The document discusses VHDL concepts for designing an N-bit adder including:
1. Using hierarchical design and component instantiation to build a 2-bit adder from 1-bit full adders.
2. Implementing an N-bit ripple carry adder using vectors, generates statements, and generics to generalize the design.
3. Describing a testbench architecture with stimulus and observation of outputs to verify the N-bit adder design.
The document describes the design and simulation of basic logic gates and a 2-to-4 decoder using Verilog HDL. It includes the block diagrams, truth tables, and Verilog code for AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR and NOT gates. Testbenches are provided to simulate and verify the gate designs. The 2-to-4 decoder section provides the block diagram, theory of operation, and Verilog code using dataflow, behavioral and structural modeling styles. A testbench is also included to simulate the 2-to-4 decoder design.
Programme en C: Additionneur complet 4 bits ac4ilham ait hsain
This document describes a 4-bit adder circuit (AC4) that takes in two 4-bit inputs (A and B) and outputs their sum in a 4-bit bus (som) and carry flag (Ret). It uses da and ac1 components - da handles the addition of the least significant bits and passes the carry, while ac1 handles the addition of the remaining bits and passes the carry to the next stage. The components are connected in a ripple carry adder configuration to add the 4-bit numbers.
This document defines a full adder (fa_str) using a structural description with two half adder (ha) components and one OR21 component. The fa_str entity has inputs a, b, cin and outputs s, cout. The architecture fa_struct instantiates the two ha components to generate the sum and a partial carry, and an OR21 component to generate the final carry output from the partial signals.
This document discusses Verilog HDL structural modeling at the gate level. It provides examples of how to model basic logic gates like AND, OR, XOR, and NOT gates using Verilog primitives. It also shows an example of modeling a half adder and full adder circuit using logic gates in Verilog. The full adder example connects the ports by ordered list and by name to instantiate the module.
Verilog HDL Basics covers the basics of Verilog including data types, modules, simulation, operators, assignments, and flow control. It discusses key concepts like event-driven simulation, blocking vs non-blocking assignments, continuous assignments, initial and always blocks, and control structures like if, case, for loops. The document provides examples to illustrate Verilog syntax and how it is used to model hardware at the register transfer level.
Digital Circuit Verification Hardware Descriptive Language VerilogAbhiraj Bohra
This document discusses digital system design and digital circuit verification using hardware description languages like Verilog. It provides examples of using structural and dataflow modeling in Verilog to describe a 4-to-1 multiplexer and a 2-to-4 decoder. It also demonstrates writing a test bench to apply stimulus and observe the response of a combinational logic circuit during simulation.
The document describes various digital logic components including logic gates, adders, subtractors, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, flip-flops, counters, registers, and a traffic light controller. Logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are implemented. Adders include half adders, full adders, parallel adders, and carry lookahead adders. Flip-flops include D, T, JK, and SR flip-flops. Counters include an up-down counter. A traffic light controller module is described to control lights using a 3-bit state register. CMOS implementations of logic gates are also provided.
Verilog HDL is a hardware description language used to design and document electronic systems. Verilog HDL allows designers to design at various levels of abstraction. It is the most widely used HDL with a user community of more than 50,000 active designers.
A brief history
Verilog HDL originated at Automated Integrated Design Systems (later renamed as Gateway Design Automation) in 1985. The company was privately held at that time by Dr. Prabhu Goel, the inventor of the PODEM test generation algorithm. Verilog HDL was designed by Phil Moorby, who was later to become the Chief Designer for Verilog-XL and the first Corporate Fellow at Cadence Design Systems. Gateway Design Automation grew rapidly with the success of Verilog-XL and was finally acquired by Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA in 1989.
Verilog was invented as simulation language. Use of Verilog for synthesis was a complete afterthought. Rumors abound that there were merger discussions between Gateway and Synopsys in the early days, where neither gave the other much chance of success..
In the late 1980's it seemed evident that designers were going to be moving away from proprietary languages like n dot, HiLo and Verilog towards the US Depatment of Defense standard H.D.L., known as the VHSIC Hardware Description Language. VHSIC it self stands for "Very High Speen Intergrated Circuit" BTW).
Perhaps due to such market pressure, Cadence Design Systems decided to open the Verilog language to the public in 1990, and thus OVI (Open Verilog International) was born. Until that time, Verilog HDL was a proprietary language, being the property of Cadence Design Systems. When OVI was formed in 1991, a number of small companies began working on Verilog simulators, including Chronologic Simulation, Frontline Design Automation, and others. The first of these came to market in 1992, and now there are mature Verilog simulators available from many sources.
As a result, the Verilog market has grown substantially. The market for Verilog related tools in 1994 was well over $75,000,000, making it the most commercially significant hardware description language on the market.
An IEEE working group was established in 1993 under the Design Automation Sub-Committee to produce the IEEE Verilog standard 1364. Verilog became IEEE Standard 1364 in 1995.
As an international standard, the Verilog market continued to grow. In 1998 the market for Verilog simulators alone was well over $150,000,000; continuing its dominance.
The IEEE working group released a revised standard in March of 2002, known as IEEE 1364-2001. Significant publication errors marred this release, and a revised version was released in 2003, known as IEEE 1364-2001 Revision C.
The document describes the design and simulation of basic logic gates and a 2-to-4 decoder using Verilog HDL. It includes the block diagrams, truth tables, and Verilog code for AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR and NOT gates. Testbenches are provided to simulate and verify the gate designs. The 2-to-4 decoder section provides the block diagram, theory of operation, and Verilog code using dataflow, behavioral and structural modeling styles. A testbench is also included to simulate the 2-to-4 decoder design.
Programme en C: Additionneur complet 4 bits ac4ilham ait hsain
This document describes a 4-bit adder circuit (AC4) that takes in two 4-bit inputs (A and B) and outputs their sum in a 4-bit bus (som) and carry flag (Ret). It uses da and ac1 components - da handles the addition of the least significant bits and passes the carry, while ac1 handles the addition of the remaining bits and passes the carry to the next stage. The components are connected in a ripple carry adder configuration to add the 4-bit numbers.
This document defines a full adder (fa_str) using a structural description with two half adder (ha) components and one OR21 component. The fa_str entity has inputs a, b, cin and outputs s, cout. The architecture fa_struct instantiates the two ha components to generate the sum and a partial carry, and an OR21 component to generate the final carry output from the partial signals.
This document discusses Verilog HDL structural modeling at the gate level. It provides examples of how to model basic logic gates like AND, OR, XOR, and NOT gates using Verilog primitives. It also shows an example of modeling a half adder and full adder circuit using logic gates in Verilog. The full adder example connects the ports by ordered list and by name to instantiate the module.
Verilog HDL Basics covers the basics of Verilog including data types, modules, simulation, operators, assignments, and flow control. It discusses key concepts like event-driven simulation, blocking vs non-blocking assignments, continuous assignments, initial and always blocks, and control structures like if, case, for loops. The document provides examples to illustrate Verilog syntax and how it is used to model hardware at the register transfer level.
Digital Circuit Verification Hardware Descriptive Language VerilogAbhiraj Bohra
This document discusses digital system design and digital circuit verification using hardware description languages like Verilog. It provides examples of using structural and dataflow modeling in Verilog to describe a 4-to-1 multiplexer and a 2-to-4 decoder. It also demonstrates writing a test bench to apply stimulus and observe the response of a combinational logic circuit during simulation.
The document describes various digital logic components including logic gates, adders, subtractors, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, flip-flops, counters, registers, and a traffic light controller. Logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR are implemented. Adders include half adders, full adders, parallel adders, and carry lookahead adders. Flip-flops include D, T, JK, and SR flip-flops. Counters include an up-down counter. A traffic light controller module is described to control lights using a 3-bit state register. CMOS implementations of logic gates are also provided.
Verilog HDL is a hardware description language used to design and document electronic systems. Verilog HDL allows designers to design at various levels of abstraction. It is the most widely used HDL with a user community of more than 50,000 active designers.
A brief history
Verilog HDL originated at Automated Integrated Design Systems (later renamed as Gateway Design Automation) in 1985. The company was privately held at that time by Dr. Prabhu Goel, the inventor of the PODEM test generation algorithm. Verilog HDL was designed by Phil Moorby, who was later to become the Chief Designer for Verilog-XL and the first Corporate Fellow at Cadence Design Systems. Gateway Design Automation grew rapidly with the success of Verilog-XL and was finally acquired by Cadence Design Systems, San Jose, CA in 1989.
Verilog was invented as simulation language. Use of Verilog for synthesis was a complete afterthought. Rumors abound that there were merger discussions between Gateway and Synopsys in the early days, where neither gave the other much chance of success..
In the late 1980's it seemed evident that designers were going to be moving away from proprietary languages like n dot, HiLo and Verilog towards the US Depatment of Defense standard H.D.L., known as the VHSIC Hardware Description Language. VHSIC it self stands for "Very High Speen Intergrated Circuit" BTW).
Perhaps due to such market pressure, Cadence Design Systems decided to open the Verilog language to the public in 1990, and thus OVI (Open Verilog International) was born. Until that time, Verilog HDL was a proprietary language, being the property of Cadence Design Systems. When OVI was formed in 1991, a number of small companies began working on Verilog simulators, including Chronologic Simulation, Frontline Design Automation, and others. The first of these came to market in 1992, and now there are mature Verilog simulators available from many sources.
As a result, the Verilog market has grown substantially. The market for Verilog related tools in 1994 was well over $75,000,000, making it the most commercially significant hardware description language on the market.
An IEEE working group was established in 1993 under the Design Automation Sub-Committee to produce the IEEE Verilog standard 1364. Verilog became IEEE Standard 1364 in 1995.
As an international standard, the Verilog market continued to grow. In 1998 the market for Verilog simulators alone was well over $150,000,000; continuing its dominance.
The IEEE working group released a revised standard in March of 2002, known as IEEE 1364-2001. Significant publication errors marred this release, and a revised version was released in 2003, known as IEEE 1364-2001 Revision C.
The document contains several 8051 microcontroller C programs that demonstrate different applications including:
1) Sending ASCII character values to a port, generating square waves, and step waveforms.
2) Generating a 100ms time delay using a timer, toggling an LED using a timer, and implementing a down counter on a 7-segment display.
3) Controlling a stepper motor, displaying "HELLO" on an LCD, and generating a triangular wave.
Verilog full adder in dataflow & gate level modelling style.Omkar Rane
This document describes two different models for a full adder circuit - a dataflow model and a gate level model. The dataflow model uses assign statements to directly define the sum (s) and carry out (cout) outputs in terms of the inputs (a, b, cin). The gate level model builds the full adder using lower level logic gates like xor, and, or connected via internal wires to compute the sum and carry outputs.
This document contains the coding for 9 practical assignments related to compiler design. It includes programs to implement a lexical analyzer, parser using lex and yacc tools, symbol table, predictive parsing, bottom-up parsing, computation of First and Follow sets, and checking if a string is a keyword or identifier. It also contains programs for data flow and control flow analysis. The coding shows the implementation of these compiler design concepts in C language.
This document discusses Verilog HDL as a solution for designing digital circuits. It provides an overview of traditional design approaches like gate-level and schematic design and their limitations for large, complex designs. Verilog HDL was developed in the 1980s to provide a simple, intuitive way to describe digital circuits for modeling, simulation, and analysis. It allows a top-down design approach with modules that have well-defined interfaces and behaviors. The document covers various coding styles in Verilog like structural, dataflow, and behavioral, as well as concepts like ports, parameters, nets, registers, delays, and test benches. It provides examples of memory operations and emphasizes thinking concurrently when writing Verilog code.
This document provides an introduction to Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL). It describes the main purposes of HDLs as allowing designers to describe circuits at both the algorithmic and gate levels, enabling simulation and synthesis. The document then discusses some Verilog basics, including modules as building blocks, ports, parameters, variables, instantiation, and structural vs procedural code. It provides examples of module declarations and typical module components.
The document provides information about a lab manual for Verilog programs for the 4th year 1st semester Electronics and Communication Engineering course. It includes the course objectives, outcomes, list of experiments and programs to be covered. The programs include designing basic logic gates using Verilog HDL, a 2-to-4 decoder, and layout and simulation of CMOS circuits. It provides Verilog code examples for logic gates and the 2-to-4 decoder along with simulation results. It also includes theory and vivas related to the experiments.
Chp2 introduction to the 68000 microprocessor copymkazree
The document provides an introduction to the 68k microprocessor instruction set. It discusses the different types of instructions including data transfer, arithmetic, logical, and bit manipulation instructions. It describes the various addressing modes used by the 68k including register direct, absolute, PC relative, register indirect, and immediate addressing. Examples are given of instructions like MOVE, ADD, SUB, and MUL using different addressing modes and data sizes. The operation of the instruction cycle is explained, showing the fetch, decode, and execute phases for each instruction.
The run-time stack stores information needed for function calls such as return addresses, parameters, local variables, and CPU register states. It allows for recursive calls, variable parameters, and passing data between the caller and callee functions. The stack grows downward on x86 processors, with the top of the stack represented by the stack pointer register (SP).
The document describes the source code and waveforms for several digital logic gates and circuits implemented using VHDL, including AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and XNOR gates using both data flow and behavioral modeling styles. Multiplexers, half adders, full adders, decoders, and 1-bit and 4-bit comparators are also implemented and their functionality demonstrated with waveforms.
This document discusses functions in C/C++ programming. It explains that functions allow complex problems to be broken down into smaller parts or tasks. Functions separate the concept or logic of a program from its implementation. They make programs easier to understand and allow code to be reused by calling the same function multiple times. The document also covers function definitions, prototypes, parameters, arguments, return types and provides examples of built-in library functions.
The document discusses macros in C programming. It provides examples of simple macros for functions like squaring a number and swapping variables. It also discusses more advanced macro features like flow of control, expansion time variables, and parameter attributes. Finally, it describes the algorithm and tables used by the macro preprocessor to expand macro definitions during compilation.
Lec9 Intro to Computer Engineering by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- Com...Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
This document discusses combinational logic and mixed logic design. It begins by defining combinational circuits as those whose outputs are determined immediately by the current input combination, without any internal storage. The document then presents an example of designing a 9-input odd function hierarchically using 3-input odd functions. Mixed logic design is introduced to allow implementing combinational logic using only NAND gates, only NOR gates, or both. DeMorgan's laws are used to convert gate types by adding or removing bubbles on the inputs. Several examples showcase designing logic circuits using only NAND gates or only NOR gates.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits including latches and flip flops. It provides examples of SR latches, D latches, D flip flops and other types of flip flops. It also discusses synchronous and asynchronous counters as well as timers. Verilog HDL code examples are given for sequential logic components like SR latches, D latches, D flip flops and various counter designs.
This document provides an introduction and overview of embedded C programming for microcontrollers. It discusses C basics, the compilation process, C extensions for microcontrollers, variables, data types, statements, operators, functions, loops, decision making, interrupts, in-line assembly, and provides an example temperature display case study.
Lec15 Intro to Computer Engineering by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- Re...Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
This document discusses different types of digital logic components including registers, toggle flip-flops, and counters. It describes how registers can be constructed from cascaded flip-flops and how they can be read from and written to. Toggle flip-flops are introduced which toggle their output each clock cycle depending on enable signals. Finally, several types of counters are overviewed such as ripple counters, synchronous counters, modulo-N counters, and BCD counters.
Demand-Driven Context-Sensitive Alias Analysis for JavaDacong (Tony) Yan
This document describes a demand-driven context-sensitive alias analysis for Java. It introduces a symbolic points-to graph representation that enables efficient demand-driven analysis without computing full points-to sets. The analysis uses method summaries to improve precision and reduce redundancy. Experimental results show the analysis has higher precision than a state-of-the-art points-to analysis and summaries provide up to 24% speedup.
The document discusses functions and modularity in code. Key points include:
1. Functions allow code to be reused by defining independent and reusable modules that can be called by name.
2. Functions receive input parameters, perform operations, and return outputs. Calling functions transfer control to the function, which then returns control back to the calling function.
3. Functions can be categorized based on whether they have parameters, return values, or both. They can also use different storage classes like static, external and automatic that determine variable scope and lifetime.
The document discusses different storage classes in C - automatic, register, static, and external. Automatic variables are local to the block they are defined in and don't retain their value between function calls. Register variables are stored in processor registers for faster access but the compiler decides where to store them. Static variables retain their value between function calls of the same block. External variables are visible to all translation units and their storage is allocated globally.
The document summarizes the basic components of a computer system including input devices, output devices, storage areas, and the microprocessor. It shows how these components interact and describes the flow of data through the system from input to output.
This document contains 14 C program examples that print various pyramid patterns. The programs demonstrate basic C programming concepts like loops, conditional statements, functions and demonstrate printing patterns using characters, numbers or both. Each program includes the code, comments on purpose and author. The output displayed below each program code verifies the pattern printed. Overall the document serves as a learning resource for basic C programming and pattern printing techniques.
This document is a lab manual for a digital system design course. It contains documentation and code for various digital logic components including half adders, full adders, 4-bit and 16-bit magnitude comparators, up/down counters, decoders, and other basic building blocks. For each component, it provides entity diagrams, architecture diagrams, device utilization summaries from synthesis, and simulation waveforms. The manual was prepared by an instructor to provide materials and guidance for students in learning digital logic design.
The document describes the implementation of 16-bit and 64-bit shift registers using VHDL in data flow modeling. It includes the VHDL code, test bench, and simulation results for shift registers that shift the values in the input register right by 1 bit position on the positive edge of the clock. The 16-bit shift register outputs the shifted value on q1 and the 64-bit shift register outputs the shifted value on q2. The design and functionality of both shift registers are verified through simulation.
The document contains several 8051 microcontroller C programs that demonstrate different applications including:
1) Sending ASCII character values to a port, generating square waves, and step waveforms.
2) Generating a 100ms time delay using a timer, toggling an LED using a timer, and implementing a down counter on a 7-segment display.
3) Controlling a stepper motor, displaying "HELLO" on an LCD, and generating a triangular wave.
Verilog full adder in dataflow & gate level modelling style.Omkar Rane
This document describes two different models for a full adder circuit - a dataflow model and a gate level model. The dataflow model uses assign statements to directly define the sum (s) and carry out (cout) outputs in terms of the inputs (a, b, cin). The gate level model builds the full adder using lower level logic gates like xor, and, or connected via internal wires to compute the sum and carry outputs.
This document contains the coding for 9 practical assignments related to compiler design. It includes programs to implement a lexical analyzer, parser using lex and yacc tools, symbol table, predictive parsing, bottom-up parsing, computation of First and Follow sets, and checking if a string is a keyword or identifier. It also contains programs for data flow and control flow analysis. The coding shows the implementation of these compiler design concepts in C language.
This document discusses Verilog HDL as a solution for designing digital circuits. It provides an overview of traditional design approaches like gate-level and schematic design and their limitations for large, complex designs. Verilog HDL was developed in the 1980s to provide a simple, intuitive way to describe digital circuits for modeling, simulation, and analysis. It allows a top-down design approach with modules that have well-defined interfaces and behaviors. The document covers various coding styles in Verilog like structural, dataflow, and behavioral, as well as concepts like ports, parameters, nets, registers, delays, and test benches. It provides examples of memory operations and emphasizes thinking concurrently when writing Verilog code.
This document provides an introduction to Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL). It describes the main purposes of HDLs as allowing designers to describe circuits at both the algorithmic and gate levels, enabling simulation and synthesis. The document then discusses some Verilog basics, including modules as building blocks, ports, parameters, variables, instantiation, and structural vs procedural code. It provides examples of module declarations and typical module components.
The document provides information about a lab manual for Verilog programs for the 4th year 1st semester Electronics and Communication Engineering course. It includes the course objectives, outcomes, list of experiments and programs to be covered. The programs include designing basic logic gates using Verilog HDL, a 2-to-4 decoder, and layout and simulation of CMOS circuits. It provides Verilog code examples for logic gates and the 2-to-4 decoder along with simulation results. It also includes theory and vivas related to the experiments.
Chp2 introduction to the 68000 microprocessor copymkazree
The document provides an introduction to the 68k microprocessor instruction set. It discusses the different types of instructions including data transfer, arithmetic, logical, and bit manipulation instructions. It describes the various addressing modes used by the 68k including register direct, absolute, PC relative, register indirect, and immediate addressing. Examples are given of instructions like MOVE, ADD, SUB, and MUL using different addressing modes and data sizes. The operation of the instruction cycle is explained, showing the fetch, decode, and execute phases for each instruction.
The run-time stack stores information needed for function calls such as return addresses, parameters, local variables, and CPU register states. It allows for recursive calls, variable parameters, and passing data between the caller and callee functions. The stack grows downward on x86 processors, with the top of the stack represented by the stack pointer register (SP).
The document describes the source code and waveforms for several digital logic gates and circuits implemented using VHDL, including AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and XNOR gates using both data flow and behavioral modeling styles. Multiplexers, half adders, full adders, decoders, and 1-bit and 4-bit comparators are also implemented and their functionality demonstrated with waveforms.
This document discusses functions in C/C++ programming. It explains that functions allow complex problems to be broken down into smaller parts or tasks. Functions separate the concept or logic of a program from its implementation. They make programs easier to understand and allow code to be reused by calling the same function multiple times. The document also covers function definitions, prototypes, parameters, arguments, return types and provides examples of built-in library functions.
The document discusses macros in C programming. It provides examples of simple macros for functions like squaring a number and swapping variables. It also discusses more advanced macro features like flow of control, expansion time variables, and parameter attributes. Finally, it describes the algorithm and tables used by the macro preprocessor to expand macro definitions during compilation.
Lec9 Intro to Computer Engineering by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- Com...Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
This document discusses combinational logic and mixed logic design. It begins by defining combinational circuits as those whose outputs are determined immediately by the current input combination, without any internal storage. The document then presents an example of designing a 9-input odd function hierarchically using 3-input odd functions. Mixed logic design is introduced to allow implementing combinational logic using only NAND gates, only NOR gates, or both. DeMorgan's laws are used to convert gate types by adding or removing bubbles on the inputs. Several examples showcase designing logic circuits using only NAND gates or only NOR gates.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits including latches and flip flops. It provides examples of SR latches, D latches, D flip flops and other types of flip flops. It also discusses synchronous and asynchronous counters as well as timers. Verilog HDL code examples are given for sequential logic components like SR latches, D latches, D flip flops and various counter designs.
This document provides an introduction and overview of embedded C programming for microcontrollers. It discusses C basics, the compilation process, C extensions for microcontrollers, variables, data types, statements, operators, functions, loops, decision making, interrupts, in-line assembly, and provides an example temperature display case study.
Lec15 Intro to Computer Engineering by Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee Georgia Tech -- Re...Hsien-Hsin Sean Lee, Ph.D.
This document discusses different types of digital logic components including registers, toggle flip-flops, and counters. It describes how registers can be constructed from cascaded flip-flops and how they can be read from and written to. Toggle flip-flops are introduced which toggle their output each clock cycle depending on enable signals. Finally, several types of counters are overviewed such as ripple counters, synchronous counters, modulo-N counters, and BCD counters.
Demand-Driven Context-Sensitive Alias Analysis for JavaDacong (Tony) Yan
This document describes a demand-driven context-sensitive alias analysis for Java. It introduces a symbolic points-to graph representation that enables efficient demand-driven analysis without computing full points-to sets. The analysis uses method summaries to improve precision and reduce redundancy. Experimental results show the analysis has higher precision than a state-of-the-art points-to analysis and summaries provide up to 24% speedup.
The document discusses functions and modularity in code. Key points include:
1. Functions allow code to be reused by defining independent and reusable modules that can be called by name.
2. Functions receive input parameters, perform operations, and return outputs. Calling functions transfer control to the function, which then returns control back to the calling function.
3. Functions can be categorized based on whether they have parameters, return values, or both. They can also use different storage classes like static, external and automatic that determine variable scope and lifetime.
The document discusses different storage classes in C - automatic, register, static, and external. Automatic variables are local to the block they are defined in and don't retain their value between function calls. Register variables are stored in processor registers for faster access but the compiler decides where to store them. Static variables retain their value between function calls of the same block. External variables are visible to all translation units and their storage is allocated globally.
The document summarizes the basic components of a computer system including input devices, output devices, storage areas, and the microprocessor. It shows how these components interact and describes the flow of data through the system from input to output.
This document contains 14 C program examples that print various pyramid patterns. The programs demonstrate basic C programming concepts like loops, conditional statements, functions and demonstrate printing patterns using characters, numbers or both. Each program includes the code, comments on purpose and author. The output displayed below each program code verifies the pattern printed. Overall the document serves as a learning resource for basic C programming and pattern printing techniques.
This document is a lab manual for a digital system design course. It contains documentation and code for various digital logic components including half adders, full adders, 4-bit and 16-bit magnitude comparators, up/down counters, decoders, and other basic building blocks. For each component, it provides entity diagrams, architecture diagrams, device utilization summaries from synthesis, and simulation waveforms. The manual was prepared by an instructor to provide materials and guidance for students in learning digital logic design.
The document describes the implementation of 16-bit and 64-bit shift registers using VHDL in data flow modeling. It includes the VHDL code, test bench, and simulation results for shift registers that shift the values in the input register right by 1 bit position on the positive edge of the clock. The 16-bit shift register outputs the shifted value on q1 and the 64-bit shift register outputs the shifted value on q2. The design and functionality of both shift registers are verified through simulation.
The document contains the list of experiments for the Digital System Design lab at Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering & Technology. The experiments include simulation and verification of logic gates, modeling of adders like half adder, full adder, ripple carry adder, carry look ahead adder and serial adder. Other experiments involve modeling of decoders, multiplexers, encoders and flip-flops. Additional experiments are design of counters, registers, sequence detectors, multipliers and ALU. The document also lists experiments on RAM operations and implementation of stacks and queues.
Yaser Khalifa introduces you to VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language), a hardware description language used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as field-programmable gate arrays and integrated circuits.
This document provides an overview of VLSI technology and Verilog coding through a presentation on VLSI technology. It begins with an introduction to VLSI and describes the different components involved in chip design. It then discusses hardware description languages and focuses on Verilog, explaining features like modules, data types, operators, and different coding styles like gate-level, dataflow, behavioral, and structural modeling. Finally, it provides an example of modeling a vending machine in Verilog as a finite state machine and shows how it would be simulated.
The document provides information about an FPGA department at the University of Isfahan including contact details for Seyed Yahya Moradi and links to resources on active HDL and slideshare. It also includes headings for homeworks on topics like half adders, full adders, decoders, encoders, CPUs and their components. The final sections provide introductions to concepts like FPGAs, VHDL, Verilog, CAD tools, and ICCAD conferences.
This document describes a carry save adder circuit implemented using VHDL. It contains the main program that instantiates full adder and multiplexer components. The full adder component performs addition and outputs the sum and carry. The multiplexer component selects between two inputs based on a selection signal. The carry save adder uses multiple full adders in parallel and multiplexers to select the carry outputs and generate the final sum.
Computer Organization And Architecture lab manualNitesh Dubey
The document discusses the implementation of various logic gates and flip-flops. It describes half adders and full adders can be implemented using XOR and AND gates. Binary to gray code and gray to binary code conversions are also explained. Circuit diagrams for 3-8 line decoder, 4x1 and 8x1 multiplexer are provided along with their truth tables. Finally, the working of common flip-flops like SR, JK, D and T are explained through their excitation tables.
The document describes VHDL programs for implementing half adder and full adder circuits using behavioral modeling. It includes the VHDL code, RTL schematic, technology schematic, truth tables, and test benches for each circuit. The half adder program uses an XOR gate for the sum output and AND gate for the carry output. The full adder program uses XOR gates and AND gates to calculate the sum and carry outputs from three inputs of A, B, and a carry in. Test benches are provided to simulate and test the behavior of each design.
This document discusses a lecture on combinational logic building blocks and data flow modeling of combinational logic in VHDL. It covers topics like fixed shifters and rotators, basic gates, multiplexers, decoders, adders, comparators, buffers, encoders, and uses an example of a multiplier logic unit to describe combinational logic using the data flow VHDL design style. Slides include VHDL code examples for various combinational logic components like full adders, multiplexers, decoders, comparators, and a priority encoder.
The document provides VHDL code for various logic gates and sequential logic circuits. It includes code for AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. It also includes code for half adder, full adder, multiplexer, demultiplexer, decoder, encoder, comparator, code converter, JK flip-flop, counter, register, and shift register. For each circuit, it provides the VHDL code along with a sample waveform output from simulation. The code uses libraries, entities, architectures, processes, and concurrent signal assignments to model the behavior of the circuits.
Abstracting Vector Architectures in Library Generators: Case Study Convolutio...ETH Zurich
We present FGen, a program generator for high performance convolution operations (finite-impulse-response filters). The generator uses an internal mathematical DSL to enable structural optimization at a high level of abstraction. We use FGen as a testbed to demonstrate how to provide modular and extensible support for modern SIMD vector architectures in a DSL-based generator. Specifically, we show how to combine staging and generic programming with type classes to abstract over both the data type (real or complex) and the target architecture (e.g., SSE or AVX) when mapping DSL expressions to C code with explicit vector intrinsics. Benchmarks shows that the generated code is highly competitive with commercial libraries.
Structural modeling in VHDL describes the structure of a circuit similar to a schematic diagram. It defines the circuit components and how they are connected. A structural VHDL model implements a module as a composition of subsystems using component instances that instantiate previously declared entities and architectures. It connects component ports using signal declarations and port maps. An example shows a structural VHDL model for a majority gate circuit that instantiates AND and OR components and connects their ports.
This document describes gate level modeling in Verilog. It discusses gate types like AND, OR, and NOT gates that can be used as primitives. It describes how to instantiate gates and provides examples of instantiating gates like NAND and AND gates. It also describes structural modeling of circuits like a 2-input multiplexer, full adder, D latch, and master-slave JK flip-flop using gate level primitives.
L6_Slides_vhdl coures temporary hair dye for dark hairloyad20119
1. The document introduces VHDL language concepts including entities, architectures, concurrent and sequential constructs, and structural design. It then discusses CAD tools used for VHDL design including editors, checkers, simulators, and optimizers. 2. Designs can be targeted to a variety of FPGAs. The output of the design kit can also be converted to other formats like VHDL, Verilog, EDIF and SystemC. 3. The document provides examples of VHDL code including entities, architectures, processes, and structural descriptions. It also discusses modeling methods in VHDL including structural, behavioral, data flow, and mixed approaches.
The document discusses hardware description languages (HDLs) and Verilog programming. It states that two widely used HDLs are Verilog and VHDL. Verilog is more popular than VHDL for FPGA programming. The document then provides details on the history, functions, and usage of Verilog. It explains that Verilog can be used to model circuits at different levels of abstraction, from transistor level to behavioral level. Register transfer level modeling combines behavioral and dataflow modeling, which is suitable for FPGA design. Several examples of Verilog code for gate level and dataflow modeling are also presented.
This document contains 18 VHDL code examples that implement various digital logic circuits including basic gates, full adders, multiplexers, flip-flops, counters, encoders, decoders, and a state machine. The examples range from simple combinational logic to more complex sequential circuits. Taken together, the document provides a overview of how to model fundamental building blocks of digital systems using VHDL.
3. Hierarchical design: 2-bit adder
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.std_logic_1164.ALL;
ENTITY adder_bits_2 IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a0, b0, a1, b1: IN std_logic;
S0, S1: OUT std_logic;
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
LIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.std_logic_1164.ALL;
ENTITY adder_bits_2 IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a0, b0, a1, b1: IN std_logic;
S0, S1: OUT std_logic;
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
• The design interface to a two bit adder is
• Note: that the ports are positional dependant
(Cin, a0, b0, a1, b1, S0, S1, Cout)
4. Hierarchical design: Component Instance
ARCHITECTURE ripple_2_arch OF adder_bits_2 IS
COMPONENT full_adder
PORT (x, y, z: IN std_logic; Sum, Carry: OUT std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL t1: std_logic;
BEGIN
FA1: full_adder PORT MAP (Cin, a0, b0, S0, t1);
FA2: full_adder PORT MAP (t1, a1, b1, s1, Cout);
END;
Component instance #1 called FA1Component instance #1 called FA1
Component instance #2 called FA2Component instance #2 called FA2
Component DeclarationComponent Declaration
5. Positional versus Named Association
FA1: full_adder PORT MAP (Cin, a0, b0, S0, t1);
FA1: full_adder PORT
MAP (Cin=>x, a0=>y, b0=>z, S0=>Sum, t1=>Carry);
FA1: full_adder PORT
MAP (Cin=>x, a0=>y, b0=>z, S0=>Sum, t1=>Carry);
• Positional Association (must match the port order)
• Named Association: signal => port_name
FA1: full_adder PORT
MAP (Cin=>x, a0=>y, b0=>z, t1=>Carry, S0=>Sum);
FA1: full_adder PORT
MAP (Cin=>x, a0=>y, b0=>z, t1=>Carry, S0=>Sum);
FA1: full_adder PORT
MAP (t1=>Carry, S0=>Sum, a0=>y, b0=>z, Cin=>x);
FA1: full_adder PORT
MAP (t1=>Carry, S0=>Sum, a0=>y, b0=>z, Cin=>x);
6. Component by Named Association
ARCHITECTURE ripple_2_arch OF adder_bits_2 IS
COMPONENT full_adder
PORT (x, y, z: IN std_logic; Sum, Carry: OUT std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL t1: std_logic; -- Temporary carry signal
BEGIN
-- Named association
FA1: full_adder PORT
MAP (Cin=>x, a0=>y, b0=>z, S0=>Sum, t1=>Carry);
-- Positional association
FA2: full_adder PORT MAP (t1, a1, b1, s1, Cout);
END;
-- Comments start with a double dash-- Comments start with a double dash
7. Using vectors: std_logic_vector
ENTITY adder_bits_2 IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a0, b0, a1, b1: IN std_logic;
S0, S1: OUT std_logic;
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
ENTITY adder_bits_2 IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a0, b0, a1, b1: IN std_logic;
S0, S1: OUT std_logic;
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
• By using vectors, there is less typing of variables, a0, a1, ...
ENTITY adder_bits_2 IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a, b: IN std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
S: OUT std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
ENTITY adder_bits_2 IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a, b: IN std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
S: OUT std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
8. 2-bit Ripple adder using std_logic_vector
ARCHITECTURE ripple_2_arch OF adder_bits_2 IS
COMPONENT full_adder
PORT (x, y, z: IN std_logic; Sum, Carry: OUT std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL t1: std_logic; -- Temporary carry signal
BEGIN
FA1: full_adder PORT MAP (Cin, a(0), b(0), S(0), t1);
FA2: full_adder PORT MAP (t1, a(1), b(1), s(1), Cout);
END;
• Note, the signal variable usage is now different:
a0 becomes a(0)
9. 4-bit Ripple adder using std_logic_vector
ARCHITECTURE ripple_4_arch OF adder_bits_4 IS
COMPONENT full_adder
PORT (x, y, z: IN std_logic; Sum, Carry: OUT std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL t: std_logic_vector(3 downto 1);
BEGIN
FA1: full_adder PORT MAP (Cin, a(0), b(0), S(0), t(1));
FA2: full_adder PORT MAP (t(1), a(1), b(1), S(1), t(2));
FA3: full_adder PORT MAP (t(2), a(2), b(2), S(2), t(3));
FA4: full_adder PORT MAP (t(3), a(3), b(3), S(3), Cout);
END;
• std_vectors make it easier to replicate structures• std_vectors make it easier to replicate structures
10. For-Generate statement: first improvement
ARCHITECTURE ripple_4_arch OF adder_bits_4 IS
COMPONENT full_adder
PORT (x, y, z: IN std_logic; Sum, Carry: OUT std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL t: std_logic_vector(3 downto 1);
CONSTANT n: INTEGER := 4;
BEGIN
FA1: full_adder PORT MAP (Cin, a(0), b(0), S(0), t(1));
FA2: full_adder PORT MAP (t(1), a(1), b(1), S(1), t(2));
FA3: full_adder PORT MAP (t(2), a(2), b(2), S(2), t(3));
FA4: full_adder PORT MAP (t(n), a(n), b(n), S(n), Cout);
END;
Constants never change valueConstants never change value
FA_f: for i in 1 to n-2 generate
FA_i: full_adder PORT MAP (t(i), a(i), b(i), S(i), t(i+1));
end generate;
LABEL: before the for is not optionalLABEL: before the for is not optional
11. For-Generate statement: second improvement
ARCHITECTURE ripple_4_arch OF adder_bits_4 IS
COMPONENT full_adder
PORT (x, y, z: IN std_logic; Sum, Carry: OUT std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL t: std_logic_vector(4 downto 0);
CONSTANT n: INTEGER := 4;
BEGIN
t(0) <= Cin; Cout <= t(n);
FA_f: for i in 0 to n-1 generate
FA_i: full_adder PORT MAP (t(i), a(i), b(i), S(i), t(i+1));
end generate;
END;
Keep track of vector sizesKeep track of vector sizes
12. N-bit adder using generic
• By using generics, the design can be generalized
ENTITY adder_bits_4 IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a, b: IN std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
S: OUT std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
ENTITY adder_bits_4 IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a, b: IN std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
S: OUT std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
ENTITY adder_bits_n IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a, b: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
S: OUT std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
ENTITY adder_bits_n IS
PORT (Cin: IN std_logic;
a, b: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
S: OUT std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
Cout: OUT std_logic
); END;
GENERIC(n: INTEGER := 2);
Default case is 2Default case is 2
a, b:IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0); S: OUT
std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
13. For-Generate statement: third improvement
ARCHITECTURE ripple_n_arch OF adder_bits_n IS
COMPONENT full_adder
PORT (x, y, z: IN std_logic; Sum, Carry: OUT
std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL t: std_logic_vector(n downto 0);
BEGIN
t(0) <= Cin; Cout <= t(n);
FA: for i in 0 to n-1 generate
FA_i: full_adder PORT MAP (t(i), a(i), b(i), S(i), t(i+1));
end generate;
END;
14. Stimulus Only Test Bench Architecture
ARCHITECTURE adder_bits_4_tb_arch OF adder_bits_4_tb IS
COMPONENT adder_bits_n
GENERIC(n: INTEGER := 2);
PORT ( Cin: IN std_logic;
a, b: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
S: OUT std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
Cout: OUT std_logic
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL x, y, Sum: std_logic_vector(n downto 0);
SIGNAL c, Cout: std_logic;
BEGIN
x <= “0000”, “0001” after 50 ns, “0101”, after 100 ns;
y <= “0010”, “0011” after 50 ns, “1010”, after 100 ns;
c <= ‘1’, ‘0’ after 50 ns;
UUT_ADDER_4: adder_bits_n GENERIC MAP(4)
PORT MAP (c, x, y, Sum, Cout);
END;
MAP(4)
Overrides
default 2
MAP(4)
Overrides
default 2
15. Stimulus Only Test Bench Entity
ENTITY adder_bits_4_tb IS
PORT (Sum: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
Cout: std_logic
); END;
ENTITY adder_bits_4_tb IS
PORT (Sum: std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
Cout: std_logic
); END;
The output of the testbench will be observe by the digital
waveform of the simulator.
16. Review: 1-bit Tri-State buffer
oe
yx
ENTITY TriStateBuffer IS
PORT(x: IN std_logic;
y: OUT std_logic;
oe: IN std_logic
); END;
ENTITY TriStateBuffer IS
PORT(x: IN std_logic;
y: OUT std_logic;
oe: IN std_logic
); END;
ARCHITECTURE Buffer3 OF TriStateBuffer IS
BEGIN
WITH oe SELECT
y <= x WHEN ‘1’, -- Enabled
‘Z’ WHEN OTHERS; -- Disabled
END;
OTHERS includes 0,
W, X, L, H, U cases
OTHERS includes 0,
W, X, L, H, U cases
17. N-bit Tri-State Buffer entity
ENTITY TriStateBufferN IS
GENERIC( n: INTEGER := 8);
PORT ( x: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0;
y: OUT std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
oe: IN std_logic);
);
END;
ENTITY TriStateBufferN IS
GENERIC( n: INTEGER := 8);
PORT ( x: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0;
y: OUT std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
oe: IN std_logic);
);
END;
y7 y6 y5 y4 y3 y2 y1 y0
OE
x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0
18. N-bit Tri-State Buffer architecture
ARCHITECTURE TriStateBufferN_ARCH OF TriStateBufferN IS
COMPONENT TriStateBuffer
PORT (x: IN std_logic; y: OUT std_logic, oe: IN std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
BEGIN
TB: FOR i IN 0 TO n-1 GENERATE
TB_i: TriStateBuffer PORT MAP (x(i), y(i), oe);
END GENERATE;
END;
y7 y6 y5 y4 y3 y2 y1 y0
OE
x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2 x1 x0
19. ROM: 4 byte Read Only Memory
Y1
Y0
Y2
Y3
A0
A1
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
OE
4 byte by 8 bit
ROM ARRAY
ENTITY rom_4x8 IS
PORT(A: IN std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
OE: IN std_logic;
D: OUT std_logic_vector(7 downto 0)); END;
ENTITY rom_4x8 IS
PORT(A: IN std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
OE: IN std_logic;
D: OUT std_logic_vector(7 downto 0)); END;
20. ROM: 4 byte Read Only Memory
ARCHITECTURE rom_4x8_arch OF rom_4x8 IS
COMPONENT TriStateBufferN
GENERIC(n: INTEGER := 1);
PORT ( x: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0;
y: OUT std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
oe: IN std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL ROMout: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
BEGIN
BufferOut: TriStateBufferN GENERIC MAP(8)
PORT MAP(ROMout, D, OE);
WITH A SELECT
ROMout <= “01000001” WHEN “00”,
“11111011” WHEN “01”,
“00000110” WHEN “10”,
“00000000” WHEN “11”;
END;
ARCHITECTURE rom_4x8_arch OF rom_4x8 IS
COMPONENT TriStateBufferN
GENERIC(n: INTEGER := 1);
PORT ( x: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0;
y: OUT std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
oe: IN std_logic);
END COMPONENT;
SIGNAL ROMout: std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
BEGIN
BufferOut: TriStateBufferN GENERIC MAP(8)
PORT MAP(ROMout, D, OE);
WITH A SELECT
ROMout <= “01000001” WHEN “00”,
“11111011” WHEN “01”,
“00000110” WHEN “10”,
“00000000” WHEN “11”;
END;
21. Review: 2-to-1 & Datapath Multiplexor
0
1
a
b
S
Y
WITH s SELECT
Y <= a WHEN ‘0’,
b WHEN OTHERS;
WITH s SELECT
Y <= a WHEN ‘0’,
b WHEN OTHERS;
behavioral
WITH s SELECT
Y <= a WHEN ‘0’,
b WHEN OTHERS;
WITH s SELECT
Y <= a WHEN ‘0’,
b WHEN OTHERS;
Datapath is n bits wideDatapath is n bits wide
Where is the difference?Where is the difference?
0
1
a
b
S
Y
n
n
n
22. Generic 2-to-1 Datapath Multiplexor Entity
0
1
a
b
S
Y
n
n
nLIBRARY IEEE;
USE IEEE.std_logic_1164.all;
ENTITY Generic_Mux IS
GENERIC (n: INTEGER);
PORT (Y: OUT std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
a: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
b: IN std_logic_vector(n-1 downto 0);
S: IN std_logic_vector(0 downto 0)
);
END ENTITY;
23. Generic 2-to-1 Datapath Multiplexor Architecture
ARCHITECTURE Generic_Mux_arch OF Generic_Mux IS
BEGIN
WITH S SELECT
Y <= a WHEN "1",
b WHEN OTHERS;
END ARCHITECTURE;
Configurations are
require for simulation
Configurations are
require for simulation
CONFIGURATION Generic_Mux_cfg OF Generic_Mux IS
FOR Generic_Mux_arch
END FOR;
END CONFIGURATION;
24. VHDL Component, Entity, and Architecture
Entity
Architecturei
Other
Concurrent
Components
Concurrent
Boolean
Equations
Component Instance
Component Declaration
for-generate | if generate
Concurrent
With-Select-When
When-Else
25. Summary of VHDL Components
Component Declaration
COMPONENT component_entity_name
[ GENERIC ( { identifier: type [:= initial_value ]; } ) ]
[ PORT ( { identifier: mode type; } ) ]
END;
[ Optional ] { repeat }
Component Instance
identifier : component_entity_name
[ GENERIC MAP ( identifier { ,identifier } ) ]
[ PORT MAP ( identifier { ,identifier } ) ]
;
mode := IN | OUT | INOUT
type := std_logic | std_logic_vector(n downto 0) | bit
Add ; only if another identifierAdd ; only if another identifier
26. Assignment #4
a) Write an N-bit ALU (default N=8) using the vhdl code of
assignment #3 and then run (N=8) using vhdlan and vhdlsim
assigns. The initial carry-in is set to zero and the final carry
out is not needed. The N-bit ALU should only have x(n), y(n),
s(n) and f. For multiple bits (i.e. std_logic_vector) use:
assign “00101111” Y #binary
or
assign X”2f” Y #hex notation
Write a one useful test case for each function. Make sure it
gives the correct results (i.e. please debug your ALU)! Hand
in the source files and session using the Unix script
command.
b) Write an 8-bit ALU test bench in VHDL and hand in the
source files and session using the Unix script command.