults towards smoking in
pregnancy: results from the HealthStyles[c] 2008 survey. Maternal And Child Health
Journal, (1), 144. doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1505-0
Kahr, M. K., Padgett, S., Shope, C. D., Griffin, E. N., Xie, S. S., Gonzalez, P. J., & ... Suter,
M. A. (2015). A qualitative assessment of the perceived risks of electronic
cigarette and hookah use in pregnancy. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-8.
doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2586-
Chamberlain, C., O’Mara-Eves, A., Oliver, S., Caird, J. R., Perlen, S. M., Eades, S. J., &
Thomas, J. (2013). Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop
smoking in pregnancy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10,
CD001055. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub4

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