Eight empirical studies were summarized that examined perceptions of pregnant women regarding avoiding smoking side effects through quitting or using e-cigarettes. Most studies found that while pregnant women were initially attracted to e-cigarettes as a harm reduction method, they often relapsed back to traditional cigarettes. The studies highlighted a lack of knowledge about e-cigarette health risks and the importance of quitting smoking beyond the first trimester. Qualitative research identified justifications pregnant smokers used and an opportunity for nurses to address misconceptions. The overall findings suggest that pregnant women show interest in alternatives to smoking but have uncertainty around e-cigarette safety. Education from healthcare providers is needed to inform choices and support smoking cessation during and after pregnancy.

1. Running Head: PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE
EFFECTS OR USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 1
Pregnant Women Perception to Avoid Side Effects of Smoking by Quitting Smoking or Using
Electronic Cigarettes as an Alternative
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Institution
Course
Date

2. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 2
Introduction
Smoking is well-known to have serious side effects to any user since he or she inhales all
the bad toxic chemicals from the smoke. Considering all the side effects that are caused by
cigarette smoking to an individual, it becomes very hard to imagine how they impact the life of a
developing infant in her mother’s womb who is a regular smoker. There are several side effects
of smoking while pregnant to the mother and the developing infant. Some of these side effects
that occur to pregnant women involve premature and low birth weight infants which later leads
to chronic respiratory symptoms, feeding complexities, neuro-cognitive deficits, as well as
retinopathy of prematurity. Also, smoking while pregnant leads to miscarriage, impeded fetal
lung and brain growth, altered placental attachment and operation, and pre-term birth. Moreover,
infants born to women who smoked all through their pregnancy period have augmented levels of
sudden infant death syndrome, behavioral disorders, and altered lung operation. These problems
and risk factors cause by the mother to the infant can be easily avoided by quitting smoking
during pregnancy period. Alternatively, some women switch to electronic cigarettes thinking that
they have no side effects to the infant just like the usual cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes contain
nicotine which affects the nervous system of the unborn baby.
Purpose statement
In this research paper, I will discuss about eight empirical studies conducted by different
authors on the perceptions of pregnant women to avoid the side effects of smoking by quitting
smoking or making use of alternative electronic cigarettes. In each empirical study, I will discuss
about the research design, sample, purpose, and the results achieved by the author(s). Lastly, I
will provide a summary of all the studies used in the research paper. Finally, I will provide the

3. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 3
nurses implications and interventions regarding the topic of discussion that educates pregnant
women that electronic cigarettes are still harmful and not worth trying.
PART ONE (make sure you in-text cite each and every part in APA with its reference given
above it, do not cite external sources. Also, do not write in point form, write in paragraphs
and ensure you include the four parts that I asked for i.e Design, Sample, Purpose, Results)
McCubbin, A., Fallin-Bennett, A., Barnett, J., & Ashford, K. (2017). Perceptions and use of
electronic cigarettes in pregnancy. Health Education Research, 32(1), 22-
32.doi:10.1093/her/cyw059
Objective
It is to describe beliefs and perceptions, regarding electronic cigarette consumption during
pregnancy between newly postpartum and pregnant woman.
Design
An examining qualitative expressive study is applied.
Setting
Prenatal University-affiliate clinics was used
Participants
Twelve postpartum and pregnant women reported consumption of electronic cigarettes and
tobacco.
Methods
Semi structured focus grouping were audio taped and proficiently transcribed. The copies were
hinted to agreement and analyzed through MAXQDA software edition through content analysis.
Results
Four overarching matters come out, namely, Pull to E-cigarettes being Harm lessening Planning,
Uncertainty concerning the fitness outcomes of E-Cigarettes, and Behaviors replicate Double
Use and frequently Complete Decline to customary Cigarettes.
Conclusion

4. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 4
Expectant woman are at first fascinated to e-cigarettes to be a harm decrease plan, but they
normally go back to the normal cigarettes during the postpartum duration. Nurses should advice
expectant women concerning the unfavorable outcomes of fetal contact to nicotine. Proof –based
nurture interventions are required to avoid decline at the postpartum duration.
Fallin, A., Miller, A., Assef, S., & Ashford, K. (2016). Perceptions of Electronic Cigarettes
Among Medicaid-Eligible Pregnant and Postpartum Women. JOGNN: Journal Of
Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 45(3), 320-325.
doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2016.02.009
Objective
To describe the beliefs and perceptions concerning the use of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette)
during the period of pregnancy amongst the newly postpartum and pregnant women
Design
A qualitative, exploratory descriptive study
Setting
The prenatal University-affiliated clinics
Participants
The recently postpartum or pregnant women who reported the use of electronic and tobacco
cigarettes
Methods
The semi structured focus cluster was professionally transcribed and audio recorded. Coding of
the transcripts was done and analyzed the software of MAXQDA (version) using the content
analysis.
Results
There was emergence of four themes: uncertainty with regards to the impacts of E-
Cigarettes on health, attraction into the electronic cigarettes as a strategy of reducing harm. The
habits reflected double use and regularly a whole relapse to the traditional cigarettes; and the
ambivalence regarding the product characteristics of the novel.
Conclusion
The pregnant women would initially be attracted to the electronic cigarettes as a strategy of
reducing harm, though they would regularly return to the traditional cigarettes in the period of
postpartum. Nurses ought to counsel the pregnant women upon the adverse impacts of exposure
of fetal to nicotine. The evidence-based interventions of nursing are required to prevent the
relapse throughout the period of postpartum.

5. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 5
Mark, K. S., Farquhar, B., Chisolm, M. S., Coleman-Cowger, V. H., &Terplan, M. (2015).
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Electronic Cigarette Use Among Pregnant
Women. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 9(4), 266-272.
doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000128
Objective
The e-cigarettes are currently a huge phenomenon, serving both dual responsibilities as an option
vehicle for delivery of nicotine as well as smoking-cessation equipment. The purpose of the
research was to resolve knowledge of pregnant women, attitudes, as well as practice concerning
e-cigarettes.
Study Design
A deliberate, study was distributed to convenience sample of women who were pregnant offering
to a university founded out-patient health center. After the conclusion of the study, the
participants received notification concerning smoking termination as well as electronic
cigarettes. Data was analyzed by use of χ² and Fisher accurate examinations as evaluation of
variation. Stata was employed for the evaluation.
Results
Out of 326 distributed surveys, 316 surveys were completed up to 97%. Out of the 316
participants, 42 people (13%) reported having not smoked the electronic cigarette. But only 2
(0.6%) that they use e-cigarette daily. All the users were ranging between the age of 27 vs 25
years; p=0.007) as well as most likely to be present users of cigarettes was 42% vs 14%;
p<01001) as castrated with women who had not smoked the e-cigarettes ever. The
comprehension of the effects of smoking was the same between two group of participants. In
total, 57% of the respondents motioned that electronic cigarette have nicotine, rate addictiveness
is 61, and 43% that electronic cigarette is dangerous to a fetus as compared with the traditional
cigarettes. According to the long term users, the common reasons articulated for the use of the
electric cigarette were the understandings of fewer effects than the other traditional cigarette
74% as well as assistance with smoking cessation 72%.
Conclusion
Misconception concerning the electronic cigarette is normal among the expectant mothers,
potentially encouraging the use which may bring risk to both the unborn baby and the mother.
Screening and teaching them about e-cigarette ought to be incorporated in parental care. Further

6. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 6
study is vital, incorporating study analyzing pregnancy results among females who smokes the e-
cigarettes.
Wigginton, B., Gartner, C., & Rowlands, I. J. (2017). Is It Safe to Vape? Analyzing Online
Forums Discussing E-Cigarette Use during Pregnancy. Women's Health Issues, (1),
93. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2016.09.008
The use of electronic cigarette is rising against a background of decreasing smoking rates. The
electronic cigarette contains less toxicant than cigarette, although their outlook and means of use
have the possible to gratify the routine facets of smoking. Up to date, everybody knows little
concerning lay insights of the protection of smoking e-cigarette during pregnancy.
Methods
Thematic dialogue analysis was used in conducting the survey. The dialogue consisted of
thirteen online forums that were arguing on the use of electronic cigarette during pregnancy.
Results
The study identified unique modes in which discussion posters argued the protection of smoking
electronic cigarette during pregnancy. First by quitting nicotine cold turkey in not safe, second is
that vaping is dangerous and people should keep away from it, lastly is that vaping is not value
of the risk.
Conclusions
Discussions on the safety of electronic cigarette depicts on the notion that the immediate
termination of nicotine was injurious and not good, electronic cigarette were a dangerous
declining implement, or vapig might be very dangerous and people keep off from it.
Torres, E., Quiñones de Monegro, Z., French, L., Swanson, D. P., Guido, J., & Ossip, D. J.
(2011). Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among pregnant women in
the Dominican Republic: an exploratory look into attitudes, beliefs, perceptions,
and practices. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 13(12), 1220-1227.
doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr193
Introduction
The objectives of the study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of cigarette, passive
smoking, and water pipe among the pregnant mothers in Jordan, as well to assess their

7. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 7
understanding of dangerous cigarette impacts as well as the water pipe smoking.
Results
The outcomes demonstrated that 79 percent of women were recent smokers of cigarette and 8.7
percent of them were recent water pipe smokers. Approximately 82.4 percent of the entire
women stated that they are exposed to the water pipe smoke as well as smoke of cigarette. The
most usual place where women become exposed to water pipe smoke as well as the cigarette was
within their homestead (48.7% and 50.4%, respectively) followed by the public areas (21.4% and
31.4%, respectively). Additionally, the spouse was the major source for disclosure to the water
pipe smoke as well as the cigarette (42.7% and 48.5%, respectively). Roughly, 74 percent of
women thought that smoking of cigarette is addictive, while only 55.1 percent reported that
smoking through water pipe would also lead to addiction.
Conclusions
When pregnant women get exposed to the smoke of tobacco may lead to lung cancer, bone
marrow myeloid leukemia, kidney, liver, pancreas, stomach, esophagus, and oral cavity
(International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2004). Furthermore, smoking may also lead to
increased hazard for cardiovascular and atherosclerosis disease (Glantz & Parmley, 1995 ; Wells,
1994 ). Not less than 5 million deaths every year are attributed to use of tobacco (WHO, 2009 ).
GoszczyAska, E., Knol-MichaAowska, K., & Petrykowska, A. (2016). How do pregnant
women justify smoking? A qualitative study with implications for nurses' and
midwives' anti- tobacco interventions. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, (7), 1567.

8. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 8
doi:10.1111/jan.12949
Objectives
The aim of this dissertation is to research the prejudiced lay validations expressed by cigarette
smoking during pregnancy. To carry out a research on the biased lay explanations articulated by
the pregnant women who smoke. The research is aimed at elaborating on the reason why they
smoke while they are pregnant as well as to find out a typology for these explanations.
Background
The awareness of the smoking pregnant women about the detrimental impacts of frequent
smoking on the fetal wellbeing influences stress as well as the cognitive dissonance. One
possible means of reducing such unpleasant feelings is the creation or acceptance of beliefs
enabling them to rationally explain why they maintain such a habit during pregnancy.
Design
Qualitative design
Methods
Thematic content analysis of the different posts from the three biggest on-line forums of Polish
parenting printed between the periods they were established as well as 12 November 2012. The
information was collected between the September and October of 2012. During the investigation
of the 73 selected posts, every one of which integrated the subjective explanations on the reason
of smoking when pregnant, 151 fragments, every one of which has a single lay justification, were
branded and scrutinized.
Findings
Thirty-five subtopics of lay justifications that were assigned to two major topics were developed.
However, the first major theme includes the conviction which undermines the call for breaking
the addiction of nicotine as well as the positive aspects ensuing from quitting. The next major
topic comprises of a thought which may question the likelihood of refraining from smoking as
well as exaggerate the obstacles in the course of quitting.
Conclusions
Typology creation of the lay justifications may assist the midwives and nurses to execute a more
effective interventions of anti-tobacco geared particularly towards the contemplated patterns
typical of the women who are pregnant.
Polen, K. N., Sandhu, P. K., Honein, M. A., Green, K. K., Berkowitz, J. M., Pace, J., &
Rasmussen, S. A. (2015). Knowledge and attitudes of adults towards smoking in

9. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 9
pregnancy: results from the HealthStyles[c] 2008 survey. Maternal And Child
Health Journal, (1), 144. doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1505-0
Objectives
Smoking while pregnant is associated causally with several adverse health results. Quitting
cigarette smoking even late during pregnancy, improve some results. In general, among the
adults as well as the women with reproductive age, we hunted to understand about the attitudes
and knowledge towards the prenatal smoking as well as its impacts on the results of pregnancy.
Methods
Using the facts of the Health Styles survey of 2008, we assessed the attitudes and knowledge
concerning the smoking cessation and prenatal smoking. We then classified the as containing the
high understanding if only they gave more or equal to 5 exact responses to 6 knowledge
questions concerning the health impacts of the prenatal smoking. Calculations were also carried
out on the frequencies of the exact responses to evaluate the understanding by lifestyle and
demographic factors.
Results
Out of the entire responses, only 15 percent as well as 23 percent of the reproductive-aged
women contained high understanding of the adverse impacts of the prenatal smoking on the
outcomes of pregnancy. Low birth and preterm birth weight would be most frequently
recognized as the adverse results associated with the prenatal smoking. About 70 percent of the
women smokers of reproductive-age reported that they would abstain from smoking if they just
get pregnant without any kind of particular reasons from their general practitioner. Only few
respondents would recognize the importance of quitting cigarette smoking after the initial
pregnancy trimester.
Conclusions
However, the results we met suggested that several women lack the understanding regarding the
higher rise of risks for the adverse results associated with the prenatal smoking. The providers of
healthcare ought to follow the recommendations offered by the American Congress of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists, which is inclusive of teaching women concerning the health
hazards of the prenatal smoking as well as the importance of quitting smoking. The providers of
healthcare ought to put more emphasis on abstaining from smoking even after the initial
pregnancy trimester.

10. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 10
PART TWO
Summary of the empirical studies (you didn't talk about electronic cigarets at all, which most
of the studies were about that, please check on that)
Smoking cessation intercessions during pregnancy decreases the quantity of women who keep on
smoking during the last months of the pregnancy, and lessen issues of low birth weight as well as
pretem delivery. Smoking cessation intercessions during pregnancy require to be launched in all
hospitals. Provided the complexity most of the expectant women addicted to smoking
encompasses the right to quit smoking in pregnancy, population grounded surveys to decline
smoking as well as social inequalities ought to be supported.
PART THREE
Kahr, M. K., Padgett, S., Shope, C. D., Griffin, E. N., Xie, S. S., Gonzalez, P. J., & ... Suter,
M. A. (2015). A qualitative assessment of the perceived risks of electronic
cigarette and hookah use in pregnancy. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-8.
doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2586-
Chamberlain, C., O’Mara-Eves, A., Oliver, S., Caird, J. R., Perlen, S. M., Eades, S. J., &
Thomas, J. (2013). Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop
smoking in pregnancy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10,
CD001055. http://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub4
Please cite this part (APA)
Nurses should advice expectant women concerning the unfavorable outcomes of fetal contact to
nicotine. Proof –based nurture interventions are required to avoid decline at the postpartum
duration. Screening and teaching them about e-cigarette ought to be incorporated in parental
care. The providers of healthcare ought to put more emphasis on abstaining from smoking even
after the initial pregnancy trimester. Furthermore, smoking may also lead to increased hazard for
cardiovascular and atherosclerosis disease. The evidence-based interventions of nursing are

11. PERCEPTIONS OF PREGNANT WOMEN TO AVOID SMOKING SIDE EFFECTS OR
USING E-CIGARATTES AS AN ALTERNATIVE 11
required to prevent the relapse throughout the period of postpartum. Proof –based nurture
interventions are required to avoid decline at the postpartum duration.
Conclusion
Smoking is an important worldwide health predicament. Regardless of most smokers desiring to
quit, they repeatedly find it hard to be successful in the enduring. Among the most efficient and
extensively used policies to assist fight the desired linked with addiction of nicotine is to carry
nicotine by scraps as well as chewing gum. These consequences also designate that the
communal desires more precise information concerning the substance masterpiece and possible
health possessions of smoking e-cigarette vaporizer for nonsmokers. Although e-cigarettes are
exposed to be less damaging option to combustible cigarettes for the users, it remains significant
to guard nonsmokers from gasp of any potentially damaging gist in e-cigarette aerosol, to the
level probable.